Olympus POS User manual

PolarizingMicroscope
INSTRUCTION
MANUAL
MODEL

Thepolarizingmicroscopeisa handyinstrumentdesignedtoexaminethe
opticalcharacteristicsofmaterialsbymeansofpolarizedlight.Ontheother
hand,thefunctionsofconventionalmicroscopes,whichmakeuseoftransmitted
lightorreflectedlight,areconfinedtoexaminingthecolorandbrightnessof
specimens,Thepolarizingmicroscopegoesa stepfurther;itcanbringto
lightthechemicalstructureofeventhesmallestspecimen.
Thepolarizingmicroscope,therefore,iswidelyusedforopticalobservationin
mineralogy,lithology,chemistry,pharmacology,medicine,ceramics,and
alsoinvariousindustries,includingthetextileindustry.
OlympusModelPOSpolarizingmicroscopeisidealforuseatseniorhigh
schools,universitiesandlaboratories.

OUTSTANDINGFEATURES
1. Simplicityinmanipulationformaximumversatilities.
2. Mostcompetitivepriceformaximumapplications.
3. Centeringdeviceforeachobjective(exceptfor4x)
4. Completerangeofextraaccessories
SPECIFICATIONS:
Stand:Fullsize,balanced,permits90-degreearmmovement.
Coarsefocusingbyrackandpinion.
Finefocusingbymicrometerscrew.
Stage:140mmindiameter,rotatablethrough360°(verniersreadingfrom6')
bymeansofclampscrew.
MechanicalTubeLength:160mm
BertrandLens:Swing-outtype(bymeansofrotatinghandle),pre-centered.
Eyepieces:5x,7x(0.1mmscale),10X(cross-hair)withregistrationpin.
Objectives,Achromat:PS4x/N.A.0.10
PS10X/N.A.0.25(w/centeringdevice)
PS40x/N.A.0.65(w/centeringdevice)
Condenser:N.A.1.20,irisdiaphragm.Slidingmechanismtoinsertcompensationlens.
N. A.0.25withcompensationlens.
Polarizer:Rotatablethrough90°(1div.= 5°)
Analyzer:Rotatablethrough90°(1div.= 5°)
Bymeansoflever,theanalyzercanbeslidoutoftheopticalpath.
TestPlates:1/4wavelengthretardationplate(mica).Tintplateof530m/i (Gypsum)
Filter:Usea filter bothascolorcompensationanddaylight.
OPTIONALACCESSORIES
1. Crossmovementmechanicalstage.
2. Berek-typecompensationtestplate.
3. Photomicrographicequipment PM-6.
4. TransparentilluminatorLSDwith
5. Plug-insubstagelampLSK.
6.VerticalilluminatorLSPwith

MICROSCOPEPARTS
eyepiece
coarseadjustment
handle
fine adjustmenthandle
analyzerknob
arm
stageclip
rotatingstage
rotatingscalering
forpolarizer
compensationlens
slidingplate
yepiecesleeve
iodytube
>crtrandlensswingout
nob
nalyzerslidingplate
enteringscrew
bjectivelensholder
objectivelens
rotatingscale
vernierscale
condenserclamp
screw
iris-diaphragmlever
filter holder
mirror
base
BODYPARTS
Armandbase
Sincethearmattachedtothebaseisinclinabletoanyangleupto90°,observationscanbe
madeincomfort.Focusingisdonebymovingthetubeupordownbymeansofthecoarse
andfine adjustmenthandles.

Mirror
Themirrorattachedtothelowerpartofthearmcanbemovedfreelyinanydirection,
besoadjustedthatitdirectsthelightintothecondenser.Itshould
Condenser
Thelowerlenscanbeslidoutoftheopticalpath,eithertotherightortotheleft.Whenit
isintheopticalpath,thenumericalapertureis0.25,suitedfortheorthoscopicobservationand
whenitisoutofit,thenumericalapertureis1.2,suitedforconoscopicobservation.
Thepolarizercanberotatedthrough90°bymeansofa lever;therotatingscaleisdivided
into5°calibration.Whenthepolarizerisclickedintopositionat0°,itsoscillationislongitudinal.
Theirisdiaphragmcanbeadjustedbymeansofa lever.
NOTE;Whenattachingthecondensertothebody,theregistrationpinofthecondensermust
first befitted intothesleevegroove.Thecondenseristhenpushedupasfaraspossibleand
clampedtothebody.Otherwise,theoscillationofthecondenserwillbeerratic.Thecondenser
sleeveissodesignedthatdarkfield condensersandphasecontrastcondensersproducedbyother
makerscanbeattachedtothePOS.
rotatingscaleringlorpolarizer
lowerlens
polarizerrotatinglever
iiisdiaphragmlever
filter holder

Rotatablestage
Withanouterdiameterof142mm,thestagerotatessmoothlythrough360°ona tapershank.
Furthermore,itcanbeclampedatanyposition.Theverniercalibrationis6'.Fourholesarepro-
videdforfitting thestageclips.Forthestageroundclipstwoholesaredeviced,andforthe
crossmovementmechanicalstagethreeholesarefoundonthesurfaceofthestage.
holesforfitting crossmovementstageclipholesforfitting stageroundclip
mechanicalstage
holesforfitting stage
clips
vernierscale
stagerotatingscale
stagerotationclamp
Objectives
Strain-freeobjectivesarcscrewedfirmlyintoholders.
Magnificationofobjectives
Numericalaperture
Workingdistance(mm)
4x
0.10
19.97
lOx
0.25
5.13
40x
0.65
0.37
ThelOxand40xobjectiveshavecenteringscrews.Thesescrewscentertheobjectivesatthe
rotationalcenterofthestage.Thecenteringscrewsareinsertedfromtherightsideofthetube.
Theyarethenturned90°totheleft.
holdercenteringscrewcenteringhandle
PS4xPSlOxPS40x

