Sharp Pc-1500 User manual

I I

';

I

A

ll

and more about Sharp PC-1500

at

http://www.PC-1500.info

Do

notsale this PDF

!!!

A

ll

and more about Sharp PC-1500

at

http://www.PC-1500.info

AN INTRODUCTORY NOTE

Allow us

to

thank

you for purchasing the SHARP

PC

-1500 Poc

ket

Computer.

We

are confident

that

you will enjoy using this small,

but

powerful,, new friend in

your

daily life. The PC-1500

is

one

of

the

world's

most sophisticated hand held computers. Although it shares many features

with its cousin, the SHARP

PC

.1211 Pocket Computer,

the

PC-1500 provides you with such

advanced capabilities as:

• A 7

by

156

programmabledot·matrix LCD display.

• A

ton

e generator for creating special effeclS under program control.

•

ASCII

character set with upper and lower cases.

• Scientific and mathematical functions.

• User-definable function keys.

•

An

exten.ded version

of

BASIC

which provides

t\VO

·dimensional arrays, variable length

strings. graphics commands, program chaining and many other advanced features.

• Up

to

4K bytes

of

optional RAM. {Model

CE

·151)

• An

opt

ional Pri

nter

/Cassette Interface (Model CE·150) which allows 4 color X·Y plotting,

program .and data stora\1e. and printing of programs and data in

one

of

nine different

character sizes.

This machine

is

capable

of

many

of

the

functions which only a few years ago would have

filled a warehouse v

..

ith tubes, \Vires, and enginee

rs

. Such sophistication

does

not

require

Engineering cre·dentials to use.

On

the

contrary,

the

PC.1500, and this manual, are designed

to helpyou gain rapid

ac~-ess

10

this new technofogy.

We

have

divided

this

manual

into

five

major

$ections

allowing

the

novice

user

to rapidly attain

competence. Advanced users may explore

the

features

of

the

PC-1500 through the sections

on

Advanced Programming, and Advanced Calcul

ation

s.

and

through the Appendices.

The style

of

this manual

is

conversational

and

many examples arc provided. But

don't

take

our

word for

it,

to

see how easy

it

is

to

get

started,

tu

rn

to Chapter

0.

But fi

rst.

be sure

that

the

batteries have been loaded. If they haven't, Appendix B provides ins

tr

uc

tions.

Above all, ha.

ve

fun and don't hesitate to experimentl

Do

notsale this PDF

!!!

A

ll

and more about Sharp PC-1500

at

http://www.PC-1500.info

OPERATIONAL

NOTES

Since

the

liquid crystal display

of

the

computer

is

made

of

glass.

it

must

be handled with

some care.

To

ensure trouble-free operation

of

your

SHARP

pocket

computer

we recommend

th

at

:

1.

You

keep the computer in an area free from extreme temperature ch

anges,

moisture, or dust.

Our'ing

i.·Jarm

VJ.Cather,

vehicles

left

in

dir

ec

t

sun

lightare subject

to

hi

gh

temperatu

re

build up.

Prolonged exposun?

to

high temperature may cause damage

to

your

comp

uter.

2. You use only a

soft,

dry

cloth

to

clean

the

computer

. D.o

not

usesolvents, water.

or

wet cloths.

3.

To

avoid

batte

ry leakage, remove the

batte

r

ies

when

the

computer

will

not

be

used for an

extended

per

i

od

of time.

4.

If

service

is

r

eq

uired,

the

computer

be returned only

to

an authorized SHARP Service Center.

5. Th

is

manual be

kept

for further reference.

Trouble-Shooting

This

unit,

it

subjected to strong external noise

or

impact

duri

ng

operation, may r

ende

r all its keys,

. I

c1

·

URCAK

k . .

inc u 1

ng

(oNI

ey,

inoperati

ve

.

Should this occur. press the ALL RESET switch

on

the

back of

the

un

it

for approx.

15

seconds,

OREAK

with

the

@!jJ

key held down.

0-llEAK

()

Prt:ss

I

ON

I key.

