Sonel PQM-700 User manual

OPERATING MANUAL
POWER QUALITY ANALYZER
PQM-700
SONEL SA
ul. Wokulskiego 11
58-100 Świdnica
Poland
Version 1.07 06.10.2017

2
Due to continuous product development, the manufacturer reserves the right to make changes to
functionality, features and technical parameters of the analyzers. This manual describes the firm-
ware version 1.07 and the Sonel Analysis v4.0.0 software.

3
CONTENTS
1General Information ............................................................................... 6
1.1 Safety.............................................................................................................7
1.2 General characteristics...................................................................................8
1.3 Power supply of the analyzer..........................................................................9
1.4 Tightness and outdoor operation..................................................................10
1.5 Mounting on DIN rail.....................................................................................11
1.6 Measured parameters ..................................................................................12
1.7 Compliance with standards ..........................................................................14
2Operation of the analyzer .................................................................... 15
2.1 Buttons.........................................................................................................15
2.2 Signalling LEDs............................................................................................15
2.3 Switching the analyzer ON/OFF...................................................................15
2.4 Auto-off.........................................................................................................16
2.5 PC connection and data transmission ..........................................................16
2.6 Indication of connection error .......................................................................17
2.7 Warning about too high voltage or current....................................................17
2.8 Taking measurements..................................................................................18
2.8.1 Start / stop of recording.......................................................................................18
2.8.2 Inrush current measurement...............................................................................18
2.8.3 Approximate recording times ..............................................................................18
2.9 Measuring arrangements..............................................................................19
2.10 Key Lock.......................................................................................................25
2.11 Sleep mode ..................................................................................................25
2.12 Firmware update...........................................................................................25
2.12.1 Automatic update................................................................................................25
2.12.2 Manual update....................................................................................................26
3"Sonel Analysis" software................................................................... 26
4Design and measurement methods.................................................... 27
4.1 Voltage Inputs...............................................................................................27
4.2 Current inputs...............................................................................................27
4.2.1 Digital integrator..................................................................................................27
4.3 Signal sampling............................................................................................28
4.4 PLL synchronization.....................................................................................28
4.5 Frequency measurement..............................................................................29
4.6 Harmonic components measuring method...................................................29
4.7 Event detection.............................................................................................30
5Calculation formulas............................................................................ 33
5.1 One-phase network......................................................................................33
5.2 Split-phase network......................................................................................36
5.3 3-phase wye network with N conductor........................................................38
5.4 3-phase wye and delta network without neutral conductor...........................40
5.5 Methods of parameter‘s averaging ...............................................................42

4
6Power Quality - a guide........................................................................ 43
6.1 Basic Information..........................................................................................43
6.2 Current measurement...................................................................................44
6.2.1 Current transformer clamps (CT) for AC measurements .....................................44
6.2.2 AC/DC measurement clamps..............................................................................44
6.2.3 Flexible current probes .......................................................................................45
6.3 Flicker...........................................................................................................45
6.4 Power measurement ....................................................................................46
6.4.1 Active power.......................................................................................................46
6.4.2 Reactive power...................................................................................................47
6.4.3 Reactive power and three-wire systems..............................................................50
6.4.4 Reactive power and reactive energy meters .......................................................51
6.4.5 Apparent power ..................................................................................................52
6.4.6 Distortion power DBand effective nonfundamental apparent power SeN ..............53
6.4.7 Power factor .......................................................................................................54
6.5 Harmonics ....................................................................................................54
6.5.1 Harmonics characteristics in three-phase system ...............................................56
6.5.2 THD....................................................................................................................57
6.6 Unbalance ....................................................................................................57
6.7 Detection of voltage dip, swell and interruption ............................................59
6.8 CBEMA and ANSI curves.............................................................................60
6.9 Averaging the measurement results.............................................................62
7Technical specifications...................................................................... 65
7.1 Inputs............................................................................................................65
7.2 Sampling and RTC.......................................................................................66
7.3 Measured parameters - accuracy, resolution and ranges.............................66
7.3.1 Reference conditions..........................................................................................66
7.3.2 Voltage...............................................................................................................66
7.3.3 Current ...............................................................................................................66
7.3.4 Frequency...........................................................................................................67
7.3.5 Harmonics ..........................................................................................................67
7.3.6 Power and energy...............................................................................................67
7.3.7 Estimating the uncertainty of power and energy measurements..........................68
7.3.8 Flicker.................................................................................................................70
7.3.9 Unbalance ..........................................................................................................70
7.4 Event detection - voltage and current RMS..................................................70
7.5 Event detection - other parameters ..............................................................70
7.5.1 Event detection hysteresis..................................................................................71
7.6 Inrush current measurement.........................................................................71
7.7 Recording.....................................................................................................71
7.8 Power supply,battery and heater..................................................................72
7.9 Supported networks......................................................................................73
7.10 Supported current clamps ............................................................................73
7.11 Communication.............................................................................................73
7.12 Environmental conditions and other technical data ......................................73
7.13 Safety and electromagnetic compatibility .....................................................74
7.14 Standards.....................................................................................................74
8Equipment............................................................................................. 75

