Geokon 4427 User manual

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Instruction Manual
Model 4427
VW Long Range
Displacement Meter
No part of this instruction manual may be reproduced, by any means, without the written consent of Geokon, Inc.
The information contained herein is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, Geokon, Inc. assumes no
responsibility for errors, omissions or misinterpretation. The information herein is subject to change without
notification.
Copyright © 2003-2016 by Geokon, Inc.
(Doc Rev J, 11/10/16)

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Warranty Statement
Geokon, Inc. warrants its products to be free of defects in materials and workmanship, under normal use and service
for a period of 13 months from date of purchase. If the unit should malfunction, it must be returned to the factory for
evaluation, freight prepaid. Upon examination by Geokon, if the unit is found to be defective, it will be repaired or
replaced at no charge. However, the WARRANTY is VOID if the unit shows evidence of having been tampered
with or shows evidence of being damaged as a result of excessive corrosion or current, heat, moisture or vibration,
improper specification, misapplication, misuse or other operating conditions outside of Geokon's control.
Components which wear or which are damaged by misuse are not warranted. This includes fuses and batteries.
Geokon manufactures scientific instruments whose misuse is potentially dangerous. The instruments are intended to
be installed and used only by qualified personnel. There are no warranties except as stated herein. There are no other
warranties, expressed or implied, including but not limited to the implied warranties of merchantability and of
fitness for a particular purpose. Geokon, Inc. is not responsible for any damages or losses caused to other equipment,
whether direct, indirect, incidental, special or consequential which the purchaser may experience as a result of the
installation or use of the product. The buyer's sole remedy for any breach of this agreement by Geokon, Inc. or any
breach of any warranty by Geokon, Inc. shall not exceed the purchase price paid by the purchaser to Geokon, Inc.
for the unit or units, or equipment directly affected by such breach. Under no circumstances will Geokon reimburse
the claimant for loss incurred in removing and/or reinstalling equipment.
Every precaution for accuracy has been taken in the preparation of manuals and/or software, however, Geokon, Inc.
neither assumes responsibility for any omissions or errors that may appear nor assumes liability for any damages or
losses that result from the use of the products in accordance with the information contained in the manual or
software.

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TABLE of CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................................6
2. SYSTEM COMPONENTS.....................................................................................................................................6
3. INSTALLATION.....................................................................................................................................................7
3.1 PIPE MOUNTED ...................................................................................................................................................7
3.2 PEDESTAL MOUNTED..........................................................................................................................................8
3.3 INSTALLING THE WEAK LINK AND EXTENSION CABLE.......................................................................................9
3.4 CABLE INSTALLATION .......................................................................................................................................9
3.5 ELECTRICAL NOISE..........................................................................................................................................10
3.6. LIGHTNING PROTECTION ................................................................................................................................10
4. TAKING READINGS...........................................................................................................................................11
4.1. OPERATION OF THE GK-403 READOUT BOX .................................................................................................11
4.2. OPERATION OF THE GK404READOUT BOX...................................................................................................11
4.3. OPERATION OF THE GK-405 READOUT BOX .................................................................................................12
4.4 MEASURING TEMPERATURES .........................................................................................................................13
5. DATA REDUCTION ............................................................................................................................................14
5.1. TEMPERATURE CORRECTION.........................................................................................................................14
5.1.1 The transducer alone.................................................................................................................................14
5.1.2 The Extension Cable..................................................................................................................................15
5.2. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS............................................................................................................................15
6. TROUBLESHOOTING.......................................................................................................................................18
APPENDIX A - SPECIFICATIONS.......................................................................................................................19
APPENDIX B - THERMISTOR TEMPERATURE DERIVATION....................................................................20

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LIST of FIGURES, TABLES and EQUATIONS
FIGURE 1: SHOWING THE INTERNAL MECHANISM.........................................................................................................6
FIGURE 2: THE WEAK LINK ............................................................................................................................................7
FIGURE 3: MODEL 4427 LONG RANGE DISPLACEMENT METER PIPE MOUNTED.........................................................7
FIGURE 4: MODEL 4427 LONG RANGE DISPLACEMENT METER PEDESTAL MOUNTED ...............................................8
FIGURE 5: ATYPICAL INSTALLATION ON AN UNSTABLE SLOPE.....................................................................................9
FIGURE 6: LIGHTNING PROTECTION SCHEME ............................................................................................................10
FIGURE 7:GK405 READOUT UNIT..............................................................................................................................12
EQUATION 1–DISPLACEMENT CALCULATION............................................................................................................14
EQUATION 3-THERMAL COEFFICIENT CALCULATION................................................................................................15
EQUATION 4–ELONGATION CORRECTION.................................................................................................................15
FIGURE 8: ATYPICAL CALIBRATION SHEET FOR THE 4427 LONG RANGE DISPLACEMENT SYSTEM......................16
FIGURE 9: ATYPICAL CALIBRATION SHEET FOR THE MODEL 4400 TRANSDUCER USED IN THE 4427 SYSTEM....17

