ABB RELION 650 SERIES User manual

Relion® 650 series
Line distance protection
REL650
Product Guide

Contents
1. Description...........................................................3
2. Application...........................................................3
3. Available functions...............................................5
4. Impedance protection........................................12
5. Current protection..............................................14
6. Voltage protection..............................................16
7. Frequency protection.........................................17
8. Secondary system supervision..........................18
9. Control................................................................18
10. Scheme communication....................................20
11. Logic..................................................................21
12. Monitoring.........................................................22
13. Metering............................................................24
14. Human Machine interface.................................25
15. Basic IED functions...........................................25
16. Station communication.....................................26
17. Hardware description........................................27
18. Connection diagrams........................................29
19. Technical data...................................................31
20. Ordering............................................................73
Disclaimer
The information in this document is subject to change without notice and should not be construed as a commitment by ABB AB. ABB AB assumes
no responsibility for any errors that may appear in this document.
© Copyright 2009 ABB AB.
All rights reserved.
Trademarks
ABB and Relion are registered trademarks of ABB Group. All other brand or product names mentioned in this document may be trademarks or
registered trademarks of their respective holders.
Line distance protection 1MRK 506 308-BEN -
REL650
Product version: 1.0 Issued: September 2009
2 ABB

1. Description
Line distance protection IED
REL650
The REL650 is designed for protection,
monitoring and control of overhead lines and
cables. The IED includes extensive
functionality, with diverse application
opportunities, as well as hardware, to meet
specific requirements. The powerful IED
provides distance protection for all types of
overhead lines, cables and power network
earthing.
2. Application
The REL650 is used for the protection,
control and monitoring of overhead lines and
cables in solidly or impedance earthed
networks. The IED can be used up to the
high voltage levels. It is suitable for the
protection of heavily loaded lines and multi-
terminal lines where the requirement for fast
three-pole tripping is wanted.
The full scheme distance protection provides
protection of power lines with high
sensitivity and low requirement on remote
end communication. The five zones have
fully independent measuring and setting
which gives high flexibility for all types of
lines.
The modern technical solution offers fast
operating time of typically 1.5 cycles.
The auto-reclose includes priority features for
single-breaker arrangements. It co-operates
with the synchrocheck function with high-
speed or delayed reclosing.
High set instantaneous phase and earth
overcurrent, four step directional or non-
directional delayed phase and earth
overcurrent, sensitive earth fault, thermal
overload and two step under and overvoltage
protection are examples of the available
functions allowing the user to fulfill any
application requirement.
The distance and earth fault protection can
communicate with remote end in any
teleprotection communication scheme.
The advanced logic capability, where the user
logic is prepared with a graphical tool, allows
special applications.
Disturbance recording and fault locator are
available to allow independent post-fault
analysis after primary disturbances.
Two packages has been defined for following
applications:
• Five zone distance protection with
quadrilateral characteristic (A01)
• Five zone distance protection with mho
characteristic (A05)
The packages are configured and ready for
direct use. Analogue and tripping IO has
been pre-defined for basic use.
Add binary I/O as required for your
application at ordering. Other signals need to
be applied as required for each application.
The graphical configuration tool ensures
simple and fast testing and commissioning.
Line distance protection 1MRK 506 308-BEN -
REL650
Product version: 1.0 Issued: September 2009
Configured Revision: -
ABB 3

REL650 A01 – Quad Distance Zones, Single Breaker
10AI (4I+1I+5U)
SMB RREC
79 0->1
SMP PTRC
94 1->0
TCS SCBR
Cond
SPVN ZBAT
Cond
Other configured functions
OV2 PTOV
59 U>
PH PIOC
50 3I>>
CC RBRF
50BF 3I> BF
V MMXU
Meter.
QA1
QB1 QB2
QB9
QC9
QC2
QC1
WA1
WA2
V MSQI
Meter.
DRP RDRE
Mont.
V MMXU
Meter.
V MMXU
Meter.
EF PIOC
50N IN>>
CC RPLD
52PD PD
S SCBR
Cond
L PTTR
26 q>
EF4 PTOC
51N/67N IN>
OC4 PTOC
51/67 3I>
BRC PTOC
46 Iub
UC2 PTUC
37 2I<
STB PTOC
50STB I>
GOP PDOP
32 P>
GUP PDUP
37 P<
UV2 PTUV
27 U<
LOV PTUV
27 U<
ZQD PDIS
21 Z<
FDPS PDIS
Ph Sel
ZDN RDIR
21 Z<->
ZM RPSB
68
ZCV PSOF
SOTF
LMB RFLO
Monit.
SES RSYN
25 SYNC
ZC PSCH
85
ZCRW PSCH
85
ETP MMTR
Wh<->
CV MMXN
Meter.
EC PSCH
85
ECRW PSCH
85
SDD RFUF
C MMXU
Meter.
C MSQI
Meter.
IEC61850
ANSI IEC
Function Enabled
in Settings
IEC61850
ANSI IEC
Function Disabled
in Settings
1000/1
132kV/110V
132kV/
110V 132kV/
110V
132 kV Bus
Line data
Line length: 50km
Positive sequence line impedance: 0.195+j*0.410 Ohms-Primary/km
Zero sequence line impedance: 0.400+j*1.310 Ohms-Primary/km
IEC09000653-1-en.vsd
IEC09000653 V1 EN
Figure 1. A typical protection application for quadrilateral distance zones in a single breaker
arrangement
Line distance protection 1MRK 506 308-BEN -
REL650
Product version: 1.0 Issued: September 2009
4 ABB