5
8.1 Standard equipment (non-US model version) ..............................................75
8.2 Standard equipment (US model version)......................................................75
8.3 Optional accessories....................................................................................76
8.3.1 C-4(A) current probe...........................................................................................76
8.3.2 C-5(A) current probe...........................................................................................78
8.3.3 C-6(A) current probe...........................................................................................80
8.3.4 C-7(A) current probe...........................................................................................81
8.3.5 F-1(A), F-2(A), F-3(A) current probes..................................................................82
9Other information ................................................................................. 84
9.1 Cleaning and maintenance...........................................................................84
9.2 Storage.........................................................................................................84
9.3 Dismantling and disposal..............................................................................84
9.4 Manufacturer ................................................................................................84

PQM-700 Operating Manual
6
1 General Information
The following international symbols are used on the analyzer and in this manual:
Warning;
See explanation in
manual
Functional earth terminal
Alternating voltage/
current
Direct voltage/
current
Double Insulation
(Protection Class)
Conforms to relevant
European Union direc-
tives (Conformité
Européenne)
Do no dispose of
this product as un-
sorted
municipal waste
Recycling information
Conforms to relevant
Australian standards
UL/cUL Safety Certification Mark
The PQM-700 (US model) analyzer has been investigated and certified by Underwriters Labora-
tories (UL) in accordance with the following Standards:
UL 61010-1, 3rd Edition, May 11, 2012, Revised July 15 2015,
IEC 61010-2-030: 2010 (First Edition),
UL 61010-2-030: 2012 (First Edition),
CAN/CSA-C22.2 No. 61010-1-12, 3rd Edition, Revision dated July 2015,
CAN/CSA-C22.2 No. 61010-2-030-12 (First Edition).
It is UL/cUL listed under the UL File: E490376.

1 General Information
7
1.1 Safety
Warning
To avoid electric shock or fire, you must observe the following guidelines:
Before you proceed to operate the analyzer, acquaint yourself thoroughly with the pre-
sent manual and observe the safety regulations and specifications provided by the pro-
ducer.
Any application that differs from those specified in the present manual may result in
damage to the device and constitute a source of danger for the user.
Analyzers must be operated only by appropriately qualified personnel with relevant cer-
tificates authorizing the personnel to perform works on electric systems. Operating the
analyzer by unauthorized personnel may result in damage to the device and constitute a
source of danger for the user.
The device must not be used for networks and devices in areas with special conditions,
e.g. fire-risk and explosive-risk areas.
Before starting the work, check the analyzer, wires, current probes and other accesso-
ries for any sign of mechanical damage. Pay special attention to the connectors.
It is unacceptable to operate the device when:
it is damaged and completely or partially out of order,
its cords and cables have damaged insulation,
of the device and accessories mechanically damaged.
Do not power the analyzer from sources other than those listed in this manual.
Do not connect inputs of the analyzer to voltages higher than the rated values.
Use accessories and probes with a suitable rating and measuring category for the tested
circuit.
Do not exceed the rated parameters of the lowest measurement category (CAT) of the
used measurement set consisting of the analyzer, probes and accessories. The meas-
urement categoryof the entire set is the same as of the component with the lowest meas-
urement category.
If possible, connect the analyzer to the de-energized circuits.
Opening the device socket plugs results in the loss of its tightness, leading to a possible
damage in adverse weather conditions. It may also expose the user to the risk of electric
shock.
Do not handle or move the device while holding it only by its cables.
Do not unscrew the nuts from the cable glands, as they are permanently fixed. Unscrew-
ing the nuts will void the guarantee.
Repairs may be performed only by an authorized service point.
The analyzer is equipped with an internal Li-Ion battery, which has been tested by an inde-
pendent laboratory and is quality-certifiedfor compliance with the standard UN Manual of Tests and
Criteria Part III Subsection 38.3 (ST/SG/AC.10/11/Rev.5). Therefore, the analyzer is approved for
air, maritime and road transport.