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1. INTRODUCTION
The Geokon Model 4427 Long Range Displacement Meter, (LRDM), is designed to measure
displacements of up to 2 meters magnitude between two points. Typical applications include the
monitoring of crack openings due to mining, and the monitoring of unstable slopes.
Figure 1: Showing the internal mechanism
2. SYSTEM COMPONENTS
The Device consists of a drum on which is wound a length of 1/16 inch, nylon-jacketed,
stainless steel aircraft cable. As movement occurs, the cable reels off the drum, and the drum
turns. (The tension on the cable is maintained by a constant force spring inside the drum). The
drum is connected to a lead-screw in such a way that the rotation of the drum is converted into a
linear motion of the lead screw. The lead-screw is connected to a Model 4450 Vibrating Wire
Displacement Transducer, which measures the linear motion. In this way a one-meter
movement of the aircraft cable is converted into roughly 25mm movement of the Transducer.
The whole mechanism is enclosed within a rainproof enclosure as shown in Figures 3 and 4.
A thermistor is included with the Transducer so that temperature changes may be monitored.
The enclosure has a gasketted, hinged cover and is mounted on a 3 inch threaded PVC
pipe flange, which will mate with a 3 inch pipe designed to be installed and grouted inside a
borehole drilled perpendicular to the slope. This standpipe can be provided by the installer or is
available at Geokon.
Also included with the enclosure is a “weak link” for attachment between the tensioned
aircraft cable inside the sensor enclosure and the extension cable, which stretches between the
two points being monitored.

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Figure 2: The weak link
Experience has shown that unless this extension cable is fenced off there is a danger of
large animals or pieces of equipment blundering into it; this can seriously damage the internal
sensor mechanism. Should this happen, the weak link is designed to break at a relatively low
cable tension, thus preventing damage to the mechanism from over-ranging. Also supplied is a
compression spring which absorbs the shock of the recoil of the cable in the event that the weak
link is broken.
3. INSTALLATION
Two styles of installation are available: - pedestal mounted and pipe mounted.
3.1 Pipe Mounted
The Transducer enclosure can be mounted on a 3 inch steel pipe threaded at its upper end
to mate with the flange on the underside of the sensor enclosure. In the case of an unstable
slope the enclosure will probably be at the up-hill point and the 3 inch pipe will be grouted or
firmly wedged into a borehole drilled perpendicular to the slope. The second moving point
should consist of a similar 3 inch pipe grouted or wedged in place at the desired distance from
the first mounting point. Figure 3 shows a typical set-up
Figure 3: Model 4427 Long Range Displacement Meter pipe mounted

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3.2 Pedestal Mounted
At locations where drilling a hole is not possible the readout enclosure can be mounted on a
pedestal. Here the Transducer Enclosure is bolted to a steel Mounting Plate which is then
bolted to a flat surface measuring about 9 inch square. Ideally, the plane of this surface should
be inclined to be parallel to the plane of the extension wire; (in the case of measurements down
a slope this would mean parallel to the slope). Once this surface has been created, in wood or
concrete then four bolt holes need to be drilled in it with the same bolt pattern as the four 3/8
inch holes drilled in the Mounting Plate, these holes are then used to install ¼ inch Rawl drop in
anchors for concrete, (available through Geokon), or ¼ inch lag screws in wood. A typical set up
is shown in figure 4 on the next page. Instructions for the Rawl drop-in anchors are as follows:
1. Using a masonry drill or other suitable equipment, drill two 3/8 inch, (or 10mm), diameter
holes 1¼", (32mm), deep at the proper locations.
2. Insert the expansion anchors into the holes, with the slotted end down and then, insert
the setting tool provided, small end first, into the anchor and expand the anchor by
hitting the large end of the setting tool with several sharp hammer blows.
Figure 4: Model 4427 Long Range Displacement Meter pedestal mounted

