Texas Instruments TMS320C54x User manual

TMS320C54x
Assembly Language Tools
User’s Guide
Literature Number: SPRU102C
October1998
Printed on Recycled Paper

IMPORTANT NOTICE
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applicableatthetimeofsaleinaccordancewithTI’sstandardwarranty.Testingandotherquality
control techniques are utilized to the extent TI deems necessary to support this warranty.
Specific testing of all parameters of each device is not necessarily performed, except those
mandated by government requirements.
Certain applications using semiconductor products may involve potential risks of death,
personal injury, or severe property or environmental damage (“Critical Applications”).
TI SEMICONDUCTOR PRODUCTS ARE NOT DESIGNED, INTENDED, AUTHORIZED, OR
WARRANTED TO BE SUITABLE FOR USE IN LIFE-SUPPORT APPLICATIONS, DEVICES
OR SYSTEMS OR OTHER CRITICAL APPLICATIONS.
Inclusion of TI products in such applications is understood to be fully at the risk of the customer.
UseofTIproducts in such applications requires the written approval ofanappropriateTI officer.
Questions concerning potential risk applications should be directed to TI through a local SC
sales office.
In order to minimize risks associated with the customer’s applications, adequate design and
operating safeguards should be provided by the customer to minimize inherent or procedural
hazards.
TI assumes no liability for applications assistance, customer product design, software
performance, or infringement of patents or services described herein. Nor does TI warrant or
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mask work right, or other intellectual property right of TI covering or relating to any combination,
machine, or process in which such semiconductor products or services might be or are used.
Copyright 1998, Texas Instruments Incorporated

iii
Preface
Read This First
About This Manual
The TMS320C54x Assembly Language Tools User’s Guide tells you how to
use these assembly language tools:
- Assembler
- Archiver
- Linker
- Absolute lister
- Cross-reference lister
- Hex conversion utility
How to Use This Manual
The goal of this book is to help you learn how to use the Texas Instruments
assembly language tools specifically designed for the TMS320C54x DSPs.
This book is divided into four parts:
- Introductory information gives you an overview of the assembly
language development tools and also discusses common object file
format (COFF), which helps you to use the TMS320C54x tools more
efficiently. Read Chapter 2, Introduction to Common Object File Format,
before using the assembler and linker.
- Assembler description contains detailed information about using the
assembler. This section explains how to invoke the assembler and
discusses source statement format, valid constants and expressions,
assembler output, and assembler directives. It also describes macro
elements.
- Additional assembly language tools describes in detail each of the
tools provided with the assembler to help you create assembly language
sourcefiles.Forexample,Chapter7explainshowtoinvokethelinker,how
the linker operates, and how to use linker directives. Chapter 10 explains
how to use the hex conversion utility.

Notational Conventions
iv
- Reference material provides supplementary information. This section
contains technical data about the internal format and structure of COFF
objectfiles.ItdiscussessymbolicdebuggingdirectivesthattheCcompiler
uses. Finally, it includes hex conversion utility examples, assembler and
linker error messages, and a glossary.
Notational Conventions
This document uses the following conventions:
- Program listings, program examples, and interactive displays appear in a
special typeface. Examples use a bold version of the special
typeface for emphasis; interactive displays use a bold version of the
special typeface to distinguish commands that you enter from items that
thesystemdisplays (suchas prompts,command output,errormessages,
etc.).
Here is a sample program listing:
2 0001 2f x .byte 47
3 0002 32 z .byte 50
4 0003 .text
- In syntax descriptions, the instruction, command, or directive is in a bold
typefacefontandparametersareinan
italictypeface .Portionsofasyntax
that are in bold should be entered as shown; portions of a syntax that are
in italics describe the type of information that should be entered. Here is
an example of command line syntax:
abs500 filename
abs500 isacommand.Thecommandinvokesthe absolute lister and has
one parameter, indicated by filename . When you invoke the absolute
lister,you supply the name of the filethattheabsolutelisterusesas input.