PQM-700 Operating Manual
8
1.2 General characteristics
Power Quality Analyzer PQM-700 (Fig. 1) is a high-tech device providing its users with a com-
prehensive features for measuring, analysing and recording parameters of 50/60 Hz power net-
works and power quality in accordance with the European Standard EN 50160. The analyzer is fully
compliant with the requirements of IEC 61000-4-30:2009, Class S.
The device is equipped with four cables terminated with banana plugs, marked as L1, L2, L3,
N. The range of voltages measured by the four measurement channels is max. ±1150 V. This range
may be extended by using external voltage transducers.
Fig. 1. Power Quality Analyser PQM-700. General view.
Current measurements are carried out using four current inputs installed on short cables termi-
nated with clamp terminals. The terminals may be connected to the following clamp types: flexible
claps (marked as F-1(A), F-2(A), F-3(A)) with nominal rating up to 3000 A (differing from others only
by coil diameter); and CT clamps marked as C-4(A) (range up to 1000 A AC), C-5(A) (up to 1000 A
AC/DC), C-6(A) (up to 10 A AC) and C-7(A) (up to 100 A AC). The values of nominal measured
currents may be changed by using additional transducers - for example, using a transducer of
1000:5 ratio, the user may select C-6(A) clamps to measure currents up to 1000 A.
The device has a built-in 2 GBmicroSDmemory card. Data from the memory card may be read
via USB slot or by an external reader.
Note
microSD card may be removed only when the analyzer is turned off. Removing the
card during the operation of the analyser may result in the loss of important data.

1 General Information
9
Fig. 2. The rear wall of PQM-700 analyzer.
Recorded parameters are divided into groups that may be independently turned on/off for re-
cording purposes and this solution facilitates the rational management of the space on the memory
card. Parameters that are not recorded, leave more memory space for further measurements.
PQM-700 has an internal power supply adapter operating in a wide input voltage range
(100…415 V AC / 140…415 V DC), which is provided with independent cables terminated with
banana plugs.
An important feature of the device is its ability to operate in harsh weather conditions –the
analyzer may be installed directly on electric poles. The ingress protection class of the analyzer is
IP65, and operating temperature ranges from -20°C to +55°C.
Uninterrupted operation of the device (in case of power failure) is ensured by an internal re-
chargeable lithium-ion battery.
The user interface consists of five LEDs and 2 buttons.
The full potential of the device may be released by usingdedicatedPC software Sonel Analysis.
Communication with a PC is possible via USB connection, which provides the transmission
speed up to 921.6 kbit/s
1.3 Power supply of the analyzer
The analyzer has a built-in power adapter with nominal voltage range of 100…415 V AC /
140…415 V DC (90…460 V AC / 127…460 V DC including fluctuations). The power adapter has
independent terminals (red cables) marked with letter P (power) To prevent the power adapter from
being damaged by undervoltage, it automatically switches off when powered with input voltages
below approx. 80 V AC (110 V DC).
To maintain power supply to the device duringpower outages, the internal rechargeable battery
is used. It is charged when the voltage is present at terminals of the AC adapter. The battery is able