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3.3 Installing the weak link and extension cable
The extension cable is used to cover the distance between the two points. A length of plastic
coated 1/16 inch aircraft cable is supplied for this purpose. The cable has two loops which are
shipped loosely held by two cable clamps. When the Transducer enclosure has been installed
and the remote anchoring station, attach the extension cable to the anchor station and tighten
the two cable clamps. Using the snap-swivel hooks the ends of the weak link, hook the weak
link onto the extension cable loop and on to the end loop of the cable wound on the drum in the
enclosure.
Adjust the extension cable length by pulling cable through the two cable clamps until the
wire is tight and the wire tension is taken by the drum. Connect the readout cable to the readout
box, and pull about 4 inches of cable off the drum so that there is some movement of the
transducer as revealed by a change of reading on the readout box. Tighten the two extension
cable clamps and the two clamps on the weak link assembly.
3.4 Cable Installation
The cable should be routed and protected in such a way so as to minimize the possibility of
damage due to moving equipment, debris or other causes. Cables may be spliced to lengthen
them, without affecting gage readings. Always waterproof the splice completely, preferably
using an epoxy based splice kit such the 3M Scotchcast, model 82-A1. These kits are
available from the factory.
Figure 5: A typical installation on an unstable slope

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3.5 Electrical Noise
Care should be exercised when installing instrument cables to keep them as far away as
possible from sources of electrical interference such as power lines, generators, motors,
transformers, arc welders, etc. Cables should never be buried or run with AC power lines. The
instrument cables will pick up the 50 or 60 Hz (or other frequency) noise from the power cable
and this will likely cause a problem obtaining a stable reading. Contact the factory concerning
filtering options available for use with the Geokon dataloggers and readouts should difficulties
arise.
3.6. Lightning Protection
The Model 4427 Vibrating Wire Long Range Displacement Meter, can be supplied with integral
lightning protection components, i.e. transzorbs or plasma surge arrestors. If the instrument
cable is exposed, it may be appropriate to install lightning protection components, as the
transient could travel down the cable to the gage and possibly destroy it.
Note the following suggestions;
If the gage is connected to a terminal box or multiplexer components such as plasma surge
arrestors (spark gaps) may be installed in the terminal box/multiplexer to provide a measure
of transient protection. Terminal boxes and multiplexers available from Geokon provide
locations for installation of these components.
Lighting arrestor boards and enclosures are available from Geokon that can be installed
inside the enclosure. The enclosure has a hinged lid, so, in the event the protection board
(LAB-3) is damaged, the user may service the components (or replace the board). A
connection is made between this enclosure and earth ground to facilitate the passing of
transients away from the gage. See Figure 3. Consult the factory for additional information
on these or alternate lightning protection schemes.
Alternatively, plasma surge arrestors can be included inside the enclosure close to the
sensor. A ground strap would connect the surge arrestor to earth ground, either a
grounding stake or other suitable earth ground.
Terminal Box/Multiplexer
Instrument Cable LAB-3 Enclosure LAB-3 Board
Model 4450 Transducer
Ground Connections
Surface
(usually buried)
(inside extensometer housing)
Extensometer
Figure 6: Lightning Protection Scheme