- Square brackets ( [and ]) identify an optional parameter. If you use an
optional parameter, you specify the information within the brackets; you
don’t enter the brackets themselves. This is an example of a command
that has an optional parameter:
hex500 [ –options ] filename
Thehex500commandhastwoparameters.Thefirstparameter, –options ,
is optional. Since
options is plural, you may select several options. The
second parameter, filename , is required.
How to Use This Manual / Notational Conventions

Notational Conventions
v Read This First
- In assembler syntax statements, column 1 is reserved for the first
characterofalabelorsymbol.Ifthelabelorsymbolisoptional,itisusually
not shown. If it is a required parameter, then it will be shown starting
against the left margin of the shaded box, as in the example below. No
instruction, command, directive, or parameter, other than a symbol or
label, should begin in column 1.
symbol .usect ” section name ”, size in words [, blocking flag ]
[, alignment flag ]
The symbol isrequiredforthe.usectdirectiveandmustbeginincolumn1.
The
section name must be enclosed in quotes and the section size in
words must be separated from the section name by a comma. The
blocking flag and alignment flag are optional and, if used, must be
separated by commas.
- Some directives can have a varying number of parameters. For example,
the .byte directive can have up to 100 parameters. The syntax for this
directive is:
.byte value
1
[, ... , value
n
]
This syntax shows that .byte must have at least one value parameter, but
you have the option of supplying additional value parameters, separated
by commas.
- Following are other symbols and abbreviations used throughout this
document.
Symbol Definition Symbol Definition
AR0–AR7 Auxiliary Registers
0 through 7 PC Program counter register
B,b Suffix — binary integer Q,q Suffix — octal integer
H,h Suffix — hexadecimal
integer SP Stack pointer register
LSB Least significant bit ST Status register
MSB Most significant bit
- ’C54x is used throughout this manual to collectively refer to the
TMS320C541, TMS320C542, TMS320C543, TMS320C544, TMS320C545,
TMS320C546, TMS320C547, TMS320C548, TMS320C549, and TMS320C545L
devices.
Note that .byte does not
begin in column 1.

Related Documentation From Texas Instruments
vi
Related Documentation From Texas Instruments
The following books describe the TMS320C54x devices and related support
tools. To obtain a copy of any of these TI documents, call the Texas
Instruments Literature Response Center at (800) 477–8924. When ordering,
please identify the book by its title and literature number.
TMS320C54x DSP Reference Set is composed of four volumes that can be
orderedas a set with literature numberSPRU210.Toorder an individual
book, use the document-specific literature number:
TMS320C54x DSP Reference Set, Volume 1: CPU and Peripherals
(literature number SPRU131) describes the TMS320C54x 16-bit,
fixed-point, general-purpose digital signal processors. Covered
are its architecture, internal register structure, data and program
addressing, the instruction pipeline, DMA, and on-chip
peripherals.Also includesdevelopment support information,parts
lists, and design considerations for using the XDS510 emulator.
TMS320C54x DSP Reference Set, Volume 2: Mnemonic Instruction
Set
(literature number SPRU172) describes the TMS320C54x
digital signal processor mnemonic instructions individually. Also
includes a summary of instruction set classes and cycles.
TMS320C54x DSP Reference Set, Volume 3: Algebraic Instruction
Set (literature number SPRU179) describes the TMS320C54x
digital signal processor algebraic instructions individually. Also
includes a summary of instruction set classes and cycles.
TMS320C54x DSP Reference Set, Volume 4: Applications Guide
(literature number SPRU173) describes software and hardware
applications for the TMS320C54x digital signal processor. Also
includes development support information, parts lists, and design
considerations for using the XDS510 emulator.
TMS320 DSP Development Support Reference Guide (literature number
SPRU011)describesthe TMS320familyofdigitalsignal processorsand
the tools that support these devices. Included are code-generation tools
(compilers, assemblers, linkers, etc.) and system integration and debug
tools(simulators,emulators,evaluationmodules,etc.).Alsocoveredare
available documentation, seminars, the university program, and factory
repair and exchange.