REL650 A05 – Mho Distance Zones, Single Breaker
10AI (4I+1I+5U)
SMB RREC
79 0->1
SMP PTRC
94 1->0
TCS SCBR
Cond
SPVN ZBAT
Cond
Other configured functions
OV2 PTOV
59 U>
PH PIOC
50 3I>>
CC RBRF
50BF 3I> BF
V MMXU
Meter.
QA1
QB1 QB2
QB9
QC9
QC2
QC1
WA1
WA2
V MSQI
Meter.
DRP RDRE
Mont.
V MMXU
Meter.
V MMXU
Meter.
EF PIOC
50N IN>>
CC RPLD
52PD PD
S SCBR
Cond
L PTTR
26 q>
EF4 PTOC
51N/67N IN>
OC4 PTOC
51/67 3I>
BRC PTOC
46 Iub
UC2 PTUC
37 2I<
STB PTOC
50STB I>
GOP PDOP
32 P>
GUP PDUP
37 P<
UV2 PTUV
27 U<
LOV PTUV
27 U<
FMPS PDIS
Ph Sel
ZDN RDIR
21 Z<->
ZM RPSB
68
ZCV PSOF
SOTF
LMB RFLO
Monit.
SES RSYN
25 SYNC
ZC PSCH
85
ZCRW PSCH
85
ETP MMTR
Wh<->
CV MMXN
Meter.
EC PSCH
85
ECRW PSCH
85
SDD RFUF
C MMXU
Meter.
C MSQI
Meter.
ZMO PDIS
21 Z<
IEC61850
ANSI IEC
Function Enabled
in Settings
IEC61850
ANSI IEC
Function Disabled
in Settings
132 kV Bus
1000/1
132kV/110V
132kV/
110V 132kV/
110V
Line data
Line length: 50km
Positive sequence line impedance: 0.195+j*0.410 Ohms-Primary/km
Zero sequence line impedance: 0.400+j*1.310 Ohms-Primary/km
IEC09000654-1-en.vsd
IEC09000654 V1 EN
Figure 2. A typical protection application for mho distance zones in a single breaker
arrangement
Line distance protection 1MRK 506 308-BEN -
REL650
Product version: 1.0 Issued: September 2009
ABB 5

3. Available functions
Main protection functions
IEC
61850
ANSI Function description Line Distance
REL650 (A01)
3Ph/1CB, quad
REL650 (A05)
3Ph/1CB, mho
Impedance protection
ZQDPDIS 21 Five zone distance protection, quadrilateral
characteristic
1
FDPSPDIS 21 Phase selection with load enchroachment,
quadrilateral characteristic
1
ZMOPDIS 21 Five zone distance protection, mho characteristic 1
FMPSPDIS 21 Faulty phase identification with load enchroachment
for mho
1
ZDNRDIR 21 Directional impedance quadrilateral and mho 1 1
PPLPHIZ Phase preference logic 1 1
ZMRPSB 68 Power swing detection 1 1
ZCVPSOF Automatic switch onto fault logic, voltage and
current based
1 1
Line distance protection 1MRK 506 308-BEN -
REL650
Product version: 1.0 Issued: September 2009
6 ABB

Back-up protection functions
IEC 61850 ANSI Function description Line Distance
REL650 (A01)
3Ph/1CB, quad
REL650 (A05)
3Ph/1CB, mho
Current protection
PHPIOC 50 Instantaneous phase overcurrent protection 1 1
OC4PTOC 51/67 Four step directional phase overcurrent protection 1 1
EFPIOC 50N Instantaneous residual overcurrent protection 1 1
EF4PTOC 51N/
67N
Four step directional residual overcurrent
protection
1 1
SDEPSDE 67N Sensitive directional residual overcurrent and
power protection
1 1
UC2PTUC 37 Time delayed 2-step undercurrent protection 1 1
LPTTR 26 Thermal overload protection, one time constant 1 1
CCRBRF 50BF Breaker failure protection 1 1
STBPTOC 50STB Stub protection 1 1
CCRPLD 52PD Pole discordance protection 1 1
BRCPTOC 46 Broken conductor check 1 1
GUPPDUP 37 Directional underpower protection 1 1
GOPPDOP 32 Directional overpower protection 1 1
DNSPTOC 46 Negative sequence based overcurrent function 1 1
Voltage protection
UV2PTUV 27 Two step undervoltage protection 1 1
OV2PTOV 59 Two step overvoltage protection 1 1
ROV2PTOV 59N Two step residual overvoltage protection 1 1
LOVPTUV 27 Loss of voltage check 1 1
Frequency protection
SAPTUF 81 Underfrequency function 2 2
SAPTOF 81 Overfrequency function 2 2
SAPFRC 81 Rate-of-change frequency protection 2 2
Line distance protection 1MRK 506 308-BEN -
REL650
Product version: 1.0 Issued: September 2009
ABB 7

