FLIR B6xx series User manual

User’s manual
FLIR B6xx series
FLIR P6xx series
FLIR SC6xx series
1558550Publ. No.
a557Revision
English (EN)Language
October 7, 2011Issue date

Warnings & Cautions 1
Notice to user 2
Customer help 3
Documentation updates 4
Important note about this manual 5
Parts lists 6
Quick Start Guide 7
A note about ergonomics 8
Camera parts 9
Screen elements 10
Connecting external devices 11
Pairing Bluetooth devices 12
Handling the camera 13
Working with views and images 14
Working with fusion 15

Working with measurement tools 16
Fetching data from external Extech meters 17
Working with alarms 18
Annotating images 19
Programming the camera 20
Recording video clips 21
Changing settings 22
Cleaning the camera 23
Technical data 24
Finding the IP address for a camera connected
using a FireWire cable 25
Dimensional drawings 26
Application examples 27
Introduction to building thermography 28
Introduction to thermographic inspections of
electrical installations 29
About FLIR Systems 30

Glossary 31
Thermographic measurement techniques 32
History of infrared technology 33
Theory of thermography 34
The measurement formula 35
Emissivity tables 36

User’s manual
Publ. No. 1558550 Rev. a557 – ENGLISH (EN) – October 7, 2011

Legal disclaimer
All products manufactured by FLIR Systems are warranted against defective materials and workmanship for a period of one (1) year from the
delivery date of the original purchase, provided such products have been under normal storage, use and service, and in accordance with
FLIR Systems instruction.
Uncooled handheld infrared cameras manufactured by FLIR Systems are warranted against defective materials and workmanship for a period
of two (2) years from the delivery date of the original purchase, provided such products have been under normal storage, use and service,
and in accordance with FLIR Systems instruction, and provided that the camera has been registered within 60 days of original purchase.
Detectors for uncooled handheld infrared cameras manufactured by FLIR Systems are warranted against defective materials and workmanship
for a period of ten (10) years from the delivery date of the original purchase, provided such products have been under normal storage, use
and service, and in accordance with FLIR Systems instruction, and provided that the camera has been registered within 60 days of original
purchase.
Products which are not manufactured by FLIR Systems but included in systems delivered by FLIR Systems to the original purchaser, carry
the warranty, if any, of the particular supplier only. FLIR Systems has no responsibility whatsoever for such products.
The warranty extends only to the original purchaser and is not transferable. It is not applicable to any product which has been subjected to
misuse, neglect, accident or abnormal conditions of operation. Expendable parts are excluded from the warranty.
In the case of a defect in a product covered by this warranty the product must not be further used in order to prevent additional damage. The
purchaser shall promptly report any defect to FLIR Systems or this warranty will not apply.
FLIR Systems will, at its option, repair or replace any such defective product free of charge if, upon inspection, it proves to be defective in
material or workmanship and provided that it is returned to FLIR Systems within the said one-year period.
FLIR Systems has no other obligation or liability for defects than those set forth above.
No other warranty is expressed or implied. FLIR Systems specifically disclaims the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a
particular purpose.
FLIR Systems shall not be liable for any direct, indirect, special, incidental or consequential loss or damage, whether based on contract, tort
or any other legal theory.
This warranty shall be governed by Swedish law.
Any dispute, controversy or claim arising out of or in connection with this warranty, shall be finally settled by arbitration in accordance with
the Rules of the Arbitration Institute of the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce. The place of arbitration shall be Stockholm. The language to
be used in the arbitral proceedings shall be English.
U.S. Government Regulations
■The products described in the user documentation may require government authorization for export/re-export, or transfer. Contact FLIR
Systems for details.
■Depending on license and export procedures, lenses may be permanently fixed to cameras shipped to customers outside United States.
Interchangeable lenses fall under U.S. Department of State jurisdiction.