TMS320C54x Optimizing C Compiler User’s Guide (literature number
SPRU103) describes the ’C54x C compiler. This C compiler accepts
ANSI standard C source code and produces TMS320 assembly
language source code for the ’C54x generation of devices.

Related Documentation From Texas Instruments / Trademarks
vii Read This First
TMS320C54x C Source Debugger User’s Guide (literature number
SPRU099) tells you how to invoke the ’C54x emulator, evaluation
module,andsimulator versionsofthe Csourcedebugger interface.This
book discusses various aspects of the debugger interface, including
window management, command entry, code execution, data
management, and breakpoints. It also includes a tutorial that introduces
basic debugger functionality.
TMS320 Third-Party Support Reference Guide (literature number
SPRU052)alphabeticallylistsover 100 third partiesthat provide various
products that serve the family of TMS320 digital signal processors. A
myriadofproductsandapplicationsareoffered—softwareandhardware
development tools, speech recognition, image processing, noise
cancellation, modems, etc.
DigitalSignalProcessingApplicationswiththeTMS320Family , Volumes
1, 2, and 3 (literature numbers SPRA012, SPRA016, SPRA017)
Volumes 1 and 2 cover applications using the ’C10 and ’C20 families of
fixed-point processors. Volume 3 documents applications using both
fixed-point processors, as well as the ’C30 floating-point processor.
Trademarks
HP-UX is a trademark of Hewlett-Packard Company.
PC is a trademark of International Business Machines Corporation.
Solaris is a trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc.
UNIX is a registered trademark of Unix System Laboratories, Inc.
XDS510 is a trademark of Texas Instruments Incorporated.

If You Need Assistance
viii
If You Need Assistance. . .
- World-Wide Web Sites
TI Online http://www.ti.com
Semiconductor Product Information Center (PIC) http://www.ti.com/sc/docs/pic/home.htm
DSP Solutions http://www.ti.com/dsps
320 Hotline On-line t http://www.ti.com/sc/docs/dsps/support.htm
- North America, South America, Central America
Product Information Center (PIC) [phone]
TI Literature Response Center U.S.A. [phone]
Software Registration/Upgrades [phone] Fax: [phone]
U.S.A. Factory Repair/Hardware Upgrades [phone]
U.S. Technical Training Organization [phone]
DSP Hotline [phone] Fax: [phone] Email: [email protected]
DSP Modem BBS [phone]
DSP Internet BBS via anonymous ftp to ftp://ftp.ti.com/pub/tms320bbs
- Europe, Middle East, Africa
European Product Information Center (EPIC) Hotlines:
Multi-Language Support [phone] Fax: [phone] Email: [email protected]
Deutsch [phone] or [phone]
English [phone]
Francais [phone]
Italiano [phone]
EPIC Modem BBS [phone]
European Factory Repair [phone]
Europe Customer Training Helpline Fax: [phone]
- Asia-Pacific
Literature Response Center [phone] Fax: [phone]
Hong Kong DSP Hotline [phone] Fax: [phone]
Korea DSP Hotline [phone] Fax: [phone]
Korea DSP Modem BBS [phone]
Singapore DSP Hotline Fax: [phone]
Taiwan DSP Hotline [phone] Fax: [phone]
Taiwan DSP Modem BBS [phone]
Taiwan DSP Internet BBS via anonymous ftp to ftp://dsp.ee.tit.edu.tw/pub/TI/
- Japan
Product Information Center +0120-81-0026 (in Japan) Fax: [phone] (in Japan)
+03-3457-0972 or (INTL) 813-3457-0972 Fax: [phone] or (INTL) 813-3457-1259
DSP Hotline [phone] or (INTL) 813-3769-8735 Fax: [phone] or (INTL) 813-3457-7071
DSP BBS via Nifty-Serve Type “Go TIASP”
- Documentation
Whenmakingsuggestions orreportingerrors indocumentation,please includethefollowing informationthatis onthetitle
page: the full title of the book, the publication date, and the literature number.
Mail: Texas Instruments Incorporated Email: [email protected]
Technical Documentation Services, MS 702
P.O. Box 1443
Houston, Texas 77251-1443
Note: When calling a Literature Response Center to order documentation, please specify the literature number of the
book.