Control and monitoring functions
IEC 61850 ANSI Function description Line Distance
REL650 (A01)
3Ph/1CB, quad
REL650 (A05)
3Ph/1CB, mho
Control
SESRSYN 25 Synchrocheck, energizing check, and
synchronizing
1 1
SMBRREC 79 Autorecloser 1 1
QCBAY Bay control 1 1
LOCREM Handling of LR-switch positions 1 1
LOCREMCTRL LHMI control of PSTO 1 1
SLGGIO Logic Rotating Switch for function selection
and LHMI presentation
15 15
VSGGIO Selector mini switch extension 20 20
DPGGIO IEC 61850 generic communication I/O
functions double point
16 16
SPC8GGIO Single point generic control 8 signals 5 5
AUTOBITS AutomationBits, command function for
DNP3.0
3 3
Secondary system supervision
CCSRDIF 87 Current circuit supervision 1 1
SDDRFUF Fuse failure supervision 1 1
TCSSCBR Breaker close/trip circuit monitoring 3 3
Logic
SMPPTRC 94 Tripping logic 1 1
TMAGGIO Trip matrix logic 12 12
OR Configurable logic blocks, OR 283 283
INVERTER Configurable logic blocks, Inverter 140 140
PULSETIMER Configurable logic blocks, PULSETIMER 40 40
GATE Configurable logic blocks, Controllable gate 40 40
XOR Configurable logic blocks, exclusive OR 40 40
Line distance protection 1MRK 506 308-BEN -
REL650
Product version: 1.0 Issued: September 2009
8 ABB

IEC 61850 ANSI Function description Line Distance
REL650 (A01)
3Ph/1CB, quad
REL650 (A05)
3Ph/1CB, mho
LOOPDELAY Configurable logic blocks, loop delay 40 40
TimeSet Configurable logic blocks, timer 40 40
AND Configurable logic blocks, AND 280 280
SRMEMORY Configurable logic blocks, set-reset memory 40 40
RSMEMORY Configurable logic blocks, reset-set memory 40 40
FXDSIGN Fixed signal function block 1 1
B16I Boolean 16 to Integer conversion 16 16
B16IFCVI Boolean 16 to integer conversion with logic
node representation
16 16
IB16A Integer to Boolean 16 conversion 16 16
IB16FCVB Integer to boolean 16 conversion with logic
node representation
16 16
Monitoring
CVMMXN Measurements 6 6
CMMXU Phase current measurement 10 10
VMMXU Phase-phase voltage measurement 6 6
CMSQI Current sequence component measurement 6 6
VMSQI Voltage sequence measurement 6 6
VNMMXU Phase-neutral voltage measurement 6 6
CNTGGIO Event counter 5 5
DRPRDRE Disturbance report 1 1
AxRADR Analog input signals 1 1
BxRBDR Binary input signals 1 1
SPGGIO IEC 61850 generic communication I/O
functions
64 64
SP16GGIO IEC 61850 generic communication I/O
functions 16 inputs
16 16
MVGGIO IEC 61850 generic communication I/O
functions
16 16
Line distance protection 1MRK 506 308-BEN -
REL650
Product version: 1.0 Issued: September 2009
ABB 9

IEC 61850 ANSI Function description Line Distance
REL650 (A01)
3Ph/1CB, quad
REL650 (A05)
3Ph/1CB, mho
MVEXP Measured value expander block 66 66
LMBRFLO Fault locator 1 1
SPVNZBAT Station battery supervision 1 1
SSIMG 63 Insulation gas monitoring function 1 1
SSIML 71 Insulation liquid monitoring function 1 1
SSCBR Circuit breaker condition monitoring 1 1
Metering
PCGGIO Pulse counter logic 16 16
ETPMMTR Function for energy calculation and demand
handling
3 3
Line distance protection 1MRK 506 308-BEN -
REL650
Product version: 1.0 Issued: September 2009
10 ABB