Copyright
© 2011, FLIR Systems. All rights reserved worldwide. No parts of the software including source code may be reproduced, transmitted, transcribed
or translated into any language or computer language in any form or by any means, electronic, magnetic, optical, manual or otherwise,
without the prior written permission of FLIR Systems.
This documentation must not, in whole or part, be copied, photocopied, reproduced, translated or transmitted to any electronic medium or
machine readable form without prior consent, in writing, from FLIR Systems.
Names and marks appearing on the products herein are either registered trademarks or trademarks of FLIR Systems and/or its subsidiaries.
All other trademarks, trade names or company names referenced herein are used for identification only and are the property of their respective
owners.
Quality assurance
The Quality Management System under which these products are developed and manufactured has been certified in accordance with the
ISO 9001 standard.
FLIR Systems is committed to a policy of continuous development; therefore we reserve the right to make changes and improvements on
any of the products described in this manual without prior notice.
Patents
One or several of the following patents or design patents apply to the products and/or features described in this manual:
0002258-2; 000279476-0001; 000439161; 000499579-0001; 000653423; 000726344; 000859020; 000889290; 001106306-0001; 001707738;
001707746; 001707787; 001776519; 0101577-5; 0102150-0; 0200629-4; 0300911-5; 0302837-0; 1144833; 1182246; 1182620; 1188086;
1285345; 1287138; 1299699; 1325808; 1336775; 1365299; 1402918; 1404291; 1678485; 1732314; 200530018812.0; 200830143636.7;
2106017; 235308; 3006596; 3006597; 466540; 483782; 484155; 518836; 60004227.8; 60122153.2; 602004011681.5-08; 6707044; 68657;
7034300; 7110035; 7154093; 7157705; 7237946; 7312822; 7332716; 7336823; 7544944; 75530; 7667198; 7809258; 7826736; D540838;
xPubl. No. 1558550 Rev. a557 – ENGLISH (EN) – October 7, 2011

D549758; D579475; D584755; D599,392; DI6702302-9; DI6703574-4; DI6803572-1; DI6803853-4; DI6903617-9; DM/057692; DM/061609;
Registration Number; ZL00809178.1; ZL01823221.3; ZL01823226.4; ZL02331553.9; ZL02331554.7; ZL200480034894.0; ZL200530120994.2;
ZL200630130114.4; ZL200730151141.4; ZL200730339504.7; ZL200830128581.2; ZL200930190061.9
EULA Terms
■You have acquired a device (“INFRARED CAMERA”) that includes software licensed by FLIR Systems AB from Microsoft Licensing, GP
or its affiliates (“MS”). Those installed software products of MS origin, as well as associated media, printed materials, and “online” or
electronic documentation (“SOFTWARE”) are protected by international intellectual property laws and treaties. The SOFTWARE is licensed,
not sold. All rights reserved.
■IF YOU DO NOT AGREE TO THIS END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT (“EULA”), DO NOT USE THE DEVICE OR COPY THE SOFTWARE.
INSTEAD, PROMPTLY CONTACT FLIR Systems AB FOR INSTRUCTIONS ON RETURN OF THE UNUSED DEVICE(S) FOR A REFUND.
ANY USE OF THE SOFTWARE, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO USE ON THE DEVICE, WILL CONSTITUTE YOUR AGREEMENT
TO THIS EULA (OR RATIFICATION OF ANY PREVIOUS CONSENT).
■GRANT OF SOFTWARE LICENSE. This EULA grants you the following license:
■You may use the SOFTWARE only on the DEVICE.
■NOT FAULT TOLERANT. THE SOFTWARE IS NOT FAULT TOLERANT. FLIR Systems AB HAS INDEPENDENTLY DETERMINED
HOW TO USE THE SOFTWARE IN THE DEVICE, AND MS HAS RELIED UPON FLIR Systems AB TO CONDUCT SUFFICIENT TESTING
TO DETERMINE THAT THE SOFTWARE IS SUITABLE FOR SUCH USE.
