Texas Instruments TMS320C2x User manual

TMS320C2x/C2xx/C5x
Optimizing C Compiler
User’s Guide
Literature Number: SPRU024E
August 1999
Printed on Recycled Paper

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accordance with TI’s standard warranty. Testing and other quality control techniques are utilized to the extent
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Copyright 1999, Texas Instruments Incorporated

iiiRead This First
Preface
Read This First
About This Manual
The TMS320C2x/C2xx/C5x Optimizing C Compiler User’s Guide tells you how
to use these compiler tools:
-Compiler
-Source interlist utility
-Optimizer
-Parser
-Library-build utility
The TMS320C2x/C2xx/C5x C compiler accepts American National Standards
Institute (ANSI) standard C source code and produces assembly language
source code for the TMS320C2x/C2xx/C5x devices. This user’s guide dis-
cusses the characteristics of the C compiler. It assumes that you already know
how to write C programs. The C Programming Language (second edition), by
Brian W. Kernighan and Dennis M. Ritchie (hereafter referred to as K & R),
describes C based on the ANSI C standard. You can use the Kernighan and
Ritchie book as a supplement to this manual.
Before you use the information about the C compiler in this User’s Guide, you
should read the TMS320C1x/C2x/ C2xx/C5x Code Generation Tools Getting
Started to install the C compiler tools.

How to Use This Manual
iv
How to Use This Manual
The goal of this book is to help you learn how to use the Texas Instruments C
compiler tools specifically designed for the TMS320C2x/C2xx/C5x devices.
This book is divided into three distinct parts:
-Introductory information, consisting of Chapter 1, provides an overview
of the TMS320C2x/C2xx/C5x development tools.
-Compiler description, consisting of Chapters 2, 5, 6, 7, and 8, describes
how to operate the C compiler and the shell program, and discusses
specific characteristics of the C compiler as they relate to the ANSI C spec-
ification. It contains technical information on the TMS320C2x/ C2xx/C5x
architecture and includes information needed for interfacing assembly
language to C programs. It describes libraries and header files in addition
to the macros, functions, and types they declare. Finally, it describes the
library-build utility.
-Reference material, consisting of Appendix B, provides a glossary.
Notational Conventions
This document uses the following conventions.
-Program listings, program examples, and interactive displays are shown
in a special typeface similar to a typewriter’s. Examples use a bold
version of the special typeface for emphasis; interactive displays use a
bold version of the special typeface to distinguish commands that you
enter from items that the system displays (such as prompts, command
output, error messages, etc.).
Here is a sample of C code:
# ifdef NDEBUG
# define assert
-In syntax descriptions, the instruction, command, or directive is in a bold
face font and parameters are in italics. Portions of a syntax that are in bold
face must be entered as shown; portions of a syntax that are in italics de-
scribe the type of information that should be entered. Here is an example
of a directive syntax:
#include “filename”
The #include preprocessor directive has one required parameter, file-
name. The filename must be enclosed in double quotes or angle brackets.
How to Use This Manual / Notational Conventions

Related Documentation From Texas Instruments
vRead This First
-Square brackets ( [ and ] ) identify an optional parameter. If you use an op-
tional parameter, you specify the information within the brackets; you do
not enter the brackets themselves. Here is an example of a command that
has an optional parameter:
clist asmfile [outfile] [−options]
JThe clist command has three parameters.
JThe first parameter, asmfile, is required.
JThe second and third parameters, outfile and −options, are optional.
JIf you omit the outfile, the file has the same name as the assembly file
with the extension .cl.
JOptions are preceded by a hyphen.
Related Documentation From Texas Instruments
The following books describe the TMS320C2x/C2xx/C5x and related support
tools. To obtain a copy of any of these TI documents, call the Texas Instru-
ments Literature Response Center at (800) 477−8924. When ordering, identify
the book by its title and literature number (located on the bottom-right corner
of the back cover).
TMS320C2x User’s Guide (literature number SPRU014) discusses the hard-
ware aspects of the ’C2x fixed-point digital signal processors. It de-
scribes pin assignments, architecture, instruction set, and software and
hardware applications. It also includes electrical specifications and pack-
age mechanical data for all ’C2x devices. The book features a section
with a ’C1x-to-’C2x DSP system migration.
TMS320C2xx User’s Guide (literature number SPRU127) discusses the
hardware aspects of the ’C2xx fixed-point digital signal processors. It de-
scribes pin assignments, architecture, instruction set, and software and
hardware applications. It also includes electrical specifications and pack-
age mechanical data for all ’C2xx devices. The book features a section
comparing instructions from ’C2x to ’C2xx.
TMS320C5x User’s Guide (literature number SPRU056) describes the
TMS320C5x 16-bit, fixed-point, general-purpose digital signal proces-
sors. Covered are its architecture, internal register structure, instruction
set, pipeline, specifications, DMA, and I/O ports. Software applications
are covered in a dedicated chapter.
Notational Conventions / Related Documentation From Texas Instruments