Designed to communicate
IEC 61850 ANSI Function description Line Distance
REL650 (A01)
3Ph/1CB, quad
REL650 (A05)
3Ph/1CB, mho
Station communication
IEC 61850 communication protocol 1 1
DNP3.0 for TCP/IP communication protocol 1 1
GOOSEINT
LKRCV
Horizontal communication via GOOSE for
interlocking
59 59
GOOSEBIN
RCV
GOOSE binary receive 4 4
Scheme communication
ZCPSCH 85 Scheme communication logic for distance or
overcurrent protection
1 1
ZCRWPSCH 85 Current reversal and weak-end infeed logic for
distance protection
1 1
ZCLCPLAL Local acceleration logic 1 1
ECPSCH 85 Scheme communication logic for residual
overcurrent protection
1 1
ECRWPSCH 85 Current reversal and weak-end infeed logic for
residual overcurrent protection
1 1
Line distance protection 1MRK 506 308-BEN -
REL650
Product version: 1.0 Issued: September 2009
ABB 11

Basic IED functions
IEC 61850 Function description
Basic functions included in all products
INTERRSIG Self supervision with internal event list 1
Time synchronization 1
SETGRPS Setting group handling 1
ACTVGRP Parameter setting groups 1
TESTMODE Test mode functionality 1
CHNGLCK Change lock function 1
ATHSTAT Authority status 1
ATHCHCK Authority check 1
4. Impedance protection
Five zone distance protection,
quadrilateral characteristic
ZQDPDIS
Five zone distance protection, quadrilateral
characteristic (ZQDPDIS) is a five zone full
scheme protection with three fault loops for
phase-to-phase faults and three fault loops
for phase-to-earth fault for each of the
independent zones. Individual settings for
each zone in resistive and reactive reach
gives flexibility for use as back-up protection
for transformer connected to overhead lines
and cables of different types and lengths.
ZQDPDIS together with phase selection with
load enchroachment, FDPSPDIS has
functionality for load enchroachment which
increases the possibility to detect high
resistive faults on heavily loaded lines (see
figure 3).
en05000034.vsd
R
X
Forward
operation
Reverse
operation
IEC05000034 V1 EN
Figure 3. Typical quadrilateral distance
protection zone with Phase selection
with load encroachment function
(FDPSPDIS) activated
Built-in adaptive load compensation
algorithm prevents overreaching of zone 1 at
phase-to-earth faults on heavily loaded power
lines.
The distance protection zones can operate,
independent of each other, in directional
Line distance protection 1MRK 506 308-BEN -
REL650
Product version: 1.0 Issued: September 2009
12 ABB

(forward or reverse) or non-directional mode.
This makes them suitable, together with
different communication schemes, for the
protection of power lines and cables in
complex network configurations, such as
parallel lines, multi-terminal lines etc.
Phase selection with load
encroachment, quadrilateral
characteristic FDPSPDIS
The operation of transmission networks
today is in many cases close to the stability
limit. Due to environmental considerations,
the rate of expansion and reinforcement of
the power system is reduced e.g. difficulties
to get permission to build new power lines.
The phase selection function is designed to
accurately select the proper fault loop in the
distance function dependent on the fault type.
The heavy load transfer that is common in
many transmission networks may make fault
resistance coverage difficult to achieve.
Therefore, the function has a built in
algorithm for load encroachment, which gives
the possibility to enlarge the resistive setting
of both the phase selection and the
measuring zones without interfering with the
load.
The extensive output signals from the phase
selection gives also important information
about faulty phase(s) which can be used for
fault analysis.
A current-based phase selection is also
included. The measuring elements
continuously measure three phase currents
and the residual current and, compare them
with the set values.
Five zone distance protection, mho
characteristic ZMOPDIS
The numerical mho line distance protection is
a five zone full scheme protection for back-
up detection of short circuit and earth-faults.
The full scheme technique provides back-up
protection of power lines with high
sensitivity and low requirement on remote
end communication. The five zones have
fully independent measuring and settings
which gives high flexibility for all types of
lines.
The IED can be used up to high voltage
levels. It is suitable for the protection of
heavily loaded lines and multi-terminal lines
where the requirement for fast three-pole
tripping is wanted.
Built-in adaptive load compensation
algorithm prevents overreaching at phase-to-
earth faults on heavily loaded power lines,
see figure 4.
en07000117.vsd
jX
Operation area Operation area
R
Operation area
No operation area No operation area
IEC07000117 V1 EN
Figure 4. Load encroachment influence on
the offset mho characteristic
The distance protection zones can operate,
independent of each other, in directional
(forward or reverse) or non-directional mode
(offset). This makes them suitable, together
with different communication schemes, for
the protection of power lines and cables in
complex network configurations, such as
parallel lines, multi-terminal lines etc.
Faulty phase identification with
load enchroachment FMPSPDIS
The phase selection function is design to
accurate select the proper fault loop in the
distance function dependent on the fault type.
The heavy load transfer that is common in
many transmission networks may in some
cases interfere with the distance protection
zone reach and cause unwanted operation.
Therefore the function has a built in
Line distance protection 1MRK 506 308-BEN -
REL650
Product version: 1.0 Issued: September 2009
ABB 13