■NO WARRANTIES FOR THE SOFTWARE. THE SOFTWARE is provided “AS IS” and with all faults. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO SAT-
ISFACTORY QUALITY, PERFORMANCE, ACCURACY, AND EFFORT (INCLUDING LACK OF NEGLIGENCE) IS WITH YOU. ALSO,
THERE IS NO WARRANTY AGAINST INTERFERENCE WITH YOUR ENJOYMENT OF THE SOFTWARE OR AGAINST INFRINGEMENT.
IF YOU HAVE RECEIVED ANY WARRANTIES REGARDING THE DEVICE OR THE SOFTWARE, THOSE WARRANTIES DO NOT
ORIGINATE FROM, AND ARE NOT BINDING ON, MS.
■No Liability for Certain Damages. EXCEPT AS PROHIBITED BY LAW, MS SHALL HAVE NO LIABILITY FOR ANY INDIRECT,
SPECIAL, CONSEQUENTIAL OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES ARISING FROM OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFOR-
MANCE OF THE SOFTWARE. THIS LIMITATION SHALL APPLY EVEN IF ANY REMEDY FAILS OF ITS ESSENTIAL PURPOSE.
IN NO EVENT SHALL MS BE LIABLE FOR ANY AMOUNT IN EXCESS OF U.S. TWO HUNDRED FIFTY DOLLARS (U.S.$250.00).
■Limitations on Reverse Engineering, Decompilation, and Disassembly. You may not reverse engineer, decompile, or disassemble
the SOFTWARE, except and only to the extent that such activity is expressly permitted by applicable law notwithstanding this limitation.
■SOFTWARE TRANSFER ALLOWED BUT WITH RESTRICTIONS. You may permanently transfer rights under this EULA only as part
of a permanent sale or transfer of the Device, and only if the recipient agrees to this EULA. If the SOFTWARE is an upgrade, any
transfer must also include all prior versions of the SOFTWARE.
■EXPORT RESTRICTIONS. You acknowledge that SOFTWARE is subject to U.S. export jurisdiction. You agree to comply with all
applicable international and national laws that apply to the SOFTWARE, including the U.S. Export Administration Regulations, as well
as end-user, end-use and destination restrictions issued by U.S. and other governments. For additional information see
http://www.microsoft.com/exporting/.
Publ. No. 1558550 Rev. a557 – ENGLISH (EN) – October 7, 2011

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xii Publ. No. 1558550 Rev. a557 – ENGLISH (EN) – October 7, 2011

Table of contents
11 Warnings & Cautions .....................................................................................................................
52 Notice to user ..................................................................................................................................
73 Customer help ................................................................................................................................
94 Documentation updates .................................................................................................................
115 Important note about this manual .................................................................................................
136 Parts lists .........................................................................................................................................
136.1 Contents of the transport case .............................................................................................
136.2 List of accessories ................................................................................................................
177 Quick Start Guide ...........................................................................................................................
177.1 Detecting a temperature .......................................................................................................
198 A note about ergonomics ..............................................................................................................
219 Camera parts ...................................................................................................................................
219.1 View from the left ..................................................................................................................
239.2 View from the right ................................................................................................................
259.3 View from the rear .................................................................................................................
279.4 Battery condition LED indicator ............................................................................................
289.5 Power LED indicator .............................................................................................................
299.6 Laser pointer .........................................................................................................................
3110 Screen elements .............................................................................................................................
3110.1 Mode selector .......................................................................................................................
3210.2 Result table and measurement tools ...................................................................................
3310.3 Toolbox, indicators and other objects ..................................................................................
3410.4 Screen elements in infrared images .....................................................................................
3511 Connecting external devices .........................................................................................................
3611.1 Connecting devices to the rear connectors .........................................................................
3811.2 Connecting devices to the front connector ..........................................................................
3911.3 Inserting SD Memory Cards .................................................................................................
4112 Pairing Bluetooth devices ..............................................................................................................
4313 Handling the camera ......................................................................................................................
4313.1 Charging the camera battery ...............................................................................................