PQM-700 Operating Manual
10
to maintain power supply up to 6 hours at temperatures of -20 °C...+55 °C. After the battery is
discharged themeter stops its current operations (e.g. recording) and switches off in the emergency
mode. When the power supply from mains returns, the analyzer resumes interrupted recording.
1.4 Tightness and outdoor operation
PQM-700 analyzer is designed to work in difficult weather conditions –it can be installeddirectly
on electric poles. Two bands with buckles and two plastic fasteners are used for mounting the ana-
lyzer. The fasteners are screwed to the back wall of the housing, and bands should be passed
through the resulting gaps.
Fig. 3. Fasteners for bands (for mounting the analyzer on a pole)
The ingress protection class of the analyzer is IP65, and operating temperature ranges from -
20°C to +55°C.
Note
The battery may be replaced only by the manufacturer's service de-
partment.
Note
In order to ensure the declared ingress protection class IP65, the fol-
lowing rules must be observed:
 Tightly insert the stoppers in the slots of USB and microSD card,
 Unused clamp terminals must be sealed with silicone stoppers.

1 General Information
11
At ambient temperatures below 0C or when the internal temperature drops below this point,
the internal heater of the device is switched on –its task is to keep the internal temperature above
zero, when ambient temperatures range from -20C to 0C.
The heater is powered from AC/DC adapter, and its power is limited to approx.
5 W.
Due to thecharacteristics of the built-in lithium-ion rechargeable battery, the process of charging
is blocked when the battery temperature is outside the range of 0C…60C (in such case, Sonel
Analysis software indicates charging status as "charging suspended").
1.5 Mounting on DIN rail
The device is supplied with a bracket for mounting the analyzer on a standard DIN rail. The
bracket must be fixed to the back of the analyzer with the provided screws. The set includes also
positioning catches (in addition to fasteners for mounting the analyzer on a pole), which should be
installed to increase the stability of the mounting assembly. These catches have special hooks that
are supported on the DIN rail.
Fig. 4. The rear wall of the analyzer with fixtures for mounting on DIN rail.

PQM-700 Operating Manual
12
1.6 Measured parameters
PQM-700 analyzer is designed to measure and record the following parameters:
RMS phase and phase-to-phase voltages –up to 760 V (peak voltages up to ±1150 V),
RMS currents: up to 3000 A (peak currents –up to ±10 kA) using flexible clamps (F-1(A), F-
2(A), F-3(A)); up to 1000 A (peak values –up to ±3600 A) using CT clamps (C-4(A) or C-5(A));
up to 10 A (peak values –up to ±36 A) using C-6(A) clamps, or up to 100 A (peak values –up
to ±360 A) using C-7(A) clamps,
crest factors for current and voltage,
mains frequency within the range of 40...70 Hz,
active, reactive and apparent power and energy, distortion power,
harmonics of voltages and currents (up to 40th),
Total Harmonic Distortion THDFand THDRfor current and voltage,
power factor, cosφ, tanφ,
unbalance factors for three-phase mains and symmetrical components,
flicker PST and PLT,
inrush current for up to 60 s.
Some of the parameters are aggregated (averaged) according to the time selected by the user
and may be stored on a memory card. In addition to average value, it is also possible to record
minimum and maximum values during the averaging period, and to record the current value occur-
ring in the time of measurement.
The module for event detection is also expanded. According to EN 50160, typical events include
voltage dip (reduction of RMS voltage to less than 90% of nominal voltage), swell (exceeding 110%
of the nominal value) and interruption (reduction of the supplied voltage below 5% of the nominal
voltage) The user does not have to enter the settings defined in EN 50160, as the software provides
an automatic configuration of the device to obtain energy measurement mode compliant with EN
50160 The user may also perform manual configuration –the software is fully flexible in this area.
Voltage is only one of many parameters for which the limits of event detection may be defined. For
example, the analyzer may be configured to detect power factor drop below a defined value, THD
exceeding another threshold, and the 9th voltage harmonic exceeding a user-defined percentage
value. Each eventis recorded along with the time of occurrence. For events that relate to exceeding
the pre-defined limits for voltage dip, swell, interruption, and exceeding minimum and maximum
current values, the recorded information may also include a waveform for voltage and current. It is
possible to save two periods before the event, and four after the event.
A very wide range of configurations, including a multitude of measured parameters make PQM-
700 analyzer an extremely useful and powerful tool for measuring and analysing all kinds of power
supply systems and interferences occurring in them. Some of the unique features of this device
make it distinguishable from other similar analyzers available in the market.
Tab. 1 presents a summary of parameters measured by PQM-700, depending on the mains
type.