algorithm for load encroachment, which gives
the possibility to enlarge the resistive setting
of the measuring zones without interfering
with the load.
The output signals from the phase selection
function produce important information
about faulty phase(s) which can be used for
fault analysis as well.
Directional impedance quadrilateral
and mho ZDNRDIR
The phase-to-earth impedance elements can
be optionally supervised by a directional
function based on symmetrical components.
Phase preference logic PPLPHIZ
Phase preference logic function (PPLPHIZ) is
intended to be used in isolated or high
impedance-earthed networks where there is a
requirement to trip only one of the faulty
lines at cross-country fault.
Phase preference logic inhibits tripping for
single phase-to-earth faults in isolated and
high impedance earthed networks, where
such faults are not to be cleared by distance
protection. For cross-country faults, the logic
selects either the leading or the lagging phase-
earth loop for measurement and initiates
tripping of the preferred fault based on the
selected phase preference. A number of
different phase preference combinations are
available for selection.
Power swing detection ZMRPSB
Power swings may occur after disconnection
of heavy loads or trip of big generation plants.
Power swing detection function (ZMRPSB) is
used to detect power swings and initiate
block of selected distance protection zones.
Occurrence of earth-fault currents during a
power swing can block the Power swing
detection function to allow fault clearance.
Automatic switch onto fault logic,
voltage and current based ZCVPSOF
Automatic switch onto fault logic, voltage and
current based (ZCVPSOF) is a function that
gives an instantaneous trip at closing of
breaker onto a fault. A dead line detection
check is provided to activate the function
when the line is dead.
Mho distance protections can not operate for
switch onto fault condition when the phase
voltages are close to zero. An additional logic
based on UI Level is used for this purpose.
5. Current protection
Instantaneous phase overcurrent
protection PHPIOC
The instantaneous three phase overcurrent
function has a low transient overreach and
short tripping time to allow use as a high set
short-circuit protection function.
Four step phase overcurrent
protection OC4PTOC
The four step phase overcurrent function has
an inverse or definite time delay independent
for each step separately.
All IEC and ANSI time delayed characteristics
are available.
The directional function is voltage polarized
with memory. The function can be set to be
directional or non-directional independently
for each of the steps.
Instantaneous residual overcurrent
protection EFPIOC
The instantaneous residual overcurrent
protection (EFPIOC) has a low transient
overreach and short tripping times to allow
the use for instantaneous earth fault
protection, with the reach limited to less than
typical eighty percent of the line at minimum
source impedance. The function can be
configured to measure the residual current
from the three phase current inputs or the
current from a separate current input. The
function can be blocked by activating the
input BLOCK.
Line distance protection 1MRK 506 308-BEN -
REL650
Product version: 1.0 Issued: September 2009
14 ABB

Four step residual overcurrent
protection EF4PTOC
The four step residual overcurrent protection
(EF4PTOC) has an setable inverse or definite
time delay independent for step 1 and 4
separately. Step 2 and 3 are always definite
time delayed.
All IEC and ANSI time delayed characteristics
are available.
The directional function is voltage polarized,
current polarized or dual polarized.
The protection can be set directional or non-
directional independently for each of the steps.
A second harmonic blocking can be enabled
individually for each step.
The protection can be used as main
protection for phase-to-earth faults.
The protection can also be used to provide a
system back-up for example, in the case of
the primary protection being out of service
due to communication or voltage transformer
circuit failure.
Directional operation can be combined
together with corresponding communication
logic in permissive or blocking teleprotection
scheme. Current reversal and weak-end
infeed functionality are available as well.
Sensitive directional residual
overcurrent and power protection
SDEPSDE
In isolated networks or in networks with
high impedance earthing, the earth fault
current is significantly smaller than the short
circuit currents. In addition to this, the
magnitude of the fault current is almost
independent on the fault location in the
network. The protection can be selected to
use either the residual current or residual
power component 3U0·3I0·cos j, for
operating quantity. There is also available
one non-directional 3I0step and one non-
directional 3U0overvoltage tripping step.
Time delayed 2-step undercurrent
protection UC2PTUC
Time delayed 2-step undercurrent protection
(UC2PTUC) function is used to supervise the
line for low current, for example, to detect a
loss-of-load condition, which results in a
current lower than the normal load current.
Thermal overload protection, one
time constant LPTTR
The increasing utilizing of the power system
closer to the thermal limits have generated a
need of a thermal overload protection also
for power lines.
A thermal overload will often not be detected
by other protection functions and the
introduction of the thermal overload
protection can allow the protected circuit to
operate closer to the thermal limits.
The three-phase current measuring protection
has an I2t characteristic with settable time
constant and a thermal memory.
An alarm level gives early warning to allow
operators to take action well before the line
is tripped.
Breaker failure protection CCRBRF
Breaker failure protection (CCRBRF) function
ensures fast back-up tripping of surrounding
breakers in case of own breaker failure to
open. CCRBRF can be current based, contact
based, or adaptive combination between
these two principles.
A current check with extremely short reset
time is used as a check criteria to achieve a
high security against unnecessary operation.
A contact check criteria can be used where
the fault current through the breaker is small.
Breaker failure protection (CCRBRF) function
current criteria can be fulfilled by one or two
phase currents, or one phase current plus
residual current. When those currents exceed
the user defined settings, the function is
activated. These conditions increase the
security of the back-up trip command.
Line distance protection 1MRK 506 308-BEN -
REL650
Product version: 1.0 Issued: September 2009
ABB 15