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4. TAKING READINGS.
Readings can be taken using either a GK403, GK404 or GK405 Readout Box, or by means of
the Micro10 Datalogger. For more details on these please consult the appropriate Manual.
The all Readout Boxes should be switched to Channel B.
If no connector is provided then the following wiring diagram must be observed:
Red ….VW Transducer
Black….VW Transducer
Green …….. Thermistor
White ………Thermistor
4.1. Operation of the GK-403 Readout Box
The GK-403 can store gage readings and also apply calibration factors to convert readings to
engineering units. Consult the GK-403 Instruction Manual for additional information on Mode
"G" of the Readout. The following instructions will explain taking gage measurements using
Mode "B".
Connect the Readout using the flying leads or in the case of a terminal station, with a connector.
The red and black clips are for the vibrating wire transducer, the white and green clips are for
the thermistor and the blue for the shield drain wire.
1. Turn on the Readout. Turn the display selector to position "B". Readout is in digits (see
Equation 1).
2. Turn the unit on and a reading will appear in the front display window. The last digit may
change one or two digits while reading. Press the "Store" button to record the value
displayed. If the no reading displays or the reading is unstable see section 5 for
troubleshooting suggestions. The thermistor will be read and output directly in degrees
centigrade.
3. The unit will automatically turn itself off after approximately 2 minutes to conserve power.
4.2. Operation of the GK404 Readout Box
The GK404 is a palm sized readout box which displays the Vibrating wire value and the
temperature in degrees centigrade.
The GK-404 Vibrating Wire Readout arrives with a patch cord for connecting to the vibrating
wire gages. One end will consist of a 5-pin plug for connecting to the respective socket on the
bottom of the GK-404 enclosure. The other end will consist of 5 leads terminated with alligator
clips. Note the colors of the alligator clips are red, black, green, white and blue. The colors
represent the positive vibrating wire gage lead (red), negative vibrating wire gage lead (black),
positive thermistor lead (green), negative thermistor lead (white) and transducer cable drain wire
(blue). The clips should be connected to their respectively colored leads from the vibrating wire
gage cable.
Use the POS (Position) button to select position Band the MODE button to select Dg (digits).
Other functions can be selected as described in the GK404 Manual.
The GK-404 will continue to take measurements and display the readings until the OFF button
is pushed, or if enabled, when the automatic Power-Off timer shuts the GK-404 off.
The GK-404 continuously monitors the status of the (2) 1.5V AA cells, and when their combined
voltage drops to 2V, the message Batteries Low is displayed on the screen. A fresh set of 1.5V
AA batteries should be installed at this point

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4.3. Operation of the GK-405 Readout Box
The GK-405 Vibrating Wire Readout is made up of two components:
The Readout Unit, consisting of a Windows Mobile handheld PC running the GK-405
Vibrating Wire Readout Application
The GK-405 Remote Module which is housed in a weather-proof enclosure and connects to
the vibrating wire sensor by means of:
1) Flying leads with alligator type clips when the sensor cable terminates in bare wires or,
2) By means of a 10 pin connector..
The two components communicate wirelessly using Bluetooth®, a reliable digital
communications protocol. The Readout Unit can operate from the cradle of the Remote Module
(see Figure 7) or, if more convenient, can be removed and operated up to 20 meters from the
Remote Module
Figure 7: GK405 Readout Unit
For further details consult the GK405 Instruction Manual.

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4.4 Measuring Temperatures
Each Vibrating Wire Displacement Transducer is equipped with a thermistor for reading
temperature. The thermistor gives a varying resistance output as the temperature changes.
Usually the white and green leads are connected to the internal thermistor. {The GK-401
readout box does not read temperatures – a digital ohmmeter is required.
1. Connect the ohmmeter to the two thermistor leads coming from the transducer. (Since the
resistance changes with temperature are so large, the effect of cable resistance is usually
insignificant.)
2. Look up the temperature for the measured resistance in Table B-1 (Appendix B). Alternately
the temperature could be calculated using Equation B-1 (Appendix B). For example, a
resistance of 3400 ohms is equivalent to 22° C. When long cables are used the cable
resistance may need to be taken into account. Standard 22 AWG stranded copper lead
cable is approximately 14.7/1000' or 48.5/km, multiply by 2 for both directions.}
Note: Both the GK-403 and the GK404 readout boxes will read the thermistor and display
temperature in C automatically.

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5. DATA REDUCTION
An Initial Reading, (R0) is taken on Channel B and should be around 3000 digits. A
subsequent reading, (R1), is taken and the magnitude of any movement is calculated from the
formula Displacement = D = (R1- R0) F
Equation 1 – Displacement Calculation
where Fis the system calibration factor, (in mm or inches per digit), taken from the 4427 long
range displacement transducer calibration report supplied with the equipment. A typical
calibration sheet for the 4427 long range system is shown in Figure 8.
For example, if the initial reading, R0, at installation is 3083 digits, and the current reading, R1,
is 4228, and the calibration factor for the 4427 system, F, is 0.2223 mm/digit. The displacement
is; Displacement = (4228
 3083)  0.2223 = +254.5mm
Note that increasing readings (digits) indicate increasing extensions.
5.1. Temperature Correction
5.1.1 The transducer alone
The Model 4427 Long Range Vibrating Wire Displacement Transducer uses a Model 4400
displacement transducer which has a small thermal response; small enough that in many cases
correction may not be necessary. However, if maximum accuracy is desired or the temperature
changes are large (>10° C) corrections may be applied.
The following equation applies;
Dcorrected = F(R1- R0) + K(T1- T0)G
Equation 2 - Thermally Corrected Displacement Calculation
Where: R1is the current reading.
R
0is the initial reading.
T
1is the current temperature ºC.
T
0is the initial temperature ºC.
K is the thermal coefficient (see Equation 4).
F is the 4427 system gage factor mm/digit or inches/digit
G is the linear gage factor of the basic Model 4400 transducer alone, and is
given on a second calibration sheet an example of which is shown in Figure 9