1 General Information
13
Tab. 1. Measured parameters for different network configurations.
Network type,
channel
Parameter
1-
phase
2-phase
3-phase wye with N,
3-phase triangle
3-phase wye without N,
L1/A
N
L1/A
L2/B
N
Ʃ
L1/A
L2/B
L3/C
N
Ʃ
L12/AB
L23/BC
L31/CA
Ʃ
U
RMS voltage









UDC
Voltage DC
component









I
RMS current












IDC
Current DC
component












F
Frequency




CF U
Voltage crest
factor









CF I
Current crest
factor












P
Active power









Q1, QB
Reactive
power








(1)
D, SN
Distortion
power








S
Apparent
power









PF
Power Factor









cosφ
Displacement
power factor








tgφ
tangent φ Fac-
tor








(1)
THD U
Voltage Total
harmonic dis-
tortion









THD I
Current Total
harmonic dis-
tortion












EP+, EP-
Active energy
(consumed
and supplied)









EQ1+, EQ1-
EQB+,
EQB-
Reactive en-
ergy (con-
sumed and
supplied)








(1)
ES
Apparent en-
ergy









Uh1..Uh40
Voltage har-
monic ampli-
tudes









Ih1..Ih40
Current har-
monic ampli-
tudes












Unbal-
ance U, I
Symmetrical
components
and unbalance
factors


Pst, Plt
Flicker factors









Explanations: L1/A, L2/B, L3/C (L12/AB, L23/BC, L31/CA) indicate subsequent phases
N is a measurement for current channel IN,
Ʃis the total value for the system.
(1) In 3-wire networks, the total reactive power is calculated as inactive power 
(see discussion on reactive power in section 6.4.3)

PQM-700 Operating Manual
14
1.7 Compliance with standards
PQM-700 is designed to meet the requirements of the following standards.
Standards valid for measuring network parameters:
IEC 61000-4-30:2009 –Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Testing and measurement
techniques - Power quality measurement methods,
IEC 61000-4-7:2002 –Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) –Testing and Measurement
Techniques - General Guide on Harmonics and Interharmonics Measurements and
Instrumentation for Power Supply Systems and Equipment Connected to them,
IEC 61000-4-15:2011 –Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) –Testing and Measurement
Techniques - Flickermeter –Functional and Design Specifications,
EN 50160:2010 –Voltagecharacteristics of electricity supplied by public distribution networks.
Safety standards:
IEC 61010-1 –Safety requirements for electrical equipment for measurement control and
laboratory use. Part 1: General requirements
Standards for electromagnetic compatibility:
IEC 61326 –Electrical equipment for measurement, control and laboratory use. Requirements
for electromagnetic compatibility (EMC).
The device meets all the requirements of Class S as defined in IEC 61000-4-30. The summary
of the requirements is presented in the table below.
Tab. 2. Summary of selected parameters in terms of their compliance with the standards
Aggregation of measure-
ments at different inter-
vals
IEC 61000-4-30 Class S:
Basic measurement time for parameters (voltage, current, harmonics, unbal-
ance) is a 10-period interval for 50 Hz power supply system and 12-period in-
terval for 60 Hz system,
Interval of 3 s (150 periods for the nominal frequency of 50 Hz and 180 peri-
ods for 60 Hz),
Interval of 10 minutes.
Real-time clock (RTC)
uncertainty
IEC 61000-4-30 Class S:
Built-in real-time clock, set via Sonel Analysis software, no GPS/radio syn-
chronization.
Clock accuracy better than ± 0.3 seconds/day
Frequency
Compliant with IEC 61000-4-30 Class S of the measurement method and uncer-
tainty
Power supply voltage
Compliant with IEC 61000-4-30 Class S of the measurement method and uncer-
tainty
Voltage fluctuations
(flicker)
The measurement method and uncertainty meets the requirements of IEC
61000-4-15 standard.
Dips, interruptions and
swells of supply voltage
Compliant with IEC 61000-4-30 Class S of the measurement method and uncer-
tainty
Supply voltage unbal-
ance
Compliant with IEC 61000-4-30 Class S of the measurement method and uncer-
tainty
Voltage and current har-
monics
Measurement method and uncertainty is in accordance with IEC 61000-4-7 Class
I