4313.1.1 Charging the battery using the power supply cable ............................................
4413.1.2 Charging the battery using the stand-alone battery charger ...............................
4513.2 Charging the remote control battery ....................................................................................
46
13.2.1 Using the combined power supply and battery charger to charge the battery
when it is inside the remote control ......................................................................
47
13.2.2 Using the combined power supply and battery charger to charge the battery
when it is outside the remote control ...................................................................
4813.3 Installing and removing the camera battery ........................................................................
4813.3.1 Installing the battery ..............................................................................................
4913.3.2 Removing the battery ............................................................................................
Publ. No. 1558550 Rev. a557 – ENGLISH (EN) – October 7, 2011 xiii

5013.4 Installing and removing the remote control battery .............................................................
5013.4.1 Installing the remote control battery .....................................................................
5213.4.2 Removing the remote control battery ...................................................................
5413.5 Turning on the camera .........................................................................................................
5413.6 Turning off the camera ..........................................................................................................
5413.7 Setting power save mode .....................................................................................................
5513.8 Adjusting the viewfinder eyepiece ........................................................................................
5613.9 Adjusting the viewing angle of the viewfinder ......................................................................
5713.10 Adjusting the viewfinder’s dioptric correction ......................................................................
5813.11 Adjusting the camera grip ....................................................................................................
5913.12 Opening the display .............................................................................................................
6013.13 Adjusting the viewing angle of the display ...........................................................................
6113.14 Installing an infrared lens .....................................................................................................
6213.15 Removing an infrared lens ...................................................................................................
6313.16 Adjusting the infrared camera focus manually ....................................................................
6413.17 Adjusting the infrared camera focus ....................................................................................
6513.18 Autofocusing the infrared camera ........................................................................................
6613.19 Autofocusing the digital camera ...........................................................................................
6713.20 Operating the laser pointer ...................................................................................................
6914 Working with views and images ...................................................................................................
6914.1 Previewing an image ............................................................................................................
7014.2 Saving an image ...................................................................................................................
7114.3 Opening an image ................................................................................................................
7214.4 Using the zoom function ......................................................................................................
7314.5 Using the Panorama function ...............................................................................................
7514.6 Using the pan function .........................................................................................................
7614.7 Adjusting an image ...............................................................................................................
7914.8 Changing maximum and minimum scale values .................................................................
8014.9 Hiding overlay graphics ........................................................................................................
8114.10 Changing the palette ............................................................................................................
8214.11 Associating images ..............................................................................................................
8314.12 Setting & switching reference images ..................................................................................
8514.13 A note about the folder structure .........................................................................................
8614.14 Specifying work folder ..........................................................................................................
8714.15 Creating a new work folder ..................................................................................................
8814.16 Deleting a work folder ...........................................................................................................
8914.17 Deleting an image .................................................................................................................
9014.18 Deleting all images ...............................................................................................................
9115 Working with fusion ........................................................................................................................
9516 Working with measurement tools .................................................................................................
9516.1 Creating & setting up a spotmeter .......................................................................................
9716.2 Creating & setting up a box or circle ....................................................................................
9916.3 Creating & setting up an isotherm .......................................................................................
10116.4 Creating & setting up a line ..................................................................................................
10316.5 Creating & setting up a difference calculation .....................................................................
10416.6 Changing object parameters ................................................................................................
10717 Fetching data from external Extech meters .................................................................................
10917.1 Typical moisture measurement and documentation procedure ..........................................
11118 Working with alarms .......................................................................................................................
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11118.1 General alarms .....................................................................................................................
11318.2 Building alarms .....................................................................................................................
11519 Annotating images ..........................................................................................................................
11619.1 Taking a digital photo ...........................................................................................................
11719.2 Creating a voice annotation .................................................................................................
11919.3 Creating a text annotation ....................................................................................................
12219.4 Adding an image description ...............................................................................................
12520 Programming the camera ..............................................................................................................
12721 Recording video clips ....................................................................................................................
12721.1 Recording non-radiometric video clips ................................................................................