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Tests have determined that the thermal coefficient, K, changes with the position of the
transducer shaft. Hence, the first step in the temperature correction process is determination of
the proper thermal coefficient based on the following equation;
K = MR1B
Equation 3 - Thermal Coefficient Calculation
Where: R1is the current reading.
M is the multiplier from Table 1.
B is the constant from Table 1.
Model: 4427-1-1M 4427-1-2M
Multiplier (M): 0.000369 0.000376
Constant (B): 0.572 0.328
Table 1 Thermal Coefficients
5.1.2 The Extension Cable
The elongation of the extension cable (stainless steel aircraft cable) under ambient temperature
rises can be compensated by using the following compensation factor;
+ L x 17.3 x 10-6 (T1-T0) inches or mm
Equation 4 – Elongation Correction
Where L is the length of the aircraft cable in inches or millimeters and T is in degrees
Centigrade.
5.2. Environmental Factors
Since the purpose of the displacement transducer installation is to monitor site conditions,
factors, which may affect these conditions, should always be observed and recorded.
Seemingly minor effects may have a real influence on the behavior of the situation being
monitored and may give an early indication of potential problems. Some of these factors
include, but are not limited to: blasting, rainfall, tidal levels, excavation and fill levels and
sequences, traffic, temperature and barometric changes, changes in personnel, nearby
construction activities, seasonal changes, etc.

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Figure 8: A typical Calibration Sheet for the 4427 Long Range Displacement System

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Figure 9: A Typical Calibration Sheet for the Model 4400 Transducer used in the 4427
system.

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6. TROUBLESHOOTING
Consult the following list of problems and possible solutions should difficulties arise. Consult
the factory for additional troubleshooting help.
Symptom: Displacement Transducer Readings are Unstable
Is the readout box position set correctly? If using a datalogger to record readings
automatically are the swept frequency excitation settings correct? Try reading the
displacement transducer on a different readout position. For instance, channel A of the
Readout Box might be able to read the transducer. To convert the Channel A period display
to digits use Equation 1.
Is there a source of electrical noise nearby? Most probable sources of electrical noise are
motors, generators, transformers, arc welders and antennas. Make sure the shield drain
wire is connected to ground whether using a portable readout or datalogger. If using the
GK-401 Readout connect the clip with the green boot to the bare shield drain wire of the
pressure cell cable. If using the GK-403, GK-404 or GK-405 connect the clip with the blue
boot to the shield drain wire.
Does the readout work with another displacement transducer? If not, the readout may have
a low battery or be malfunctioning. Consult the appropriate readout manual for charging or
troubleshooting directions.
Has the transducer gone outside its range? If so, the transducer can be reset using the
installation instructions in section 2.
Symptom: Displacement Transducer Fails to Read
Is the cable cut or crushed? This can be checked with an ohmmeter. Nominal resistance
between the two gage leads (usually red and black leads) is 180, 10. Remember to
add cable resistance when checking (22 AWG stranded copper leads are approximately
14.7/1000' or 48.5/km, multiply by 2 for both directions). If the resistance reads infinite,
or very high (megohms), a cut wire must be suspected. If the resistance reads very low
(100) a short in the cable is likely.
Does the readout or datalogger work with another transducer? If not, the readout or
datalogger may be malfunctioning. Consult the readout or datalogger manual for further
direction.