2 Operation of the analyzer
15
2 Operation of the analyzer
2.1 Buttons
The keyboard of the analyzer consists of two buttons: ON/OFF and START/STOP
. To switch-on the analyzer, press ON/OFF button. START/STOP button is used to start and stop
recording.
2.2 Signalling LEDs
The analyzer is equipped with five LEDs that indicate different operating states:
ON (green) –the LED is on when the analyzer is turned on. During recording with activated
sleep mode, the LED is off.
LOGG (yellow) –indicates recording in process. During recording with activated sleep mode,
the LED is off and it is switched on in 10-sec. intervals
ERROR (red) –blinking of this LED indicates a potential problem with connecting to the tested
network or the incompatibility of the active configuration with network parameters. Control cri-
teria are defined in chapter 2.6. Continuous light indicates one of the possible internal errors
of the analyzer (see also the description of additional statuses presented below).
MEM (red) –when this LED is on, it indicates that the data cannot be recorded on the memory
card. MEM LED is continuously lit when the entire space on the memory card is filled. See
also the description of additional statuses presented below.
BATT (red) - battery status. Blinking indicates that the battery is low (charged in 20% or less).
When the battery is completely discharged, LED lights up for 5 seconds (with beep) and then
the analyzer is switched off in emergency mode.
Additional statuses indicated by LEDs:
Continuous light of MEM and ERROR LEDs –no memory card, the card is damaged or not
formatted. When these LEDs are on after inserting a memory card, there are two possible
scenarios:
othe card is damaged orincompatible with theanalyzer. In this case there is no possibility
of further work with the analyzer. START button is inactive.
othe card is not formatted (missing files required by the analyzer or files damaged) –in
this case you can press the START button (it is active), which will start the pro-
cess of formatting the card (NOTE: all data on the card will be deleted). If the process
is successful MEM and ERROR LEDs will go off and the analyzer will be ready for
further work.
Blinking ON LED –FIRMWARE.PQF file detected on the card, containing the correct firmware
update file. You may press the START button to begin the update process. During the
update process ON and MEM LEDs blink simultaneously. After this process is completed, the
meter will restart. You may skip the firmware update by pressing the ON/OFF button or
by waiting 10 seconds.
2.3 Switching the analyzer ON/OFF
The analyzer may be switched-on by pressing button . Green ON LED indicates that
analyzer is switched on. Then, the analyzer performs a self-test and when an internal fault is
detected, ERROR LED is lit and a long beep (3 seconds) is emitted –measurements are
blocked. After the self-test, the meter begins to test if the connected mains configuration is the
same as the configuration in analyzer’s memory, and when an error is detected ERROR LED
flashes every 0.5 seconds. When ERROR LED flashes the analyzer still operates as normal
and measurements are possible.