CCRBRF function can be programmed to give
a three-phase re-trip of the own breaker to
avoid unnecessary tripping of surrounding
breakers at an incorrect initiation due to
mistakes during testing.
Stub protection STBPTOC
When a power line is taken out of service for
maintenance and the line disconnector is
opened the voltage transformers will mostly
be outside on the disconnected part. The
primary line distance protection will thus not
be able to operate and must be blocked.
The stub protection covers the zone between
the current transformers and the open
disconnector. The three-phase instantaneous
overcurrent function is released from a
normally open, NO (b) auxiliary contact on
the line disconnector.
Pole discordance protection
CCRPLD
Circuit breakers or disconnectors can due to
electrical or mechanical failures end up with
the different poles in different positions (close-
open). This can cause negative and zero
sequence currents which gives thermal stress
on rotating machines and can cause
unwanted operation of zero sequence or
negative sequence current functions.
Normally the own breaker is tripped to
correct such a situation. If the situation
persists the surrounding breaker should be
tripped to clear the unsymmetrical load
situation.
The pole discordance function operates based
on information from the circuit breaker logic
with additional criteria from unsymmetrical
phase current when required.
Broken conductor check BRCPTOC
Conventional protection functions can not
detect the broken conductor condition.
Broken conductor check (BRCPTOC)
function, consisting of continuous current
unsymmetry check on the line where the IED
is connected will give alarm or trip at
detecting broken conductors.
Directional over/underpower
protection GOPPDOP/GUPPDUP
The directional over-/under-power protection
(GOPPDOP/GUPPDUP) can be used
wherever a high/low active, reactive or
apparent power protection or alarming is
required. The functions can alternatively be
used to check the direction of active or
reactive power flow in the power system.
There are number of applications where such
functionality is needed. Some of them are:
• detection of reversed active power flow
• detection of high reactive power flow
Each function has two steps with definite
time delay. Reset times for every step can be
set as well.
Negative sequence based
overcurrent function DNSPTOC
Negative sequence based overcurrent
function (DNSPTOC) is typically used as
sensitive earth-fault protection of power
lines, where incorrect zero sequence
polarization may result from mutual
induction between two or more parallel lines.
Additionally, it is used in applications on
underground cables, where zero sequence
impedance depends on the fault current
return paths, but the cable negative sequence
impedance is practically constant.
DNSPTOC protects against all unbalance
faults including phase-to-phase faults. Always
remember to set the minimum pickup current
of the function above natural system
unbalance level.
6. Voltage protection
Two step undervoltage protection
UV2PTUV
Undervoltages can occur in the power system
during faults or abnormal conditions. Two
step undervoltage protection (UV2PTUV)
Line distance protection 1MRK 506 308-BEN -
REL650
Product version: 1.0 Issued: September 2009
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function can be used to open circuit breakers
to prepare for system restoration at power
outages or as long-time delayed back-up to
primary protection.
UV2PTUV has two voltage steps, each with
inverse or definite time delay.
Two step overvoltage protection
OV2PTOV
Overvoltages may occur in the power system
during abnormal conditions, such as, sudden
power loss, tap changer regulating failures,
open line ends on long lines.
Two step overvoltage protection (OV2PTOV)
can be used as open line end detector,
normally then combined with directional
reactive over-power function or as system
voltage supervision, normally then giving
alarm only or switching in reactors or switch
out capacitor banks to control the voltage.
OV2PTOV has two voltage steps, where step
1 is setable as inverse or definite time
delayed. Step 2 is always definite time delayed.
OV2PTOV has an extremely high reset ratio
to allow setting close to system service voltage.
Two step residual overvoltage
protection ROV2PTOV
Residual voltages may occur in the power
system during earth-faults.
Two step residual overvoltage protection
(ROV2PTOV) calculates the residual voltage
from the three-phase voltage input
transformers or from a single-phase voltage
input transformer fed from an open delta or
neutral point voltage transformer.
ROV2PTOV has two voltage steps, where
step 1 is setable as inverse or definite time
delayed. Step 2 is always definite time delayed.
Loss of voltage check LOVPTUV
Loss of voltage check (LOVPTUV) is suitable
for use in networks with an automatic system
restoration function. LOVPTUV issues a three-
pole trip command to the circuit breaker, if
all three phase voltages fall below the set
value for a time longer than the set time and
the circuit breaker remains closed.
7. Frequency protection
Under frequency protection SAPTUF
Under frequency occurs as a result of lack of
generation in the network.
Under frequency protection (SAPTUF) is used
for load shedding systems, remedial action
schemes, gas turbine start-up and so on.
SAPTUF is provided with an under voltage
blocking.
Over frequency protection SAPTOF
Over frequency protection (SAPTOF) function