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APPENDIX A - SPECIFICATIONS
A.1. Model 4427 Long Range Displacement Meter
Range: 1 meters 2 meter
Resolution: 0.025% FS
Linearity: 0.5% FS
Stability: < 0.2%/yr (under static conditions)
Overrange: 10%
Cable Tension: 7 to 13 Kgm
Weak-Link Capacity: 18Kgm
Dimensions
Enclosure: 590 x 150 x 150 mm
Temperature Range: -40 to +80 degrees C
Weight: 13Kgm
Frequency Range:
(standard model) 1200 - 2800 Hz
Coil Resistance: 180 , 10 
Cable Type: 2 twisted pair (4 conductor) 22 AWG
Foil shield, PVC jacket, nominal OD=6.3 mm (0.250")
Table A-1 Model 4450 Displacement Transducer Specifications
Notes:
Polyurethane jacket cable available.
A.2 Thermistor (see Appendix B also)
Range: -80 to +150° C
Accuracy: ±0.5° C

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APPENDIX B - THERMISTOR TEMPERATURE DERIVATION
Thermistor Type: YSI 44005, Dale #1C3001-B3, Alpha #13A3001-B3
TA B LnR C LnR 


12732
3
()() .
Equation B-1 Convert Thermistor Resistance to Temperature
where: T Temperature in C.
LnR Natural Log of Thermistor Resistance
A 1.4051 10-3 (coefficients calculated over the 50 to +150C. span)
B 2.369 10-4
C 1.019 10-7
Ohms Temp Ohms Temp Ohms Temp Ohms Temp Ohms Temp
201.1K -50 16.60K -10 2417

30 525.4

70 153.2

110
187.3K -49 15.72K -9 2317 31 507.8 71 149.0 111
174.5K -48 14.90K -8 2221 32 490.9 72 145.0 112
162.7K -47 14.12K -7 2130 33 474.7 73 141.1 113
151.7K -46 13.39K -6 2042 34 459.0 74 137.2 114
141.6K -45 12.70K -5 1959 35 444.0 75 133.6 115
132.2K -44 12.05K -4 1880 36 429.5 76 130.0 116
123.5K -43 11.44K -3 1805 37 415.6 77 126.5 117
115.4K -42 10.86K -2 1733 38 402.2 78 123.2 118
107.9K -41 10.31K -1 1664 39 389.3 79 119.9 119
101.0K -40 9796 0 1598 40 376.9 80 116.8 120
94.48K -39 9310 1 1535 41 364.9 81 113.8 121
88.46K -38 8851 2 1475 42 353.4 82 110.8 122
82.87K -37 8417 3 1418 43 342.2 83 107.9 123
77.66K -36 8006 4 1363 44 331.5 84 105.2 124
72.81K -35 7618 5 1310 45 321.2 85 102.5 125
68.30K -34 7252 6 1260 46 311.3 86 99.9 126
64.09K -33 6905 7 1212 47 301.7 87 97.3 127
60.17K -32 6576 8 1167 48 292.4 88 94.9 128
56.51K -31 6265 9 1123 49 283.5 89 92.5 129
53.10K -30 5971 10 1081 50 274.9 90 90.2 130
49.91K -29 5692 11 1040 51 266.6 91 87.9 131
46.94K -28 5427 12 1002 52 258.6 92 85.7 132
44.16K -27 5177 13 965.0 53 250.9 93 83.6 133
41.56K -26 4939 14 929.6 54 243.4 94 81.6 134
39.13K -25 4714 15 895.8 55 236.2 95 79.6 135
36.86K -24 4500 16 863.3 56 229.3 96 77.6 136
34.73K -23 4297 17 832.2 57 222.6 97 75.8 137
32.74K -22 4105 18 802.3 58 216.1 98 73.9 138
30.87K -21 3922 19 773.7 59 209.8 99 72.2 139
29.13K -20 3748 20 746.3 60 203.8 100 70.4 140
Ohms Temp Ohms Temp Ohms Temp Ohms Temp Ohms Temp
27.49K -19 3583 21 719.9 61 197.9 101 68.8 141
25.95K -18 3426 22 694.7 62 192.2 102 67.1 142
24.51K -17 3277 23 670.4 63 186.8 103 65.5 143
23.16K -16 3135 24 647.1 64 181.5 104 64.0 144
21.89K -15 3000 25 624.7 65 176.4 105 62.5 145
20.70K -14 2872 26 603.3 66 171.4 106 61.1 146
19.58K -13 2750 27 582.6 67 166.7 107 59.6 147
18.52K -12 2633 28 562.8 68 162.0 108 58.3 148
17.53K -11 2523 29 543.7 69 157.6 109 56.8 149
55.6 150