Related Documentation From Texas Instruments
vi
TMS320C1x/C2x/C2xx/C5x Assembly Language Tools User’s Guide (lit-
erature number SPRU018) describes the assembly language tools (as-
sembler, linker, and other tools used to develop assembly language
code), assembler directives, macros, common object file format, and
symbolic debugging directives for the ’C1x, ’C2x, ’C2xx, and ’C5x gen-
erations of devices.
TMS320C2x Software Development System Technical Reference (liter-
ature number SPRU072) provides specific application and design in-
formation for using the TMS320C2x Software Development System
(SWDS) board.
TMS320C5x Software Development System Technical Reference (liter-
ature number SPRU066) provides specific application and design in-
formation for using the TMS320C5x Software Development System
(SWDS) board.
TMS320C2x C Source Debugger User’s Guide (literature number
SPRU070) tells how to use the ’C2x C source debugger with the ’C2x
emulator, software development system (SWDS), and simulator.
TMS320C5x C Source Debugger User’s Guide (literature number
SPRU055) tells you how to invoke the ’C5x emulator, EVM, and simulator
versions of the C source debugger interface. This book discusses
various aspects of the debugger interface, including window
management, command entry, code execution, data management, and
breakpoints, and includes a tutorial that introduces basic debugger
functionality.

Related Documentation From Texas Instruments
viiRead This First
Related Documentation
The C Programming Language (second edition), by Brian W. Kernighan
and Dennis M. Ritchie, published by Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs,
New Jersey, 1988.
You may find these documents helpful as well:
American National Standard for Information Systems—Programming
Language C X3.159-1989, American National Standards Institute
(ANSI standard for C)
Programming in C,Kochan, Steve G., Hayden Book Company
Trademarks
MS-DOS is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corp.
PC-DOS is a trademark of International Business Machines Corp.
SPARC is a trademark of SPARC International, Inc.
Sun-OS and Sun Workstation are trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc.
XDS is a trademark of Texas Instruments Incorporated.
Related Documentation / Trademarks