12921.2 Recording radiometric infrared sequence files ....................................................................
13122 Changing settings ..........................................................................................................................
13122.1 Changing IR preferences .....................................................................................................
13122.1.1 Changing temperature range ...............................................................................
13222.1.2 Changing image enhancement filters ..................................................................
13322.2 Changing settings for camera behavior ...............................................................................
13322.2.1 Changing the number of measurement tools ......................................................
13422.2.2 Changing settings for image saving .....................................................................
13522.2.3 Programming user-defined buttons .....................................................................
13622.3 Changing settings for hardware ...........................................................................................
13622.3.1 Changing settings for USB mode .........................................................................
13722.3.2 Connecting the camera using a peer-to-peer (ad hoc) WLAN network ..............
13822.3.3 Connecting the camera using a infrastructure WLAN network ............................
13922.3.4 Changing Wi-Fi settings .......................................................................................
14022.3.5 Changing settings for the laser ............................................................................
14122.3.6 Enabling or disabling GPS ...................................................................................
14222.3.7 Changing settings for power management ..........................................................
14322.3.8 Changing settings for the LCD display .................................................................
14422.3.9 Changing settings for video clips .........................................................................
14522.4 Changing general preferences .............................................................................................
14522.4.1 Changing view settings ........................................................................................
14622.4.2 Changing menu settings ......................................................................................
14722.4.3 Changing regional settings ...................................................................................
14822.4.4 Changing date, time and time zone .....................................................................
14922.4.5 Working with user profiles ....................................................................................
15123 Cleaning the camera ......................................................................................................................
15123.1 Camera housing, cables, and other items ...........................................................................
15223.2 Infrared lens ..........................................................................................................................
15323.3 Infrared detector ...................................................................................................................
15524 Technical data .................................................................................................................................
15624.1 Additional data ......................................................................................................................
15925 Finding the IP address for a camera connected using a FireWire cable .................................
16126 Dimensional drawings ...................................................................................................................
16126.1 Camera .................................................................................................................................
16126.1.1 Camera dimensions, front view, excl. lens ...........................................................
16226.1.2 Camera dimensions, side view, excl. lens ............................................................
16326.1.3 Camera dimensions, side view, incl. 45°/19 mm lens ..........................................
Publ. No. 1558550 Rev. a557 – ENGLISH (EN) – October 7, 2011 xv

16426.1.4 Camera dimensions, side view, incl. 24°/40 mm lens ..........................................
16526.1.5 Camera dimensions, side view, incl. 12°/76 mm lens ..........................................
166
26.1.6 Camera dimensions, side view, incl. close-up lens (P/N: 1196683) mounted on
a 40 mm lens ........................................................................................................
16726.1.7 Camera dimensions, position of tripod mount, incl. 45°/19 mm lens .................
16826.1.8 Camera dimensions, position of tripod mount, incl. 24°/40 mm lens .................
16926.1.9 Camera dimensions, position of tripod mount, incl. 12°/76 mm lens .................
170
26.1.10 Camera dimensions, position of tripod mount, incl. close-up lens (P/N: 1196683)
mounted on a 24°/40 mm lens .............................................................................
17126.1.11 Camera dimensions, distance from tripod mount to optical center ....................
17226.2 Camera battery .....................................................................................................................
17326.3 Stand-alone charger for camera battery ..............................................................................
17326.3.1 Stand-alone battery charger, excl. battery ...........................................................
17526.3.2 Stand-alone battery charger, incl. battery ............................................................
17626.4 Remote control .....................................................................................................................
17626.4.1 Remote control dimensions, front view ................................................................
17726.4.2 Remote control dimensions, side view .................................................................
17826.4.3 Remote control dimensions, top view ..................................................................
17926.5 Remote control battery .........................................................................................................
18127 Application examples .....................................................................................................................
18127.1 Moisture & water damage ....................................................................................................
18227.2 Faulty contact in socket ........................................................................................................