PQM-700 Operating Manual
16
When the meter is switched on and detects full memory, MEM LED is lit –measurements are
blocked, only read-out mode for current data remains active.
When the meter is switched on and fails to detect the micro-SD card or detects its damage,
ERROR and MEM LEDs are lit and measurements are blocked.
If the connection test was successful, after pressing the meter enters the recording
mode, as programmed in the PC.
To switch the analyzer OFF, keep button pressed for 2 seconds, when no button or
recording lock are active.
2.4 Auto-off
When the analyzer operates for at least 30 minutes powered by the battery (no power supply
from mains) and it is not in the recording mode and PC connection is inactive, the device automat-
ically turns-off to prevent discharging the battery.
The analyzer turns off automatically also when the battery is fully discharged. Such an emer-
gency stop is preceded by activating BATT LED for 5 s and it is performed regardless of the current
mode of the analyzer. In case of active recording, it will be interrupted. When the power supply
returns, the recording process is resumed.
2.5 PC connection and data transmission
When the meter is switched-on, its USB port remains active.
In the read-out mode for current data, PC software refreshes data with a frequency higher than
once every 1 second.
During the recording process, the meter may transmit data already saved in memory. Data may
be read until the data transmission starts.
During the recording process the user may view mains parameters in PC:
- instantaneous values of current, voltage, all power values, total values for three phases,
- harmonics and THD,
- unbalance,
- phasor diagrams for voltages and currents,
- current and voltage waveforms drawn in real-time.
When connected to a PC, button is locked, but when the analyzer operates with key lock
mode (e.g. during recording), button is also locked.
To connect to the analyzer, enter its PIN code. The default code is 000 (three zeros). The PIN
code may be changed using Sonel Analysis software.
When wrong PIN is entered three times in a row, data transmission is blocked for 10 minutes.
Only after this time, it will be possible to re-entry PIN.
When within 30 sec of connecting a PC to the device no data exchange occurs between the
analyzer and the computer, the analyzer exits data exchange mode and terminates the
connection.
Note
The ERROR and MEM LEDs behaves thesame way when anew microSD card
has been inserted to the analyzer’s slot. To format the card to be usable with
PQM-700 analyzer the (START/STOP) button must be pressed. Ana-
lyzer will then confirm start of formatting process with 3 beeps. All the data on
the card will be erased. If the formatting finishes successfully the ERROR and
MEM LEDs will switch off, and the analyzer will be ready for further operation.

2 Operation of the analyzer
17
USB is an interface that is continuously active and there is no way to disable it. To connect the
analyzer, connect USB cable to your PC (USB slot in the device is located on the left side and is
secured with a sealing cap). Before connecting the device, install Sonel Analysis software with the
drivers on the computer. Transmission speed is 921.6 kbit/s.
2.6 Indication of connection error
During operation, the analyzer continuously monitors the measured parameters for compliance
with the current configuration. Basing on several criteria listed below,the analyzer controls the light-
ing of ERROR LED. If the analyzer does not detect any inconsistency, this LED remains off. When
at least one of the criteria indicates a potential problem, ERROR LED starts to blink.
The criteria used by the analyzer for detecting a connection error are as follows:
deviation of RMS voltage exceeding ±15% of nominal value,
deviation of the phase angle of the voltage fundamental component exceeding ±30of the the-
oretical value with resistive load and symmetrical mains (see note below)
deviation of the phase angle of the current fundamental component exceeding ±55of the the-
oretical value with resistive load and symmetrical mains (see note below)
network frequency deviation exceeding ±10% of the nominal frequency.
2.7 Warning about too high voltage or current
During its operation, the analyzer monitors continuously the value of voltages and currents con-
nected to the measuring inputs. If the voltage of any active phase exceeds approx. 20% of the
nominal voltage (> 120% UNOM) set in the measurement configuration, a two-tone continuous beep
is activated. The same applies for currents –an alarm signal is activated if the measured current in
any of the active channels exceeds 20% of nominal current (range of clamps; >120% INOM). In such
a situation, check whether the voltage and current in the measured network is within voltage and
current limits allowable for the analyzer or check if the analyzer configuration is correct and change
it, if necessary.
Notes
 Holding down buttons and for 5 seconds results in an
emergency setting of PIN code (000).
 If you the keys are locked during the recording process, this lock has a
higher priority (first the user would have to unlock buttons to reset the
emergency PIN). This is described in chapter 2.10.
Note
To detect a phase error, the fundamental component of the measured se-
quence must be at least equal to 5% of the nominal voltage, or 1% of the
nominal current. If this condition is not fulfilled, the correctness of angles
is not verified.