viii

Contents
ix
Contents
1 Introduction 1-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Provides an overview of the TMS320C2x/C2xx/C5x software development tools, specifically,
the optimizing C Compiler.
1.1 Software Development Tools Overview 1-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 C Compiler Overview 1-5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 C Compiler Description 2-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Describes how to operate the C compiler and the shell program. Contains instructions for invok-
ing the shell program, which compiles, assembles, and links a C source file. Discusses the in-
terlist utility and compiler errors.
2.1 About the Shell Program 2-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2 Invoking the Compiler Shell 2-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3 Changing the Compiler’s Behavior With Options 2-6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.1 Frequently Used Options 2-13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.2 Specifying Filenames 2-15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.3 Changing How the Shell Program Interprets Filenames (−fa, −fc, and −fo
Options) 2-15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.4 Changing How the Shell Program Interprets and Names Extensions (−ea
and −eo Options) 2-16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.5 Specifying Directories 2-16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.6 Options That Overlook ANSI C Type Checking 2-17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.7 Runtime-Model Options 2-18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.8 Options That Control the Assembler 2-19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4 Changing the Compiler’s Behavior With Environment Variables 2-20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4.1 Setting Default Shell Options (C_OPTION) 2-20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4.2 Specifying a Temporary File Directory (TMP) 2-21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5 Controlling the Preprocessor 2-22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5.1 Predefined Macro Names 2-22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5.2 The Search Path for #include Files 2-23. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5.3 Changing the #include File Search Path With the −i Option 2-24. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5.4 Generating a Preprocessed Listing File (−pl Option) 2-25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5.5 Creating Custom Error Messages with the #error and #warn Directives 2-26. . . .
2.5.6 Enabling Trigraph Expansion (−p? Option) 2-26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5.7 Creating a Function Prototype Listing File (−pf Option) 2-26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Contents
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2.6 Using Inline Function Expansion 2-27. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6.1 Inlining Intrinsic Operators 2-27. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6.2 Controlling Inline Function Expansion (−x Option) 2-28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6.3 Using the inline Keyword 2-28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6.4 The _INLINE Preprocessor Symbol 2-31. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.7 Using the Interlist Utility 2-33. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.8 Understanding and Handling Compiler Errors 2-35. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.8.1 Generating an Error Listing (−pr Option) 2-36. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.8.2 Treating Code-E Errors as Warnings (−pe Option) 2-36. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.8.3 Altering the Level of Warning Messages (−pw Option) 2-36. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.8.4 An Example of How You Can Use Error Options 2-37. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.9 Invoking the Tools Individually 2-38. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.9.1 Invoking the Parser 2-39. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.9.2 Parsing in Two Passes 2-41. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.9.3 Invoking the Optimizer 2-41. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.9.4 Invoking the Code Generator 2-43. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.9.5 Invoking the Interlist Utility 2-45. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 Optimizing Your Code 3-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Describes how to optimize your C code, including such features as software pipelining and loop
unrolling. Also describes the types of optimizations that are performed when you use the opti-
mizer.
3.1 Using the C Compiler Optimizer 3-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2 Using the −o3 Option 3-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.1 Controlling File-Level Optimization (−oln Option) 3-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.2 Creating an Optimization Information File (−onn Option) 3-5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3 Performing Program-Level Optimization (−pm and −o3 Options) 3-6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3.1 Controlling Program-Level Optimization (−opn Option) 3-6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3.2 Optimization Considerations When Mixing C and Assembly 3-8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3.3 Naming the Program Compilation Output File (−px Option) 3-9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4 Special Considerations When Using the Optimizer 3-10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.1 Use Caution With asm Statements in Optimized Code 3-10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.2 Use Caution With the Volatile Keyword 3-10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.3 Use Caution When Accessing Aliased Variables 3-11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.4 Assume Functions Are Not Interrupts 3-11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5 Automatic Inline Expansion (−oi Option) 3-12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.6 Using the Interlist Utility With the Optimizer 3-13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.7 Debugging Optimized Code 3-13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.8 What Kind of Optimization Is Being Performed? 3-14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.8.1 Cost-based Register Allocation 3-15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.8.2 Autoincrement Addressing 3-15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.8.3 Repeat Blocks 3-15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.8.4 Delays, Banches, Calls, and Returns 3-16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.8.5 Algebraic Reordering / Symbolic Simplification / Constant Folding 3-18. . . . . . . .
3.8.6 Alias Disambiguation 3-18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Contents
xiContents
3.8.7 Data-Flow Optimizations 3-18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.8.8 Branch Optimizations and Control-Flow Simplification 3-20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.8.9 Loop Induction Variable Optimizations and Strength Reduction 3-21. . . . . . . . . . .
3.8.10 Loop Rotation 3-21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.8.11 Loop Invariant Code Motion 3-21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.8.12 Inline Expansion of Runtime-Support Library Functions 3-21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4 Linking C Code 4-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Describes how to link using a standalone program or with the compiler shell and how to meet
the special requirements of linking C code.
4.1 Invoking the Linker as an Individual Program 4-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2 Invoking the Linker With the Compiler Shell (−z Option) 4-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3 Disabling the Linker (−c Shell Option) 4-5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4 Linker Options 4-6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5 Controlling the Linking Process 4-8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5.1 Linking With Runtime-Support Libraries 4-8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5.2 Specifying the Type of Initialization 4-9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5.3 Specifying Where to Allocate Sections in Memory 4-11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5.4 A Sample Linker Command File 4-13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 TMS320C2x/C2xx/C5x C Language 5-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Discusses the specific characteristics of the TMS320C2x/C2xx /C5x C compiler as they relate
to the ANSI C specification.