Contents
ix
Contents
1 Introduction 1-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Provides an overview of the software development tools.
1.1 Software Development Tools Overview 1-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 Tools Descriptions 1-3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 Introduction to Common Object File Format 2-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Discusses the basic COFF concept of sections and how they can help you use the assembler
and linker more efficiently. Common object file format, or COFF, is the object file format used
by the tools.
2.1 COFF File Types 2-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2 Sections 2-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3 How the Assembler Handles Sections 2-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.1 Uninitialized Sections 2-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.2 Initialized Sections 2-6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.3 Named Sections 2-7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.4 Subsections 2-8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.5 Section Program Counters 2-8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.6 An Example That Uses Sections Directives 2-9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4 How the Linker Handles Sections 2-12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4.1 Default Memory Allocation 2-13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4.2 Placing Sections in the Memory Map 2-14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5 Relocation 2-15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6 Runtime Relocation 2-17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.7 Loading a Program 2-18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.8 Symbols in a COFF File 2-19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.8.1 External Symbols 2-19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.8.2 The Symbol Table 2-20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 Assembler Description 3-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Explainshow to invoke the assembler and discusses source statement format, valid constants
and expressions, and assembler output.
3.1 Assembler Overview 3-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2 Assembler Development Flow 3-3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3 Invoking the Assembler 3-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Contents
x
3.4 Naming Alternate Files and Directories for Assembler Input 3-7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.1 Using the –i Assembler Option 3-7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.2 Using the A_DIR Environment Variable 3-8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5 Source Statement Format 3-10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5.1 Source Statement Syntax 3-10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5.2 Label Field 3-11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5.3 Mnemonic Field 3-11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5.4 Operand Field 3-12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5.5 Instruction Field 3-13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5.6 Comment Field 3-13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.6 Constants 3-14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.6.1 Binary Integers 3-14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.6.2 Octal Integers 3-14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.6.3 Decimal Integers 3-15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.6.4 Hexadecimal Integers 3-15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.6.5 Character Constants 3-15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.6.6 Assembly-Time Constants 3-16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.6.7 Floating-Point Constants 3-16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.7 Character Strings 3-17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.8 Symbols 3-18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.8.1 Labels 3-18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.8.2 Symbolic Constants 3-18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.8.3 Defining Symbolic Constants (–d Option) 3-19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.8.4 Predefined Symbolic Constants 3-19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.8.5 Substitution Symbols 3-20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.8.6 Local Labels 3-21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.9 Expressions 3-24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.9.1 Operators 3-25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.9.2 Expression Overflow and Underflow 3-25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.9.3 Well-Defined Expressions 3-26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.9.4 Conditional Expressions 3-27. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.9.5 Relocatable Symbols and Legal Expressions 3-27. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.10 Built-in Functions 3-29. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.11 Extended Addressing Support 3-30. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.12 Source Listings 3-31. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.13 Cross-Reference Listings 3-35. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4 Assembler Directives 4-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Describesthedirectivesaccordingtofunction,andpresentsthedirectivesinalphabeticalorder.
4.1 Directives Summary 4-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2 Compatibility With the TMS320C1x/C2x/C2xx/C5x Assembler Directives 4-7. . . . . . . . . . .
4.3 Directives That Define Sections 4-8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4 Directives That Initialize Constants 4-11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5 Directives That Align the Section Program Counter 4-15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Contents
xi Contents
4.6 Directives That Format the Output Listing 4-17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.7 Directives That Reference Other Files 4-19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.8 Conditional Assembly Directives 4-20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.9 Assembly-Time Symbol Directives 4-21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.10 Miscellaneous Directives 4-23. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.11 Directives Reference 4-25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 Macro Language 5-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Describes macro directives, substitution symbols used as macro parameters, and how to
create macros.