is applicable in all situations, where reliable
detection of high fundamental power system
frequency is needed.
Over frequency occurs at sudden load drops
or shunt faults in the power network. Close
to the generating plant, generator governor
problems can also cause over frequency.
SAPTOF is used mainly for generation
shedding and remedial action schemes. It is
also used as a frequency stage initiating load
restoring.
SAPTOF is provided with an under voltage
blocking.
Rate-of-change frequency
protection SAPFRC
Rate-of-change frequency protection
(SAPFRC) function gives an early indication
of a main disturbance in the system. It can be
used for generation shedding, load shedding,
remedial action schemes etc. SAPFRC can
discriminate between positive or negative
change of frequency.
Line distance protection 1MRK 506 308-BEN -
REL650
Product version: 1.0 Issued: September 2009
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8. Secondary system
supervision
Current circuit supervision
CCSRDIF
Open or short circuited current transformer
cores can cause unwanted operation of many
protection functions such as differential,
earth fault current and negative sequence
current functions.
It must be remembered that a blocking of
protection functions at an occurrence of open
CT circuit will mean that the situation will
remain and extremely high voltages will
stress the secondary circuit.
Current circuit supervision (CCSRDIF)
compares the residual current from a three
phase set of current transformer cores with
the neutral point current on a separate input
taken from another set of cores on the
current transformer.
A detection of a difference indicates a fault in
the circuit and is used as alarm or to block
protection functions expected to give
unwanted tripping.
Fuse failure supervision SDDRFUF
The aim of the fuse failure supervision
function (SDDRFUF) is to block voltage
measuring functions at failures in the
secondary circuits between the voltage
transformer and the IED in order to avoid
unwanted operations that otherwise might
occur.
The fuse failure supervision function basically
has two different algorithms, negative
sequence and zero sequence based algorithm
and an additional delta voltage and delta
current algorithm.
The negative sequence detection algorithm is
recommended for IEDs used in isolated or
high-impedance earthed networks. It is based
on the negative-sequence measuring
quantities, a high value of voltage 3U2
without the presence of the negative-
sequence current 3I2.
The zero sequence detection algorithm is
recommended for IEDs used in directly or
low impedance earthed networks. It is based
on the zero sequence measuring quantities, a
high value of voltage 3U0without the
presence of the residual current 3I0.
A criterion based on delta current and delta
voltage measurements can be added to the
fuse failure supervision function in order to
detect a three phase fuse failure, which in
practice is more associated with voltage
transformer switching during station
operations.
For better adaptation to system requirements,
an operation mode setting has been
introduced which makes it possible to select
the operating conditions for negative
sequence and zero sequence based function.
The selection of different operation modes
makes it possible to choose different
interaction possibilities between the negative
sequence and zero sequence based algorithm.
Breaker close/trip circuit
monitoring TCSSCBR
The trip circuit supervision function TCSSCBR
is designed to supervise the control circuit of
the circuit breaker. The invalidity of a control
circuit is detected by using a dedicated
output contact that contains the supervision
functionality.
The function operates after a predefined
operating time and resets when the fault
disappears.
9. Control
Synchronizing, synchrocheck and
energizing check SESRSYN
The Synchronizing function allows closing of
asynchronous networks at the correct
moment including the breaker closing time.
Line distance protection 1MRK 506 308-BEN -
REL650
Product version: 1.0 Issued: September 2009
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The systems can thus be reconnected after an
auto-reclose or manual closing which
improves the network stability.
The Synchrocheck, energizing check function
(SESRSYN) checks that the voltages on both
sides of the circuit breaker are in
synchronism, or with at least one side dead
to ensure that closing can be done safely.
The function includes a built-in voltage
selection scheme for double bus and 1½ or
ring busbar arrangements.
Manual closing as well as automatic reclosing
can be checked by the function and can have
different settings.
For systems which are running asynchronous
a synchronizing function is provided. The
main purpose of the synchronizing function
is to provide controlled closing of circuit
breakers when two asynchronous systems are
going to be connected. It is used for slip
frequencies that are larger than those for
synchrocheck and lower than a set maximum
level for the synchronizing function.
Autorecloser SMBRREC
The autoreclosing function provides high-
speed and/or delayed auto-reclosing for
single breaker applications.
Up to five reclosing attempts can be
programmed.
The autoreclosing function can be configured
to co-operate with a synchrocheck function.
Bay control QCBAY
The bay control (QCBAY) function is used to
handle the selection of the operator place per
bay. QCBAY also provides blocking functions
