Hirschmann MACH 4000 Series User manual

Routing L3P
Release 4.0 11/07
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User Manual
Routing Configuration
Industrial ETHERNET (Gigabit) Switch
Power MICE, MACH 4000

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Inhalt
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Inhalt
About this Manual 7
Key 9
1 Configuration 11
2 Routing - Basics 13
2.1 ARP 16
2.2 CIDR 19
2.3 Multinetting 21
3 Static Routing 23
3.1 Port-based Router Interface 24
3.1.1 Configuration of the router interfaces 25
3.2 VLAN-basiertes Router-Interface 27
3.3 Configuration of a Static Route 31
3.3.1 Configuration of a Static Route 32
3.3.2 Configuration of a redundant static route 33
3.3.3 Configuration of a redundant static route with load sharing 35
3.4 Adaptation for non-IP-compliant devices 36
4 Tracking 39
4.1 Interface tracking 40
4.2 Configuring the tracking 41
4.2.1 Configuring interface tracking 41
5 VRRP/HiVRRP 43
5.1 HiVRRP 47
5.2 VRRP tracking 50
5.3 VRRP with load sharing 55
5.4 VRRP mit Multinetting 56

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6RIP 57
6.1 Convergence 59
6.2 Maximum Network Size 62
6.3 General Properties of RIP 63
6.4 Configuring the RIP 64
7OSPF 67
7.1 OSPF-Topology 69
7.1.1 Autonomous System 69
7.1.2 Router ID 70
7.1.3 Areas 70
7.1.4 Virtual Link 73
7.1.5 OSPF-Router 75
7.1.6 Link State Advertisement 75
7.2 General Operation of OSPF 77
7.3 Setting up the Neighbor Relationship 78
7.4 Synchronization of the LSD 81
7.5 Routenberechnung 83
7.6 Configuring OSPF 84
8 Protocol-based VLANs 89
8.1 General Configuration 91
8.2 Konfiguration des Beispiels 92
9 Multicast Routing 95
9.1 Multicast Addresses 97
9.1.1 IP Multicast Addresses 97
9.1.2 MAC Multicast Addresses 99
9.1.3 Mapping IP MAC Multicast Addresses 100
9.2 Multicast Group Registration 101
9.3 PIM-DM/DVMRP 103
9.4 Scoping 107
9.5 Multicast Configuration 108

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9.5.1 Example with Layer 3 redundancy 108
9.5.2 Example with Layer 2 redundancy (HIPER-Ring) 112
9.5.3 Tips for the configuration 113
A Appendix 115
A.1 Abbreviations used 116
A.2 Based specifications and standards 118
A.3 List of RFCs 119
A.4 Technical Data - Software 122
A.5 Entering the IP Parameters 123
A.6 Copyright of integrated software 128
A.6.1 Bouncy Castle Crypto APIs (Java) 128
A.6.2 LVL7 Systems, Inc. 129
B Reader´s comments 131
C Stichwortverzeichnis 133
D Further support 135

Inhalt
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About this Manual
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About this Manual
The “Routing Configuration” user manual contains all the information you
need to start operating the routing function. It takes you step by step from
a small router application through to the router configuration of a complex
network.
The manual enables you to configure your router by following the examples.
The “Routing Configuration” user manual requires you to be familiar with the
content of the “Basic Configuration” user manual.
You can use this manual to configure simple networks without any special
knowledge. The configuration of complex networks requires well-founded
knowledge on the subject of routing and of the protocols IP, RIP, OSPF,
IGMP and VRRP.
The “Installation” user manual contains a device description, safety instruc-
tions, a description of the display, and all the other information that you need
to install the device before you begin with the configuration of the device.
The “Basic Configuration” user manual contains all the information you need
to start operating the switch. It takes you step by step from the first startup
operation through to the basic settings for operation in your environment.
The “Redundancy Configuration” user manual contains all the information
you need to select a suitable redundancy procedure and configure it.
The “Industry Protocols” user manual describes how the Switch is connected
by means of a communication protocol commonly used in the industry, such
as EtherNet/IP and PROFINET.
You will find detailed descriptions of how to operate the individual functions
in the “Web-based Interface” and “Command Line Interface” reference
manuals.

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The Network Management Software HiVision provides you with additional
options for smooth configuration and monitoring:
XEvent logbook.
XConfiguration of „System Location“ and „System Name“.
XConfiguration of the network address range and SNMP parameters.
XSaving the configuration on the Switch.
XSimultaneous configuration of multiple Switches.
XConfiguration of the port display color red for a connection error.