Al

I r

eset

switch

[

Press

the

3

11

(C$C\ swi

tch

wi

th an

y]

pointed

ob

j

ect

$uCh

M a

ba

ll

·po

int

pen.

Do

not

use

tasily b roken points

such

as

mechanical

penc

ils

or

the

tips

of

ne

edl

es

.

Then check

that

[NEW~

7 : CHECK!

is

indicated

on

th

e d

is

play, a

nd

press the keys

If

th

e display

does

not

read

NEWj)?

: CHECK,

perform

the above operation

once

aga

in

.

With

this operation, the program, data and

all

the reserved contents are

cleated

~

so

do

not press

the ALL RESET switch

except

when the above

trouble

occurs.

2

Do

notsale this PDF

!!!

All and more about Sharp PC-1500 at http://www.PC-1500.info

PC-1500 SPECIFICATIONS

Model:

N

um

ber of calcul

at

i

on

digi

ts:

Calculation syst

em:

Pr

ogram language:

Capacity:

Calculati

ons:

Editing function;

M

emo

ry protec

tion

:

Di

splay:

Keys:

Power

supply:

Power consumpti

on:

Operating time:

Operating temperature:

Dimen

sio

ns:

Weight:

A

ccessori

es

:

Op

tions:

Do

not sale this PDF!!!

PC.1500

Pocket

Computer

10digi

ts

(mantissa) +2 digi

ts

(ex

ponent)

According

to

mathematical formula (wi

th

priority judging

lune

·

t

io

n)

BAS

IC

CPU: CMOS 8

bit

System

ROM

:

Memory Capacity

RAM

:

System area

In

put buffer:

Stack:

Others:

User

area

Fixed

memory

area:

IA-Z,

AS-ZS)

Basic program

data

area:

Reserve

area

:

16 K Bytes

3.5

K Bytes

0.9

K Bvtes

80

Bytes

196 Bytes

2.6 K Bytes

62

4 Bytes

t850

Bytes

188 B

yt

es

F

our

arithmetic

calculations.

PO\"

.ier

calculation. trigonometric

ancl

inverse trigonometric functio

ns

. l

ogar

i

thmic

and exponcnt

i:t

l

functions, angular conversion, extraction

of

SQua

re

root, sign

fun

ct

ion, absolu1tes. integers and logic.al ca

lc

u

la

ti

ons.

Cursor shifti

ng

(. •

..

)

Inserti

on

(INS)

Deletion !D

EL

)

Line

up

and

down

I • , t )

CMOS

battery

l>

ack·

up

(program.

d"

ta and reserve memories

are

protected)

Li

quid Cry<tal

26

Character W

i.d

1h

7 x

156

Dot Graphics

65

Keys including

Alphabetic,

Nume

ric,

Uscr·definoblc

Funct

ion,

Pre·programm

ed

6.0V. DC:

4

dry

batt

eries

(Typ

e

UM

·3,

AA

or

R6l

6.0V,

DC:

0.13W

Appr

ox

.

SO

h

ours

on dry

batter

ies (Type (UM·

3.

AA

or

RS))

o•c-

40

°c

!32° F - 104°

F>

195(W) x

86(0)

x 25.5

1H)

mm

7·11/16"(W) x3·

3/8"(0)

x

l"(H)

Approx

. 375g

(0.83

lbs..) (with batteries)

Soft

ca

se,

f

our

dry

baner

ies.

two

keyboard t

empla

tes,

name

label

and ins

tr

uc

tion manual

Printer/casset

te

inter

face

(C

E·150)

Expansi

on

memory

module (

Pl

ug-in type, 4K

Byte

RAM

CE·151)

3

All and more about Sharp

PC

-1500 at http

:/l

www.PC-1500.info

TABLE

OF

CONTENTS

Page

An

Introd

uc

tory

No

te

. . . . . . . • . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . • . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Opera

tional Note

s.

. . . . . . . . • . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . • . . . • . . . • . • • . . . . . . . 2

PC-1

500

Spoecificatlons.

...•..•

..

• • . . . . •

..

.•

..

•

.••

•

......

• • ,

..•

, .

...

3

Table

of

Cont

ents

......

.

..

. .