5.1 Characteristics of TMS320C2x/C2xx/C5x C Language 5-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1.1 Identifiers and Constants 5-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1.2 Data Types 5-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1.3 Conversions 5-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1.4 Expressions 5-3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1.5 Declarations 5-3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1.6 Preprocessor 5-3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2 Data Types 5-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3 Register Variables 5-6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.4 Pragma Directives 5-7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.4.1 The CODE_SECTION Pragma 5-7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.4.2 The DATA_SECTION Pragma 5-8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.4.3 The FUNC_EXT_CALLED Pragma 5-8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.5 The asm Statement 5-9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.6 Creating Global Register Variables 5-10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.6.1 When to Use a Global Register Variable 5-10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.6.2 Avoiding Corrupting Register Values 5-11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.6.3 Disabling the Compiler From Using AR6 and AR7 5-11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.7 Initializing Static and Global Variables 5-12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.7.1 Initializing Static and Global Variables With the const Type Qualifier 5-12. . . . . . .
5.7.2 Accessing I/O Port Space 5-13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.8 Compatibility with K&R C 5-14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.9 Compiler Limits 5-16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Contents
xii
6 Runtime Environment 6-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Contains technical information on how the compiler uses the TMS320C2x/C2xx/C5x architec-
ture. Discusses memory and register conventions, stack organization, function-call conven-
tions, system initialization, and TMS320C2x/C2xx/C5x C compiler optimizations. Provides in-
formation needed for interfacing assembly language to C programs.
6.1 Memory Model 6-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.1.1 Sections 6-3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.1.2 C System Stack 6-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.1.3 Allocating .const to Program Memory 6-5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.1.4 Dynamic Memory Allocation 6-6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.1.5 Initialization of Variables 6-7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.1.6 Allocating Memory for Static and Global Variables 6-7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.1.7 Field/Structure Alignment 6-8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.1.8 Character String Constants 6-8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2 Register Conventions 6-9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2.1 Status Register Fields 6-11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2.2 Stack Pointer, Frame Pointer, and Local Variable Pointer 6-11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2.3 The TMS320C5x INDX Register 6-12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2.4 Register Variables 6-12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2.5 Expression Registers 6-13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2.6 Return Values 6-13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.3 Function Structure and Calling Conventions 6-14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.3.1 How a Function Makes a Call 6-15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.3.2 How a Called Function Responds 6-15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.3.3 Special Cases for a Called Function 6-16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.3.4 Accessing Arguments and Local Variables 6-18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.4 Interfacing C with Assembly Language 6-19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.4.1 Using Assembly Language Modules With C Code 6-19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.4.2 Using Inline Assembly Language 6-22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.4.3 Accessing Assembly Language Variables From C Code 6-23. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.4.4 Modifying Compiler Output 6-24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.5 Interrupt Handling 6-25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.5.1 General Points About Interrupts 6-25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.5.2 Using C Interrupt Routines 6-26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.5.3 Using Assembly Language Interrupt Routines 6-27. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.5.4 TMS320C5x Shadow Register Capability 6-27. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.6 Integer Expression Analysis 6-28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.6.1 Arithmetic Overflow and Underflow 6-28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.6.2 Integer Division and Modulus 6-28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.6.3 Long (32-Bit) Expression Analysis 6-28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.6.4 C Code Access to the Upper 16 Bits of 16-Bit Multiply 6-29. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.7 Floating-Point Expression Analysis 6-30. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Contents
xiiiContents
6.8 System Initialization 6-31. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.8.1 Runtime Stack 6-32. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.8.2 Automatic Initialization of Variables 6-32. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.8.3 Initialization Tables 6-33. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.8.4 Autoinitialization of Variables at Runtime 6-34. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.8.5 Initialization of Variables at Load Time 6-35. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7 Runtime-Support Functions 7-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Describes the header files included with the C compiler, as well as the macros, functions, and
types they declare. Summarizes the runtime-support functions according to category (header),
and provides an alphabetical reference of the runtime-support functions.
7.1 Libraries 7-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.1.1 Linking Code With the Object Library 7-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.1.2 Modifying a Library Function 7-3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.1.3 Building a Library With Different Options 7-3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2 Header Files 7-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2.1 Diagnostic Messages (assert.h) 7-5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2.2 Character-Typing and Conversion (ctype.h) 7-5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2.3 Error Reporting (errno.h) 7-6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2.4 Limits (float.h and limits.h) 7-6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2.5 Inport/Outport Macros (ioports.h) 7-8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2.6 Floating-Point Math (math.h) 7-9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2.7 Nonlocal Jumps (setjmp.h) 7-9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2.8 Variable Arguments (stdarg.h) 7-9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2.9 Standard Definitions (stddef.h) 7-10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2.10 General Utilities (stdlib.h) 7-10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2.11 String Functions (string.h) 7-11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2.12 Time Functions (time.h) 7-11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.3 Summary of Runtime-Support Functions and Macros 7-13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.4 Description of Runtime-Support Functions and Macros 7-20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8 Library-Build Utility 8-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Describes the utility that custom-makes runtime-support libraries for the options used to com-
pile code. This utility can also be used to install header files in a directory and to create custom
libraries from source archives.
8.1 Invoking the Library-Build Utility 8-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.2 Library-Build Utility Options 8-3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.3 Options Summary 8-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A Glossary A-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Defines terms and acronyms used in this book.