18327.3 Oxidized socket ....................................................................................................................
18427.4 Insulation deficiencies ..........................................................................................................
18527.5 Draft ......................................................................................................................................
18728 Introduction to building thermography ........................................................................................
18728.1 Disclaimer .............................................................................................................................
18728.1.1 Copyright notice ...................................................................................................
18728.1.2 Training & certification ..........................................................................................
18728.1.3 National or regional building codes .....................................................................
18728.2 Important note ......................................................................................................................
18828.3 Typical field investigations ....................................................................................................
18828.3.1 Guidelines .............................................................................................................
18828.3.1.1 General guidelines ............................................................................
188
28.3.1.2 Guidelines for moisture detection, mold detection & detection of
water damages ..................................................................................
18928.3.1.3 Guidelines for detection of air infiltration & insulation deficiencies ...
19028.3.2 About moisture detection .....................................................................................
19028.3.3 Moisture detection (1): Low-slope commercial roofs ..........................................
19028.3.3.1 General information ...........................................................................
19128.3.3.2 Safety precautions ............................................................................
19228.3.3.3 Commented building structures .......................................................
19328.3.3.4 Commented infrared images ............................................................
19528.3.4 Moisture detection (2): Commercial & residential façades ..................................
19528.3.4.1 General information ...........................................................................
19528.3.4.2 Commented building structures .......................................................
19728.3.4.3 Commented infrared images ............................................................
19728.3.5 Moisture detection (3): Decks & balconies ..........................................................
19728.3.5.1 General information ...........................................................................
19828.3.5.2 Commented building structures .......................................................
20028.3.5.3 Commented infrared images ............................................................
20028.3.6 Moisture detection (4): Plumbing breaks & leaks ................................................
xvi Publ. No. 1558550 Rev. a557 – ENGLISH (EN) – October 7, 2011

20028.3.6.1 General information ...........................................................................
20128.3.6.2 Commented infrared images ............................................................
20328.3.7 Air infiltration .........................................................................................................
20328.3.7.1 General information ...........................................................................
20328.3.7.2 Commented building structures .......................................................
20528.3.7.3 Commented infrared images ............................................................
20628.3.8 Insulation deficiencies ..........................................................................................
20628.3.8.1 General information ...........................................................................
20628.3.8.2 Commented building structures .......................................................
20828.3.8.3 Commented infrared images ............................................................
21028.4 Theory of building science ...................................................................................................
21028.4.1 General information ..............................................................................................
21128.4.2 The effects of testing and checking .....................................................................
21228.4.3 Sources of disruption in thermography ................................................................
21428.4.4 Surface temperature and air leaks .......................................................................
21428.4.4.1 Pressure conditions in a building .....................................................
22028.4.5 Measuring conditions & measuring season .........................................................
22028.4.6 Interpretation of infrared images ..........................................................................
22228.4.7 Humidity & dew point ...........................................................................................
22228.4.7.1 Relative & absolute humidity ............................................................
22228.4.7.2 Definition of dew point ......................................................................
222
28.4.8 Excerpt from Technical Note ‘Assessing thermal bridging and insulation
continuity’ (UK example) ......................................................................................
22228.4.8.1 Credits ...............................................................................................
22328.4.8.2 Introduction .......................................................................................
22328.4.8.3 Background information ...................................................................
22428.4.8.4 Quantitative appraisal of thermal anomalies ....................................
22728.4.8.5 Conditions and equipment ...............................................................
22828.4.8.6 Survey and analysis ..........................................................................
22928.4.8.7 Reporting ...........................................................................................
23129 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations ......................................
23129.1 Important note ......................................................................................................................
23129.2 General information ..............................................................................................................
23129.2.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................
23229.2.2 General equipment data .......................................................................................
23329.2.3 Inspection .............................................................................................................
23329.2.4 Classification & reporting ......................................................................................
23429.2.5 Priority ...................................................................................................................
23429.2.6 Repair ....................................................................................................................
23529.2.7 Control ..................................................................................................................