TestPlates
Thetestplatescomprisea 1/4wavelengthplate(mica 147mpi) andtintplate(gypsum530m//).
Theseplates,whichareusedforcheckingthedoublerefractionanddistortionofthespecimenand
axialcharacteristics,areinsertedina slitontherightsideofthetube.
tintplate1/4wavelengthplate
Analyzer
Theanalyzercanbeslidoutoftheopticalpath,eithertotherightortotheleft.Moreover,it
rotatesthrough90°(1div.= 5°)bymeansofa rotatinglever.At0°,theoscillationislatitudinal.
Inotherwords,at0°thepolarizerandanalyzerarecrossedNicols.
BertrandLens
TheBertrandlenscanbeslidinandoutoftheopticalpathbymeansofthe90°rotatable
handleattachedtothemiddlepartofthetube.Whenthelensisintheopticalpath,themarkonthe
handlepointsupward.Inthiscase,theinterferenceimage,orconoscopicimage,formedon
therearfocalplaneoftheobjectivelenscanbeobservedthroughthecenteroftheeyepiecesince
thelenseshavealreadybeencentered.

RegistrationPinofEyepieceTube
Two insertiongroovesfortheregistrationpinarecutontheedgeoftheeyepiecetube,which
measures23.2mmininnerdiameter.Whentheregistrationpinisinsertedintotheright-hand
groove(A),theeyepiececross-lineagreeswiththeoscillationplaneofthepolarizerandanalyzer
whentheyarepositionedat0°;andwhenitisinsertedintotheothergroove(B),thecross-line
agreeswiththediagonalposition.
(B)(A)insertiongroovesfor
registrationpin
eyepiecetube
Eyepieces
TheflatlOxeyepieceisadjustedbymeansofa registrationpinsothatthecross-lineagreeswith
thedirectionofoscillation.VisibilityadjustmentsofthelOxeyepiecearemadebymeansofhelical
movements.
Eyepiecemagnification
,nwithcross-lineandhelical
xmovementring
7xwith0:1mmscale
Sx
Numberoffieldofview
13
18
21
lOx7x

CAUTION
1. Generallyspeaking,thePOSshouldnotbeusedwherethetemperatureishigherthan50°c.
Suddenchangesintemperatureorhumidityproducemoistureonthelensesandotherparts
ofthemicroscope.Thisnotonlyobscuresvisionbutalsocausescorrosion.
2. ThePOSmustbecarriedaboutwithcaresincetheslightestshockcanimpairthefineadjust-
mentsystem.
3. ThePOSshouldbekeptfreeofdustsincedust,togetherwithmoisture,cancausemolding.
Dustontheopticalsystem,especiallythepolarizerandanalyzer,causesdoublerefraction,
whichinturndimscontrast.ThePOS,therefore,shouldbecoveredwiththevinyldust
coverimmediatelyafteruse.Ifitisnotusedforsometime,itshouldbekeptinthecase.
4. Hightemperatureadverselyaffectsthepolarizedplateofthepolarizerandanalyzer.
Therefore,itshouldnotbeexposedovera longperiodtostrongsunlightorillumination
(morethan60°c).
5. SincethePOSisa precisioninstrument,itshouldnotbetakenapartwithoutadequatereason.

OBSERVATIONMETHODS
I. Standard
Inprinciple, the polarizer,analyzer,testplate, and Bertram!lensshould be slid outofthe optical
pathsincethey arenot required for ordinarymicroscopicexaminations. In mostcases,however,
thepolarizer is left inthe opticalpath.
II. OrthoscopicExamination
Strictlyspeaking, in orthoscopic examinations,onlylightparallel tothe opticalaxis ofthe micro-
scopeenters the field of view. In otherwords,only the parallelopticalcharacteristics ofthe
specimen canbe examinedthroughorthoscopy.Since,however,parallellight not onlylacks
brightness but alsoweakens the resolvingpower ofthe lenses,weakaperturelighting is almost
alwaysused by sliding the lowercondenserlensinto the opticalpath. For idealresults,weak
apertureobjectives asthe4xandlOx typeshould be used. In thiscase,betterresults canbe
obtained by adjusting the condenseriris tothe aperture ofthe objectives. The centeringscrew
can be used to rotate the specimen so that it willcome in linewith the center ofthe viewfield.
When the polarizer and analyser are clickedintoposition at0°,the oscillationdirection of each
coincideswith the cross-line ofthe eyepiece—lengthwise forthe polarizer and vvidthwise for
theanalyzer.Thiscondition is calledcrossedNicols.
When the analyzer is left out,the condition is calledsingleNicol orone Nicol. By usingboth
methods, the followingcharacteristics canbe examined:shape,size, and structure ofthe specimen,
refraction,doublerefraction,interferencecolor,extinctionangle,opticalazimuth and opticalpoly-
chromism.
III. ConoscopicExamination
Inconoscopicexaminations,opticalphenomena are studied by throwinglightfrom all directions
—with the exception of parallellight—on the specimen.
Inotherwords, the specimenmust be illuminatedwithcircularbeams.Therefore, the numerical
aperture is increased by sliding the lowercondenserlens outofthe opticalpath;furthermore,
largeaperture 40x objective is used. By inserting a Bertrandlensafterfocusing onthe specimen,
aninterferenceimage, or conoscopicimage, canbe observed onthe realfocalplane ofthe objective
lens. Ifa scaledeyepiece is used, the deflection ofthe interferencefringe canbe measured. The
interferenceimage can also be observeddirectlythrough the tubewithout theaidofthe Bertrand
lens andthe objectivelens.