..

,

...

..

,

..

....

• . . • ,

..

• .

..

• . .

...

, . . . . 4

0.

Instant

Programming

....•..

• • • .

....

. .

...

. , . . • • • . • . . . • . . . . • . . . . . . . . 8

A. Example 1 . . • • . . . . • . . . . . . • . . . . . • . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . 8

B. E

xa

mp

le 2 . . . . . . . . . • . . • . . • • . . . . . . . . . • • . • . . • . . . • . . • . . . . . . . . . . 9

I.

Getting

Acquainted

..

.

•.

....

...

••

•.

..

. • . • .

•.

.

.•.

. . . •

....

. . . .

......

11

A. ON

and

OFF

keys

...

.

•.

...

.

...

.

..

. •

.•..

.

..

.••

..

...

..

. .

...

•

....

12

B.

Alphabetic

keys

••

.•...

.....

. .

..

•

.•...

..•.

.•

• .

..

• .

...

•

....

•..

. 12

C. Num

er

ic keys

and

Arithmet

ic

Operation

keys .

•...

•

•...

..

. .

..

• . ,

•.

• .

.•

12

0.

SHIFT

k

ey

..

.

.•.......

..

.

...

..•

. .

..

...

•

•.•

,

...•..

..

,

•.

...

12

E.

Lower·case Letters

and

the

SMALL

key

.

.•...

.

•.

. .

.. ..

•

..

. ,

..

• . • . .

...

12

F.

The

Display . .

.....

....

. .

......

. .

..

. .

.••.

.

••

..

• . . . •

•.•

. • . • .

..

13

G.

The

Cursor

and

the

Prompt

. . . . •

......

...

.

..

. . . .

...

•

•.•

• • .

•...•..•

13

H. Clear

ke

y

...

..

.•....•

• .

...

.

...

. . .

...••.

•

••

.

.•

..••

• . . .

...•..

13

I.

ENTER

key

..

.••.•..

.•

.

.......

•.•

.

.•.•••.••

.•••.

•

.•

....

•.

..

•

13

J.

Error

Messages .

•....

. . . .

..

•

•..

••

..

. . •

..

•..••.

..•

.

•....

.....

..

13

K.

Battery

Function

Indication

...

. •

..•.

• .

•....•..

..

. • •

..

...

..•.•

. . . •

14

II.

Taking

the

Plunge

..•

.

..

......

. • . . • . ,

..

.

.. ..

, . . • .

.....•.

•

..•.•....

15

A.

MODEkey

. .

...•.

..

• .

..

...

• .

....

•

..

•

...

•

......

• . •

..

••

....

. 15

B.

Simple Calculations

..

.

.....

..

. .

..

•

......

• . . • ,

..

•

...

..

• •

..

,

.....

15

C. Serial Calculations

•.•...

. . . . .

...

.•

.

.•.

......

.......

• . . . . ,

......

16

D. Calculations

with

Negative Numbers

•.

.......

..

. . . .

.•

• • •

.•

..

• .

•...

...

16

E.

Compound

Cal

cu

l

at

ions

.•.•

. .

......

• . .

...

. .

......

...

. . . • .

......

.

17

F.

Use

ol

Parentheses. .

..

.

...

....

.

.....

•..•.•

.•

.

.•.•.

. . •

..

•.•....

.

17

G. Logical

Compa

risons

and

lneQUalities

.....

.....•.

. .

.•.•

. .

••..

.

.....•.

18

H.

Editing

Keys

and

Funct

ions

..•..

....

• .

..

.

..

. . . .

.•

•

•..

• • . .

.....

. . . 19

H

.1. L

eft

Arrow/OE

Lete

Key

...

. • . • . .

..

. • •

..

• • . • •

•.•

• . . .

...

. .

...

19

H.2.

Ri1

1h

t

Arrow/INSert

Key

...

. • • •

..

•

......

•

..

.......

..

.••

...•

.

20

H.3. Recall

Fun

c

tion

.....

....

••

, . . , . . , •

..

••.

. •

...

, .

...

,

•...•.

21

I.

Variables .. .

..

. , .

...