Key
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Key
The designations used in this manual have the following meanings:
Symbols used:
XList
Work step
Subheading
Link Indicates a cross-reference with a stored link
Note: A note emphasizes an important fact or draws your
attention to a dependency.
Courier ASCII representation in user interface
Execution in the Web-based Interface user interface
Execution in the Command Line Interface user interface
Router
Switch
Bridge
Hub
A random computer
Configuration Computer

Key
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Server
PLC -
Programmable logic
controller
I/O -
Robot

Configuration
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1 Configuration
Because the configuration of a router is very dependent on the conditions
in your network, you are first provided with a general list of the individual
configuration steps. To optimally cover the large number of options, this list
is followed by examples of networks that usually occur in the industry sector.
The examples are selected so that the configurations for other applications
can be easily derived from them.
The configuration of the routing function usually contains the following steps:
Drawing a network plan
Create a picture of your network so that you can clearly see the division
into subnetworks and the related distribution of the IP addresses.
This step is very important. Good planning of the subnetworks with the
corresponding network masks makes the router configuration much
easier.
Router basic settings
Along with the global switching on of the routing function, the router basic
settings also contain the assignment of IP addresses and network masks
to the router interfaces.
Note: Note the sequence of the single configuration steps so that the config-
uration computer retains access to all layer 3 switches during the complete
configuration phase.
Note: As soon as you assign an IP address from the subnet of the manage-
ment IP address to a router interface the switch deletes the management IP
address.You access the switch via the IP address of the router interface.
Note: As soon as you assign the VLAN ID of the management VLAN to a
router interface the switch disables the management IP address.You access
the switch via the IP addresses of the router interfaces. The management
VLAN is that VLAN that you use to manage your switches.

Configuration
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Note: Dependent of your configuration steps it can be necessary to change
the IP parameters of your configuration computer to ensure the accessibility
of the layer 3 switches.
Selecting a routing procedure
On the basis of the network plan and the communication requirements
of the connected devices, you select the optimal routing procedure
(static routes, RIP, OSPF) for your situation. In doing so, consider which
routing procedures the routers can use along a route.
Configuring a routing procedure
Configure the selected routing procedure.

Routing - Basics
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2 Routing - Basics
A router is a node for exchanging data on the layer 3 of the ISO/OSI layer
model.
This ISO/OSI reference model had the following goals:
XTo define a standard for information exchange between open systems;
XTo provide a common basis for developing additional standards for open
systems;
XTo provide international teams of experts with functional framework as the
basis for independent development of every layer of the model;
XTo include in the model developing or already existing protocols for
communications between heterogeneous systems;
XTo leave sufficient room and flexibility for the inclusion of future
developments.
The reference model consists of 7 layers, ranging from the application layer
to the physical layer.
7 Application Access to communication services from an
application program
6 Presentation Definition of the syntax for data communication
5 Session Set up and breakdown of connections by
synchronization and organization of the dialog
4 Transport Specification of the terminal connection, with the
necessary transport quality
3 Network Transparent data exchange between two transport
entities
2 Data-Link Access to physical media and detection and
resolution of transmission errors
1 Physical Transmission of bit strings via physical media
Table 1: OSI reference model

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What does the data exchange on the layer 3 mean in comparison with the
data exchange on the layer 2?
Figure 1: Data transportation through the levels of the OSI reference model using a
switch and a router
On the layer 2, the MAC address signifies the destination of a data packet.
The MAC address is an address tied to the hardware of a device. The layer 2
expects the receiver in the connected network. The data exchange to anoth-
er network is the task of layer 3. Layer 2 data traffic is spread over the entire
network. Every subscriber filters the data relevant for him from the data
stream. Layer 2 switches are capable of steering the data traffic that is in-
tended for a specific MAC address. It thus relieves some of the load on the
network. Broadcast and multicast data packets are forwarded by the layer 2
switches at all ports.
IP is a protocol on the layer 3. IP provides the IP address for addressing data
packets. The IP address is assigned by the network administrator.
By systematically assigning IP addresses, he can thus structure his network,
breaking it down into subnets (see on page 19 "CIDR"). The bigger a network
gets, the greater the data volume. Because the available bandwidth has
physical limitations, the size of a network is also limited. Dividing large net-
works into subnets limits the data volume on these subnets. Routers divide
the subnets from each other and only transmit the data that is intended for
another subnet.
Layer 7
Layer 6
Layer 5
Layer 4
Layer 3
Layer 2
Layer 1
Layer 2
Layer 1
Layer 7
Layer 6
Layer 5
Layer 4
Layer 3
Layer 2
Layer 1
Layer 7
Layer 6
Layer 5
Layer 4
Layer 3
Layer 2
Layer 1
Layer 3
Layer 2
Layer 1
Layer 7
Layer 6
Layer 5
Layer 4
Layer 3
Layer 2
Layer 1
Layer-2-Switch Layer-3-Switch/
Router

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Figure 2: MAC data transmission: Unicast data packet (left) and broadcast data
packet (right)
This illustration clearly shows that broadcast data packets can considerably
reduce the load on larger networks. You also make your network easier to
understand by forming subnets, which you connect with each other using
routers and, strange as it sounds, also separate securely from each other.
A Switch uses the MAC destination address to transmit, and thus uses
layer 2.
A router uses the IP destination address to transmit, and thus uses layer 3.
The subscribers connect the MAC and IP addresses using the Address
Resolution Protocol (ARP).