5.1 Using Macros 5-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2 Defining Macros 5-3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3 Macro Parameters/Substitution Symbols 5-6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3.1 Substitution Symbols 5-6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3.2 Directives That Define Substitution Symbols 5-8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3.3 Built-In Substitution Symbol Functions 5-9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3.4 Recursive Substitution Symbols 5-10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3.5 Forced Substitution 5-11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3.6 Accessing Individual Characters of Subscripted Substitution Symbols 5-12. . . . .
5.3.7 Substitution Symbols as Local Variables in Macros 5-13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.4 Macro Libraries 5-14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.5 Using Conditional Assembly in Macros 5-15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.6 Using Labels in Macros 5-17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.7 Producing Messages in Macros 5-19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.8 Formatting the Output Listing 5-21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.9 Using Recursive and Nested Macros 5-22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.10 Macro Directives Summary 5-25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6 Archiver Description 6-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Contains instructions for invoking the archiver, creating new archive libraries, and modifying
existing libraries.
6.1 Archiver Overview 6-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2 Archiver Development Flow 6-3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.3 Invoking the Archiver 6-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.4 Archiver Examples 6-6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7 Linker Description 7-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Explains how to invoke the linker, provides details about linker operation, discusses linker
directives, and presents a detailed linking example.
7.1 Linker Overview 7-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2 Linker Development Flow 7-3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.3 Invoking the Linker 7-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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7.4 Linker Options 7-6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.4.1 Relocation Capabilities (–a and –r Options) 7-8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.4.2 Disable Merge of Symbolic Debugging Information (–b Option) 7-10. . . . . . . . . . .
7.4.3 C Language Options (–c and –cr Options) 7-10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.4.4 Define an Entry Point (–e global_symbol Option) 7-11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.4.5 Set Default Fill Value (–f cc Option) 7-11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.4.6 Make a Symbol Global (–g global_symbol Option) 7-12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.4.7 Make All Global Symbols Static (–h Option) 7-12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.4.8 Define Heap Size (–heap constant Option) 7-12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.4.9 Alter the Library Search Algorithm (–l Option, –i Option, and
C_DIR Environment Variable) 7-13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.4.10 Disable Conditional Linking (–j Option) 7-16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.4.11 Ignore Alignment Flags (–k Option) 7-16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.4.12 Create a Map File (–m filename Option) 7-16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.4.13 Name an Output Module (–o filename Option) 7-17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.4.14 Specify a Quiet Run (–q Option) 7-17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.4.15 Strip Symbolic Information (–s Option) 7-17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.4.16 Define Stack Size (–stack constant Option) 7-18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.4.17 Introduce an Unresolved Symbol (–u symbol Option) 7-18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.4.18 Specify a COFF Format (–v Option) 7-19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.4.19 Display a Message for Output Section Information (–w Option) 7-19. . . . . . . . . . .
7.4.20 Exhaustively Read Libraries (–x Option) 7-20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.5 Linker Command Files 7-21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.5.1 Reserved Names in Linker Command Files 7-24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.5.2 Constants in Command Files 7-24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.6 Object Libraries 7-25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.7 The MEMORY Directive 7-27. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.7.1 Default Memory Model 7-27. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.7.2 MEMORY Directive Syntax 7-27. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.8 The SECTIONS Directive 7-32. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.8.1 Default Configuration 7-32. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.8.2 SECTIONS Directive Syntax 7-32. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.8.3 Allocation 7-35. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.9 Specifying a Section’s Runtime Address 7-41. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.9.1 Specifying Load and Run Addresses 7-41. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.9.2 Uninitialized Sections 7-42. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.9.3 Referring to the Load Address by Using the .label Directive 7-42. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.10 Using UNION and GROUP Statements 7-45. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.10.1 Overlaying Sections With the UNION Statement 7-45. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.10.2 Grouping Output Sections Together 7-47. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.11 Overlay Pages 7-48. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.11.1 Using the MEMORY Directive to Define Overlay Pages 7-48. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.11.2 Using Overlay Pages With the SECTIONS Directive 7-50. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.11.3 Page Definition Syntax 7-51. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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7.12 Default Allocation Algorithm 7-53. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.12.1 Allocation Algorithm 7-53. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.12.2 General Rules for Output Sections 7-54. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.13 Special Section Types (DSECT, COPY, and NOLOAD) 7-56. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.14 Assigning Symbols at Link Time 7-57. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.14.1 Syntax of Assignment Statements 7-57. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.14.2 Assigning the SPC to a Symbol 7-58. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.14.3 Assignment Expressions 7-58. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.14.4 Symbols Defined by the Linker 7-60. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.14.5 Symbols Defined Only For C Support (–c or –cr Option) 7-60. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.15 Creating and Filling Holes 7-61. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.15.1 Initialized and Uninitialized Sections 7-61. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.15.2 Creating Holes 7-61. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.15.3 Filling Holes 7-63. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.15.4 Explicit Initialization of Uninitialized Sections 7-64. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.16 Partial (Incremental) Linking 7-65. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.17 Linking C Code 7-67. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.17.1 Runtime Initialization 7-67. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.17.2 Object Libraries and Runtime Support 7-67. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.17.3 Setting the Size of the Stack and Heap Sections 7-68. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.17.4 Autoinitialization (ROM and RAM Models) 7-68. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.17.5 The –c and –cr Linker Options 7-70. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.18 Linker Example 7-71. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8 Absolute Lister Description 8-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Explains how to invoke the absolute lister to obtain a listing of the absolute addresses of an
object file.
8.1 Producing an Absolute Listing 8-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.2 Invoking the Absolute Lister 8-3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.3 Absolute Lister Example 8-5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9 Cross-Reference Lister Description 9-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Explainshowto invokethecross-reference listerto obtainalisting ofsymbols,theirdefinitions,
and their references in the linked source files.
9.1 Producing a Cross-Reference Listing 9-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.2 Invoking the Cross-Reference Lister 9-3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.3 Cross-Reference Listing Example 9-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10 Hex Conversion Utility Description 10-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Explainshowto invokethehex utilitytoconvert aCOFFobject fileinto oneofseveral standard
hexadecimal formats suitable for loading into an EPROM programmer.
10.1 Hex Conversion Utility Development Flow 10-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.2 Invoking the Hex Conversion Utility 10-3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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10.3 Command File 10-7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.3.1 Examples of Command Files 10-8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.4 Understanding Memory Widths 10-9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.4.1 Target Width 10-10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.4.2 Data Width 10-10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.4.3 Memory Width 10-10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.4.4 ROM Width 10-11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.4.5 A Memory Configuration Example 10-14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.4.6 Specifying Word Order for Output Words 10-14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.5 The ROMS Directive 10-16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.5.1 When to Use the ROMS Directive 10-18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.5.2 An Example of the ROMS Directive 10-19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.5.3 Creating a Map File of the ROMS Directive 10-21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.6 The SECTIONS Directive 10-22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.7 Output Filenames 10-24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.7.1 Assigning Output Filenames 10-24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.8 Image Mode and the –fill Option 10-26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.8.1 The –image Option 10-26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.8.2 Specifying a Fill Value 10-27. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.8.3 Steps to Follow in Image Mode 10-27. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.9 Building a Table for an On-Chip Boot Loader 10-28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.9.1 Description of the Boot Table 10-28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.9.2 The Boot Table Format 10-28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.9.3 How to Build the Boot Table 10-29. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.9.4 Booting From a Device Peripheral 10-31. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.9.5 Setting the Entry Point for the Boot Table 10-32. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.9.6 Using the ’C54x Boot Loader 10-32. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.10 Controlling the ROM Device Address 10-34. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.10.1 Controlling the Starting Address 10-34. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.10.2 Controlling the Address Increment Index 10-36. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.10.3 The –byte Option 10-36. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.10.4 Dealing With Address Holes 10-37. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.11 Description of the Object Formats 10-38. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.11.1 ASCII-Hex Object Format (–a Option) 10-39. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.11.2 Intel MCS-86 Object Format (–i Option) 10-40. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.11.3 Motorola Exorciser Object Format (–m1, –m2, –m3 Options) 10-41. . . . . . . . . . . .