23629.3 Measurement technique for thermographic inspection of electrical installations ...............
23629.3.1 How to correctly set the equipment .....................................................................
23629.3.2 Temperature measurement ...................................................................................
23829.3.3 Comparative measurement ..................................................................................
23929.3.4 Normal operating temperature .............................................................................
24029.3.5 Classification of faults ...........................................................................................
24229.4 Reporting ..............................................................................................................................
24429.5 Different types of hot spots in electrical installations ...........................................................
24429.5.1 Reflections ............................................................................................................
24429.5.2 Solar heating .........................................................................................................
24529.5.3 Inductive heating ...................................................................................................
24529.5.4 Load variations ......................................................................................................
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24629.5.5 Varying cooling conditions ...................................................................................
24729.5.6 Resistance variations ............................................................................................
24729.5.7 Overheating in one part as a result of a fault in another ......................................
24929.6 Disturbance factors at thermographic inspection of electrical installations ........................
24929.6.1 Wind ......................................................................................................................
24929.6.2 Rain and snow ......................................................................................................
25029.6.3 Distance to object .................................................................................................
25129.6.4 Object size ............................................................................................................
25329.7 Practical advice for the thermographer ................................................................................
25329.7.1 From cold to hot ...................................................................................................
25329.7.2 Rain showers ........................................................................................................
25329.7.3 Emissivity ..............................................................................................................
25429.7.4 Reflected apparent temperature ...........................................................................
25429.7.5 Object too far away ...............................................................................................
25530 About FLIR Systems .......................................................................................................................
25630.1 More than just an infrared camera .......................................................................................
25730.2 Sharing our knowledge ........................................................................................................
25730.3 Supporting our customers ...................................................................................................
25730.4 A few images from our facilities ...........................................................................................
25931 Glossary ...........................................................................................................................................
26332 Thermographic measurement techniques ...................................................................................
26332.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................
26332.2 Emissivity ..............................................................................................................................
26432.2.1 Finding the emissivity of a sample .......................................................................
26432.2.1.1 Step 1: Determining reflected apparent temperature .......................
26632.2.1.2 Step 2: Determining the emissivity ...................................................
26732.3 Reflected apparent temperature ..........................................................................................
26732.4 Distance ................................................................................................................................
26732.5 Relative humidity ..................................................................................................................
26732.6 Other parameters ..................................................................................................................
26933 History of infrared technology ......................................................................................................
27334 Theory of thermography ................................................................................................................
27334.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................................
27334.2 The electromagnetic spectrum ............................................................................................
27434.3 Blackbody radiation ..............................................................................................................
27534.3.1 Planck’s law ..........................................................................................................
27634.3.2 Wien’s displacement law ......................................................................................
27834.3.3 Stefan-Boltzmann's law .........................................................................................
27934.3.4 Non-blackbody emitters .......................................................................................
28134.4 Infrared semi-transparent materials .....................................................................................
28335 The measurement formula .............................................................................................................
28936 Emissivity tables .............................................................................................................................
28936.1 References ............................................................................................................................
28936.2 Important note about the emissivity tables ..........................................................................
29036.3 Tables ....................................................................................................................................
xviii Publ. No. 1558550 Rev. a557 – ENGLISH (EN) – October 7, 2011

1 Warnings & Cautions
WARNING (Applies only to Class A digital devices.) This equipment generates, uses, and
can radiate radio frequency energy and if not installed and used in accordance
with the instruction manual, may cause interference to radio communications. It
■
has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A computing device
pursuant to Subpart J of Part 15 of FCC Rules, which are designed to provide
reasonable protection against such interference when operated in a commercial
environment. Operation of this equipment in a residential area is likely to cause
interference in which case the user at his own expense will be required to take
whatever measures may be required to correct the interference.
■(Applies only to Class B digital devices.) This equipment has been tested and
found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of
the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against
harmful interference in a residential installation. This equipment generates, uses
and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance
with the instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications.