PQM-700 Operating Manual
18
2.8 Taking measurements
2.8.1 Start / stop of recording
Recording may be triggered in three ways:
immediate triggering - manually by pressing button after configuring the meter from a
PC, LOGG LED is lit,
scheduled triggering - according to time set in the PC. The user must first press button
to enter recording stand-by mode; in this case pressing button does not trigger the
recording process immediately (the meter waits for the first pre-set time and starts
automatically) –LOGG LED flashes every 1 second in stand-by mode and after triggering it is
lit continuously,
threshold triggering. The user must first press button to enter recording stand-by mode;
in this case pressing button does not trigger the recording process immediately –the
normal recording starts automatically after exceeding any threshold set in the settings. LOGG
flashes every 1 second in stand-by mode and after triggering it is lit continuously.
Stopping the recording process:
Recording may be manually stopped by holding for one second button or from the PC
application.
Recording ends automatically as scheduled (if the end time is set), in other cases the user stops
the recording (using button or the software).
Recording ends automatically when the memory card is full.
After finishing the recording, when the meter is not in the sleep mode, LOGG LED turns off and
the meter waits for next operator commands.
If the meter had LEDs turned-off during the recording process, then after finishing the recording
no LED is lit; pressing any button activates ON LED.
2.8.2 Inrush current measurement
This function allows user to record half-period values of voltage and current within 60 sec after
starting the measurement. After this time, the measurements are automatically stopped. Before the
measurement, set aggregation time at ½ period. Other settings and measurement arrangements
are not limited.
2.8.3 Approximate recording times
The maximum recording time depends on many factors such as the size of the memory card,
averaging time, the type of system, number of recorded parameters, waveforms recording, event
detection, and event thresholds. A few selected configurations are given in Tab. 3. The last column
presents approximate recording times for 2 GB memory card. The typical configurations shown in
Tab. 3 assumes that INcurrent measurement is enabled.

2 Operation of the analyzer
19
Tab. 3. Approximate recording times for a few typical configurations.
Configuration
mode/profile
Averaging
time
System
type
(current
measure-
ment on)
Events
Event wave-
forms
Waveforms
after averag-
ing period
Approximate
recording
time with 2GB
allocated
space
according to EN
50160
10 min
3-phase
wye

(1000 events)

(1000 events)
60 years
according to the
"Voltages and
currents" profile
1 s
3-phase
wye
270 days
according to the
"Power and har-
monics" profile
1 s
3-phase
wye
23 days
according to the
"Power and har-
monics" profile
1 s
3-phase
wye

(1000 events)

(1000 events)
22.5 day
all possible pa-
rameters
10 min
3-phase
wye
4 years
all possible pa-
rameters
10 s
3-phase
wye
25 days
all possible pa-
rameters
10 s
1-phase
64 days
all possible pa-
rameters
10 s
1-phase

(1000 events
/ day)

(1000 events /
day)

22 days
2.9 Measuring arrangements
The analyzer may be connected directly and indirectly to the following types of networks:
1-phase (Fig. 5),
2-phase (split-phase) with split-winding of the transformer (Fig. 6),
3-phase wye with a neutral conductor (Fig. 7),
3-phase wye without neutral conductor (Fig. 8),
3-phase delta (Fig. 9).
In three-wire systems, current may be measured by the Aron method, which uses only two
clamps that measure linear currents IL1 and IL3. IL2 jest current is then calculated using the following
formula: 
This method can be used in delta systems (Fig. 10) and wye systems without a neutral conduc-
tor (Fig. 11).
Note
As the voltage measuring channels in the analyzer are referenced to N
input, then in systems where the neutral is not present, it is necessary to
connect N input to L3 network terminal. In such systems, it is not required
to connect L3 input of the analyzer to the tested network. It is shown in
Fig. 8, Fig. 9, Fig. 10 and Fig. 11 (three-wire systems of wye and delta
type).

PQM-700 Operating Manual
20
In systems with neutral conductor, the user may additionally activate current measurement in
this conductor, after installing additional clamps in INchannel. This measurement is performed after
activating in settings the option of Current in N conductor.
Note
In order to correctly calculate total apparent power Seand total Power
Factor (PF) in a 4-wire 3-phase system, it is necessary to measure the
current in the neutral conductor. Then it is necessary to activate option
Current in N conductor and to install 4 clamps as shown in Fig. 7. More
information may be found in sec. 6.4.5.
Pay attention tothe direction of current clamps (flexible and CT). The clamps should be installed
with the arrow indicating the load direction. It may be verified by checking an active power meas-
urement - in most types of passive receivers active power is positive. When clamps are incorrectly
connected, it is possible to change their polarity using Sonel Analysis software.
The following figures show schematically how to connect the analyzer to the tested network
depending on its type.
Fig. 5. Wiring diagram –single phase.