10.11.4 Texas Instruments SDSMAC Object Format (–t Option) 10-42. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.11.5 Extended Tektronix Object Format (–x Option) 10-43. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.12 Hex Conversion Utility Error Messages 10-44. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Contents
xv Contents
11 Mnemonic-to-Algebraic Translator Description 11-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Explains how to invoke the mnemonic-to-algebraic translator utility to convert a source file
containing mnemonic instructions to a source file containing algebraic instructions.
11.1 Translator Overview 11-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.1.1 What the Translator Does 11-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.1.2 What the Translator Does Not Do 11-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.2 Translator Development Flow 11-3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.3 Invoking the Translator 11-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.4 Translation Modes 11-5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.4.1 Literal Mode (–t Option) 11-5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.4.2 About Symbol Names in Literal Mode 11-5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.4.3 Expansion Mode (–e Option) 11-6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.5 How the Translator Works With Macros 11-8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.5.1 Directives in Macros 11-8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.5.2 Macro Local Variables 11-9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.5.3 Defining Labels When Invoking A Macro 11-10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A Common Object File Format A-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Contains supplemental technical data about the internal format and structure of COFF object
files.
A.1 COFF File Structure A-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A.1.1 Overall Object File Structure A-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A.1.2 Typical Object File Structure A-3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A.1.3 Impact of Switching Operating Systems A-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A.2 File Header Structure A-5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A.3 Optional File Header Format A-6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A.4 Section Header Structure A-7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A.5 Structuring Relocation Information A-10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A.6 Line-Number Table Structure A-12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A.7 Symbol Table Structure and Content A-14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A.7.1 Special Symbols A-16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A.7.2 Symbol Name Format A-18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A.7.3 String Table Structure A-18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A.7.4 Storage Classes A-19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A.7.5 Symbol Values A-20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A.7.6 Section Number A-21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A.7.7 Type Entry A-21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A.7.8 Auxiliary Entries A-23. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B Symbolic Debugging Directives B-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Discusses symbolic debugging directives that the C compiler uses.

Contents
xvi
C Hex Conversion Utility Examples C-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Illustrates command file development for a variety of memory systems and situations.
C.1 Base Code for the Examples C-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C.2 Example 1: Building A Hex Command File for Two 8-Bit EPROMs C-3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C.3 Example 2: Avoiding Holes With Multiple Sections C-8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C.4 Example 3: Generating a Boot Table C-10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C.5 Example 4: Generating a Boot Table for LP Core Devices C-17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D Error Messages D-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lists the error messages that the assembler and linker issue, and gives a description of the
condition(s) that caused each error.
E Glossary E-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Defines terms and acronyms used in this book.

Figures
xvii Contents
Figures
1–1 TMS320C54x Software Development Flow 1-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2–1 Partitioning Memory Into Logical Blocks 2-3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2–2 Object Code Generated by the File in Example 2–1 2-11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2–3 Combining Input Sections to Form an Executable Object Module 2-13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3–1 Assembler Development Flow 3-3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4–1 The .space and .bes Directives 4-11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4–2 The .field Directive 4-12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4–3 Initialization Directives 4-14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4–4 The .align Directive 4-16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4–5 Allocating .bss Blocks Within a Page 4-31. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4–6 The .field Directive 4-49. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4–7 The .usect Directive 4-95. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6–1 Archiver Development Flow 6-3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7–1 Linker Development Flow 7-3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7–2 Memory Map Defined in Example 7–3 7-31. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7–3 Section Allocation Defined by Example 7–4 7-34. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7–4 Runtime Execution of Example 7–6 7-44. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7–5 Memory Allocation Shown in Example 7–7 and Example 7–8 7-46. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7–6 Overlay Pages Defined by Example 7–10 and Example 7–11 7-49. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7–7 RAM Model of Autoinitialization 7-69. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7–8 ROM Model of Autoinitialization 7-69. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8–1 Absolute Lister Development Flow 8-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8–2 module1.lst 8-9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8–3 module2.lst 8-9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9–1 Cross-Reference Lister Development Flow 9-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10–1 Hex Conversion Utility Development Flow 10-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10–2 Hex Conversion Utility Process Flow 10-9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10–3 Data and Memory Widths 10-11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10–4 Data, Memory, and ROM Widths 10-13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10–5 ’C54x Memory Configuration Example 10-14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10–6 Varying the Word Order 10-15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10–7 The infile.out File From Example 10–1 Partitioned Into Four Output Files 10-20. . . . . . . . . . .