that can be distributed to different
apparatuses within the bay.
Local remote LOCREM /Local
remote control LOCREMCTRL
The signals from the local HMI or from an
external local/remote switch are applied via
function blocks LOCREM and LOCREMCTRL
to the Bay control (QCBAY) function block. A
parameter in function block LOCREM is set to
choose if the switch signals are coming from
the local HMI or from an external hardware
switch connected via binary inputs.
Logic rotating switch for function
selection and LHMI presentation
SLGGIO
The Logic rotating switch for function
selection and LHMI presentation (SLGGIO)
function block (or the selector switch
function block) is used within the ACT tool in
order to get a selector switch functionality
similar with the one provided by a hardware
selector switch. Hardware selector switches
are used extensively by utilities, in order to
have different functions operating on pre-set
values. Hardware switches are however
sources for maintenance issues, lower system
reliability and extended purchase portfolio.
The virtual selector switches eliminate all
these problems.
Selector mini switch VSGGIO
Selector mini switch (VSGGIO) function
block is a multipurpose function used in the
configuration tool in PCM600 for a variety of
applications, as a general purpose switch.
VSGGIO can be controlled from the menu or
from a symbol on the single line diagram
(SLD) on the local HMI.
IEC 61850 generic communication
I/O functions DPGGIO
The IEC 61850 generic communication I/O
functions (DPGGIO) function block is used to
send three logical signals to other systems or
equipment in the substation. It is especially
used in the interlocking and reservation
station-wide logics.
Single point generic control 8
signals SPC8GGIO
The Single point generic control 8 signals
(SPC8GGIO) function block is a collection of
8 single point commands, designed to bring
in commands from REMOTE (SCADA) to
those parts of the logic configuration that do
not need complicated function blocks that
have the capability to receive commands (for
Line distance protection 1MRK 506 308-BEN -
REL650
Product version: 1.0 Issued: September 2009
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example, SCSWI). In this way, simple
commands can be sent directly to the IED
outputs, without confirmation. Confirmation
(status) of the result of the commands is
supposed to be achieved by other means,
such as binary inputs and SPGGIO function
blocks.
AutomationBits AUTOBITS
Automation bits function (AUTOBITS) is used
within PCM600 in order to get into the
configuration of the commands coming
through the DNP3 protocol.
10. Scheme
communication
Scheme communication logic for
distance or overcurrent protection
ZCPSCH
To achieve instantaneous fault clearance for
all line faults, a scheme communication logic
is provided. All types of communication
schemes e.g. permissive underreaching,
permissive overreaching, blocking,
unblocking, intertrip etc. are available.
Current reversal and weak-end
infeed logic for distance protection
ZCRWPSCH
The current reversal function is used to
prevent unwanted operations due to current
reversal when using permissive overreach
protection schemes in application with
parallel lines when the overreach from the
two ends overlap on the parallel line.
The weak-end infeed logic is used in cases
where the apparent power behind the
protection can be too low to activate the
distance protection function. When activated,
received carrier signal together with local
under voltage criteria and no reverse zone
operation gives an instantaneous trip. The
received signal is also echoed back to
accelerate the sending end.
Local acceleration logic ZCLCPLAL
To achieve fast clearing of faults on the
whole line, when no communication channel
is available, local acceleration logic
(ZCLCPLAL) can be used. This logic enables
fast fault clearing during certain conditions,
but naturally, it can not fully replace a
communication channel.
The logic can be controlled either by the
autorecloser (zone extension) or by the loss-of-
load current (loss-of-load acceleration).
Scheme communication logic for
residual overcurrent protection
ECPSCH
To achieve fast fault clearance of earth-faults
on the part of the line not covered by the
instantaneous step of the residual overcurrent
protection, the directional residual
overcurrent protection can be supported with
a logic that uses communication channels.
In the directional scheme, information of the
fault current direction must be transmitted to
the other line end. With directional
comparison, a short operate time of the
protection including a channel transmission
time, can be achieved. This short operate
time enables rapid autoreclosing function
after the fault clearance.
The communication logic module for
directional residual current protection
enables blocking as well as permissive under/
overreaching schemes. The logic can also be
supported by additional logic for weak-end-
infeed and current reversal, included in the
ECRWPSCH function.
Current reversal and weak-end
infeed logic for residual
overcurrent protection ECRWPSCH
The Current reversal and weak-end infeed
logic for residual overcurrent protection
(ECRWPSCH) is a supplement to Scheme
communication logic for residual overcurrent
protection (ECPSCH).
To achieve fast fault clearing for all earth-
faults on the line, the directional earth-fault
Line distance protection 1MRK 506 308-BEN -
REL650
Product version: 1.0 Issued: September 2009
20 ABB