Figures
xiv
Figures
1−1 TMS320C2x/C2xx/C5x Software Development Flow 1-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2−1 The Shell Program Overview 2-3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2−2 Compiler Overview 2-38. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3−1 Compiling a C Program With the Optimizer 3-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6−1 Stack Use During a Function Call 6-14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6−2 Format of Initialization Records in the .cinit Section 6-33. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6−3 Autoinitialization at Run time 6-34. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6−4 Initialization at Load Time 6-35. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tables
2−1 Shell Options Summary 2-7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2−2 Predefined Macro Names 2-22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2−3 Example Error Messages 2-36. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2−4 Selecting a Level for the −pw Option 2-37. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2−5 Parser Options and dspcl Options 2-40. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2−6 Optimizer Options and dspcl Options 2-42. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2−7 Code Generator Options and dspcl Options 2-44. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3−1 Options That You Can Use With −o3 3-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3−2 Selecting a Level for the −ol Option 3-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3−3 Selecting a Level for the −on Option 3-5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3−4 Selecting a Level for the −op Option 3-7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3−5 Special Considerations When Using the −op Option 3-7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4−1 Run-Time-Support Source Libraries 4-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4−2 Sections Created by the Compiler 4-11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5−1 TMS320C2x/C2xx/C5x C Data Types 5-5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5−2 Absolute Compiler Limits 5-17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6−1 Register Use and Preservation Conventions 6-10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6−2 Status Register Fields 6-11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7−1 Macros That Supply Integer Type Range Limits (limits.h) 7-6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7−2 Macros That Supply Floating-Point Range Limits (float.h) 7-7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7−3 Summary of Run-Time-Support Functions and Macros 7-14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8−1 Summary of Options and Their Effects 8-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Examples
xvContents
Examples
2−1 How the Runtime-Support Library Uses the _INLINE Preprocessor Symbol 2-32. . . . . . . . . .
2−2 An Interlisted Assembly Language File 2-34. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3−1 Repeat Blocks, Autoincrement Addressing, Parallel Instructions, Strength
Reduction, Induction Variable Elimination, Register Variables, and Loop
Test Replacement 3-16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3−2 Delayed Branch, Call, and Return Instructions 3-17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3−3 Data-Flow Optimizations 3-19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3−4 Copy Propagation and Control-Flow Simplification 3-20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3−5 Inline Function Expansion 3-22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4−1 An Example of a Linker Command File 4-13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5−1 Using the CODE_SECTION Pragma 5-7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5−2 Using the DATA_SECTION Pragma 5-8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6−1 TMS320C2x Code as a Called Function 6-16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6−2 An Assembly Language Function 6-21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6−3 Accessing a Variable Defined in .bss From C 6-23. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6−4 Accessing a Variable Not Defined in .bss From C 6-24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Notes
xvi
Notes
Version Information 1-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Function Inlining Can Greatly Increase Code Size 2-27. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Using the −s Option With the Optimizer 2-34. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Symbolic Debugging and Optimized Code 3-13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The _c_int0 Symbol 4-9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TMS320C2x/C2xx/C5x Byte Is 16 Bits 5-5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Avoid Disrupting the C Environment With asm Statements 5-9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Linker Defines the Memory Map 6-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stack Overflow 6-5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Using AR6 and AR7 as Global Register Variables 6-13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Using the asm Statement 6-22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Customizing Time Functions 7-12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Writing Your Own Clock Function 7-27. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Writing Your Own Time Function 7-57. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TMS320C2x/C2xx/C5x Byte Is 16 Bits A-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1-1Introduction
Introduction
The TMS320C2x, TMS320C2xx, and TMS320C5x devices are members of
the TMS320 family of high-performance CMOS microprocessors optimized
for digital signal processing applications.
The TMS320C2x/C2xx/C5x DSPs are supported by a set of software develop-
ment tools, which includes an optimizing C compiler, an assembler, a linker,
an archiver, a software simulator, a full-speed emulator, and a software devel-
opment board.
This chapter provides an overview of these tools and introduces the features
of the optimizing C compiler. The assembler and linker are discussed in detail
in the TMS320C1x/C2x/C2xx/C5x Assembly Language Tools User’s Guide.
Note: Version Information
To use the TMS320C2x/C2xx/C5x C compiler, you must also have version
5.0 (or later) of the TMS320C1x/C2x/C2xx/C5x assembler and linker.
Topic Page
1.1 Software Development Tools Overview 1-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 C Compiler Overview 1-5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter 1