10–8 Sample Command File for Booting From a ’C54x EPROM 10-33. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10–9 Hex Command File for Avoiding a Hole at the Beginning of a Section 10-37. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10–10 ASCII-Hex Object Format 10-39. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10–11 Intel Hex Object Format 10-40. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Figures
xviii
10–12 Motorola-S Format 10-41. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10–13 TI-Tagged Object Format 10-42. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10–14 Extended Tektronix Object Format 10-43. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11–1 Translator Development Flow 11-3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11–2 Literal Mode Process 11-5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11–3 Expansion Mode Process 11-6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11–4 Defining Labels 11-10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11–5 Rewritten Source Code 11-10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A–1 COFF File Structure A-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A–2 COFF Object File A-3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A–3 Section Header Pointers for the .text Section A-9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A–4 Line-Number Blocks A-12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A–5 Line-Number Entries A-13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A–6 Symbol Table Contents A-14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A–7 Symbols for Blocks A-17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A–8 Symbols for Functions A-17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A–9 String Table A-18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C–1 A Two 8-Bit EPROM System C-3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C–2 Data From Output File C-6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C–3 EPROM System for a ’C54x C-10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C–4 EPROM System for a ’C54xLP C-17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tables
xix Contents
Tables
3–1 Operators Used in Expressions (Precedence) 3-25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3–2 Expressions With Absolute and Relocatable Symbols 3-27. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3–3 Assembler Built-In Math Functions 3-29. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3–4 Symbol Attributes 3-35. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4–1 Assembler Directives Summary 4-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4–2 Memory-Mapped Registers 4-70. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5–1 Functions and Return Values 5-9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5–2 Creating Macros 5-25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5–3 Manipulating Substitution Symbols 5-25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5–4 Conditional Assembly 5-25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5–5 Producing Assembly-Time Messages 5-26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5–6 Formatting the Listing 5-26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7–1 Operators Used in Expressions (Precedence) 7-59. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9–1 Symbol Attributes 9-6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10–1 Options 10-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10–2 Boot-Loader Options 10-29. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10–3 Options for Specifying Hex Conversion Formats 10-38. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A–1 File Header Contents A-5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A–2 File Header Flags (Bytes 18 and 19) A-5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A–3 Optional File Header Contents A-6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A–4 Section Header Contents for COFF1 Files A-7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A–5 Section Header Contents for COFF2 Files A-7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A–6 Section Header Flags A-8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A–7 Relocation Entry Contents A-10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A–8 Relocation Types (Bytes 8 and 9) A-11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A–9 Line-Number Entry Format A-12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A–10 Symbol Table Entry Contents A-15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A–11 Special Symbols in the Symbol Table A-16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A–12 Symbol Storage Classes A-19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A–13 Special Symbols and Their Storage Classes A-20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A–14 Symbol Values and Storage Classes A-20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A–15 Section Numbers A-21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A–16 Basic Types A-22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A–17 Derived Types A-22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A–18 Auxiliary Symbol Table Entries Format A-23. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A–19 Filename Format for Auxiliary Table Entries A-24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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A–20 Section Format for Auxiliary Table Entries A-24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A–21 Tag Name Format for Auxiliary Table Entries A-24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A–22 End-of-Structure Format for Auxiliary Table Entries A-25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A–23 Function Format for Auxiliary Table Entries A-25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A–24 Array Format for Auxiliary Table Entries A-26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A–25 End-of-Blocks/Functions Format for Auxiliary Table Entries A-26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A–26 Beginning-of-Blocks/Functions Format for Auxiliary Table Entries A-27. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A–27 Structure, Union, and Enumeration Names Format for Auxiliary Table Entries A-27. . . . . . . .