However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular in-
stallation. If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television
reception, which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on, the user
is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following
measures:
■Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.
■Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver.
■Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which
the receiver is connected.
■Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.
■(Applies only to digital devices subject to 15.19/RSS-210.) NOTICE: This device
complies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules and with RSS-210 of Industry Canada.
Operation is subject to the following two conditions:
1this device may not cause harmful interference, and
2this device must accept any interference received, including interference that
may cause undesired operation.
■(Applies only to digital devices subject to 15.21.) NOTICE: Changes or modifica-
tions made to this equipment not expressly approved by (manufacturer name)
may void the FCC authorization to operate this equipment.
■(Applies only to digital devices subject to 2.1091/2.1093/OET Bulletin 65.) Radiofre-
quency radiation exposure Information: The radiated output power of the device
is far below the FCC radio frequency exposure limits. Nevertheless, the device
shall be used in such a manner that the potential for human contact during normal
operation is minimized.
■(Applies only to cameras with laser pointer:) Do not look directly into the laser
beam. The laser beam can cause eye irritation.
■Applies only to cameras with battery:
■Do not disassemble or do a modification to the battery. The battery contains
safety and protection devices which, if they become damaged, can cause the
battery to become hot, or cause an explosion or an ignition.
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Publ. No. 1558550 Rev. a557 – ENGLISH (EN) – October 7, 2011 1

■If there is a leak from the battery and the fluid gets into your eyes, do not rub
your eyes. Flush well with water and immediately get medical care. The battery
fluid can cause injury to your eyes if you do not do this.
■Do not continue to charge the battery if it does not become charged in the
specified charging time. If you continue to charge the battery, it can become
hot and cause an explosion or ignition.
■Only use the correct equipment to discharge the battery. If you do not use the
correct equipment, you can decrease the performance or the life cycle of the
battery. If you do not use the correct equipment, an incorrect flow of current
to the battery can occur. This can cause the battery to become hot, or cause
an explosion and injury to persons.
■Make sure that you read all applicable MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheets) and
warning labels on containers before you use a liquid: the liquids can be dangerous.
CAUTION ■Do not point the infrared camera (with or without the lens cover) at intensive energy
sources, for example devices that emit laser radiation, or the sun. This can have
an unwanted effect on the accuracy of the camera. It can also cause damage to
the detector in the camera.
■Do not use the camera in a temperature higher than +50°C (+122°F), unless
specified otherwise in the user documentation. High temperatures can cause
damage to the camera.
■(Applies only to cameras with laser pointer:) Protect the laser pointer with the
protective cap when you do not operate the laser pointer.
■Applies only to cameras with battery:
■Do not attach the batteries directly to a car’s cigarette lighter socket, unless a
specific adapter for connecting the batteries to a cigarette lighter socket is
provided by FLIR Systems.
■Do not connect the positive terminal and the negative terminal of the battery
to each other with a metal object (such as wire).
■Do not get water or salt water on the battery, or permit the battery to get wet.
■Do not make holes in the battery with objects. Do not hit the battery with a
hammer. Do not step on the battery, or apply strong impacts or shocks to it.
■Do not put the batteries in or near a fire, or into direct sunlight. When the battery
becomes hot, the built-in safety equipment becomes energized and can stop
the battery charging process. If the battery becomes hot, damage can occur
to the safety equipment and this can cause more heat, damage or ignition of
the battery.
■Do not put the battery on a fire or increase the temperature of the battery with
heat.
■Do not put the battery on or near fires, stoves, or other high-temperature loca-
tions.
■Do not solder directly onto the battery.
■Do not use the battery if, when you use, charge, or store the battery, there is
an unusual smell from the battery, the battery feels hot, changes color, changes
shape, or is in an unusual condition. Contact your sales office if one or more
of these problems occurs.
■Only use a specified battery charger when you charge the battery.
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2Publ. No. 1558550 Rev. a557 – ENGLISH (EN) – October 7, 2011
1 – Warnings & Cautions