Software Development Tools Overview
1-2
1.1 Software Development Tools Overview
Figure 1−1 illustrates the TMS320C2x/C2xx/C5x software development flow.
The shaded portion of the figure highlights the most common path of software
development for C language programs. The unshaded portions represent pe-
ripheral functions that enhance the development process.
Figure 1−1. TMS320C2x/C2xx/C5x Software Development Flow
Assembler
Linker
Macro
library
Library of
object files
Hex conversion
utility
EPROM
programmer
Assembler
source
COFF
object
files
Archiver
Macro
source
files
Archiver
C
source
files
TMS320C2x
TMS320C2xx
TMS320C5x
Executable
COFF
file
C compiler
Library-build
utility
Cross-reference
lister
Absolute lister
Debugging
tools
Run-time-
support
library

Software Development Tools Overview
1-3Introduction
The following list describes the tools that are shown in Figure 1−1.
-The C compiler accepts C source code and produces TMS320C2x,
TMS320C2xx, or TMS320C5x assembly language source code. A shell
program, an optimizer, and an interlist utility are included in the
compiler package.
JThe shell program enables you to automatically compile, assemble,
and link source modules.
JThe optimizer modifies code to improve the efficiency of C programs.
JThe interlist utility interlists C source statements with assembly lan-
guage output.
Chapter 2 describes how to invoke and operate the compiler, the shell, the op-
timizer, and the interlist utility.
-The assembler translates assembly language source files into machine
language object files. The machine language is based on common object
file format (COFF). The TMS320C1x/C2x/C2xx/C5x Assembly Language
Tools User’s Guide explains how to use the assembler.
-The TMS320C1x/C2x/C5x Assembly Language Tools User’s Guide ex-
plains how to use the archiver. The linker combines object files into a
single executable object module. As it creates the executable module, it
performs relocation and resolves external references. The linker accepts
relocatable COFF object files and object libraries as input.
-The archiver allows you to collect a group of files into a single archive file,
called a library. Using the archiver, you can modify a library by deleting,
replacing, extracting, or adding members. One of the most useful applica-
tions of the archiver is building a library of object modules. Three object
libraries are shipped with the C compiler:
Jrts25.lib contains ANSI standard run-time-support functions and
compiler-utility functions for the TMS320C2x.
Jrts50.lib contains ANSI standard run-time-support functions and
compiler-utility functions for the TMS320C5x.
Jrts2xx.lib contains ANSI standard run-time-support functions and
compiler-utility functions for the TMS320C2xx.
-The library-build utility allows you to build a customized run-time-sup-
port library. Standard run-time-support library functions are provided as
source code. These are located in rts.src. See Chapter 8, Library-Build
Utility, for more information.

Software Development Tools Overview
1-4
-The hex conversion utility converts a COFF object file into TI-Tagged,
ASCII-hex, Intel, Motorola-S, or Tektronix object format. The converted
file can be downloaded to an EPROM programmer.
-The absolute lister is a debugging tool. It accepts linked object files as
input and creates .abs files as output. Once assembled, these .abs files
produce lists that contain absolute rather than relative addresses. See the
TMS320C1x/C2x/C2xx/C5x Assembly Language Tools User’s Guide for
more information about how to use the absolute lister.
-The cross-reference lister uses object files to produce a cross-reference
listing showing symbols, their definitions, and their references in the linked
source files. See the TMS320C1x/C2x/C2xx/C5x Assembly Language
Tools User’s Guide for more information about how to use the cross-refer-
ence lister.
-The main product of this development process is a module that you can
execute on a TMS320C2x/C2xx/C5x device. You can use one of several
debugging tools to refine and correct your code. Available products
include:
JAn instruction-accurate software simulator
JAn extended development system (XDS-510) emulator
JAn evaluation module (EVM)