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2.1 ARP
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2.1 ARP
The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) determines the MAC address that
belongs to an IP address. What is the benefit of this?
Let's suppose that you want to configure your Switch using the Web-based
interface. You enter the IP address of your Switch in the address line of
your browser. But which MAC address will your PC now use to display the
information in the Switch in your browser window?
If the IP address of the Switch is in the same subnet as your PC, then your
PC sends what is known as an ARP request. This is a MAC broadcast data
packet that requests the owner of the IP address to send back his MAC ad-
dress. The Switch replies with a unicast data packet containing his MAC ad-
dress. This unicast data packet is called an ARP reply.
Figure 3: ARP request and reply
Query to everyone:
Whoever has the
IP address 149.218.112.101
please send me your MAC address.
149.218.112.101
00:80:63:10:11:25
149.218.112.159
00:80:63:10:11:12
Reply to PC:
My MAC address is
00:80:63:10:11:25.

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2.1 ARP
17
If the IP address of the Switch is in a different subnet, then the PC asks for
the MAC address of the gateway entered in the PC. The gateway/router re-
plies with its MAC address.
Now the PC packs the IP data packet with the IP address of the switch,
the final destination, into a MAC frame with the MAC destination address
of the gateway/router and sends the data.
The router receives the data and releases the IP data packet from the MAC
frame, so that it can then forward it in accordance with its transmission rules.
Figure 4: Structure of a data packet from the ISO/OSI layer model perspective
Preabmle
MAC dest. address
MAC source address
Type/length field
IP header with
IP source address and
IP destination address
Data
Check field
Layer 2
Layer 3
Layer 4 and higher

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2.1 ARP
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All terminal devices still working with IPs of the first generation, for example,
are not yet familiar with the term 'subnet'. They also send an ARP request
when they are looking for the MAC address for an IP address in a different
subnet. They neither have a network mask with which they could recognize
that the subnet is a different one, nor do they have a gateway entry. In the
example below, the left PC is looking for the MAC address of the right PC,
which is in a different subnet. In this example, it would normally not get a
reply.
Because the router knows the route to the right PC, the proxy ARP function
replies to this router interface on behalf of the right PC with its own MAC
address. Thus the left PC can address its data to the MAC address of the
router, which then forwards the data to the right PC.
Figure 5: ARP proxy funktion
The proxy ARP function is available on the router interfaces on which you
switch on the proxy ARP.
Query to everyone:
Whoever has the
IP address 10.0.2.111.
Prox-ARP
00:80:63:10:22:25
10.0.1.159
00:80:63:10:11:12
10.0.2.111
Reply to PC:
The IP address 10.0.1.111
has the MAC address
00:80:63:10:22:25.

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2.2 CIDR
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2.2 CIDR
The original class allocation of the IP addresses only planned for three ad-
dress classes to be used by the users (see “Basics of IP Parameters” in the
basic configuration of the user manual).
Since 1992, five classes of IP address have been defined in the RFC 1340.
Class C with a maximum of 254 addresses was too small, and class B with
a maximum of 65534 addresses was too large for most users, as they would
never require so many addresses. This resulted in ineffective usage of the
class B addresses available.
Class D contains reserved multicast addresses. Class E is reserved for ex-
perimental purposes. A gateway not participating in these experiments ig-
nores datagrams with this destination address.
The Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) provides a solution to these
problems. The CIDR overcomes these class boundaries and supports class-
less address ranges.
With CIDR, you enter the number of bits that designate the IP address range.
You represent the IP address range in binary form and count the mask bits
that designate the network mask. The network mask indicates the number of
bits that are identical for all IP addresses, the network part, in a given address
range. Example:
Class Network part Host part Address range
A 1 byte 3 bytes 1.0.0.0 to 126.255.255.255
B 2 bytes 2 bytes 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255
C 3 bytes 1 byte 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255
D 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255
E 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255
Table 2: IP address classes

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2.2 CIDR
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The combination of a number of class C address ranges is known as “super-
netting”. This enables you to subdivide class B address ranges to a very fine
degree.
Using mask bits simplifies the routing table. The router determines in that di-
rection in which most of the mask bits match (longest prefix match).
IP address, decimal
149.218.112.1
149.218.112.127
CIDR notation: 149.218.112.0/25
Mask bits
Network mask,
decimal
255.255.255.128
IP address, hexadecimal
10010101 11011010 01110000 00000001
10010101 11011010 01110000 01111111
25 mask bits