. •

..

.

~

,

.

..

•

..

•

..

.•..

•

.........

•

..

. . . .

21

J.

We

Pause

••

, .

...

. •

..

•

..

. .

..

• . •

...

...•

...

•

...

. . . •

..

......

. . . . 24

SUMMARY

..•

.

.. ..

.

...

. . . .

.•

. . . .

..

.

•.

......

•

..

••..

. . . . . . . . .

24

Ill

. T

he

Mysterious

(?)

Art

of Programming .

.. ..

• .

••.••.

. •

....••..

..•....

...

26

F

oreword

. . .

.....

......

. •

..•..

.

•.

.

..

• .

..•..•.

. .

..••..

. .

••

.

•.

...

26

A.

What

Is A Program?

..

. .

.....

. .

.•

•

......

•

..

.

.....

. .

•.

.

•.

• . . •

....

26

0.

How

Do

I Program? .

..

.

...

.

....•

••

..

, . . . . . . • . . . . . . • . . . . . .

•••

..

26

C.

CO

MM

ANDS

vs.

STATEMENTS . .

.•

•

....

.

.••.•

...•.

. . •

.......

. .

.. ..

27

D. Line

Numbers

..............

..

•.....

. . ,

•.•

,

..

. . . . •

•..

. •

......

.

27

E. Program·line Review

keys

....

."

...•...

, . . •

••.....

• .

..

• . . .

...

..

....

28

F.

A

Clo.er

Look

At

So

me

Old

Friends.

•...

• . .

•.

.

...

. .

•.

. • . . . . .

..

.•

.

...

.

29

F.

1.

The

NEW

Comma

nd

.•...

.

•.•.

•

..

•..

. • . .

•..••

•.•

. . •

•.

• .. . . .

29

4

Do notsale this PDF !!!

All and more about Sharp PC-1500

at

http:f/www.PC-1500.info

F.2. The

LET

Statement.

...

. . . . •

..

.

..

...

. . . .

....

......

. . . . . . . .29

F.3. The PRINT Statement . • . . .

....

•....•

. .

....

• .

.....

.

..

. . . . . .29

G. The PAUSE Statement. •

....•

. . .

..

.•

. . .

•.•

• . . •

.•

.

....•..

.

..

.

..

. .34

H. The

INPUT

Statement . . . . • . . . • . .

•.

• •

•...•

. .

.•

. . . . .

•.

•

....

. . . . . .35

I.

Shortcutsand Helptul

Hint

s . .

•..

.

..

. .

.• .•

•

•....

. •

...

• .

••

. •

.•.

•

...

39

1.1. Abbreviations

......

. . . . . . . .

....•...•

...

• . . . • . •

•...•.

•

..•

40

1.

2.

Multi

pl• Statements

Usi

ng

t

he

Colon

...•

...

• •

..

•

...

• . •

..•.•.•

.•.

41

J.

Error Correction

in

the PROgram Mocle

..

....

...

• .

.•

• . . . • • • . . • • •

.•...

42

K. The

LIST

Command

......

...

.....

..

• .

..

•

....

.

.........

.•

43

L. The More, the Merrier .

....

.

..

• . • . . . •

..•

. . . • • . • •

•.•

• . • . .

...

.

....

43

L.1. T

he

END Statement

........

.

...

. . . .

..

. .

....

.

.....

..

.

...•

..

43

L.2. RUN line·numbcr

...

.

.•

•.

.

.•..

.

•.•

.

•..•.

.....

.

•.

.

...

. . .

..

44

M. Co

ntrol

Statements .

..........

. .

..

•

.••

.

•••

. •

....

.

...

. . .

........

44

N.

IF

.

.•

THEN

. . • . . •

..

. • . . .

••

. .

.•

• . .

..•

. • . . . • . . . •

..

• . . • . .

....

.

44

0.

GOTO

.....

..

.

..•

• • . •

...

•

..

..•

• . .

••.

. • .

..

•

..

. •

..•

. . •

......

.46

P.

FOR

.

..

•

.•.

....

•

•....

•

..

. . .

..

. . . •

•.

. •

..•.

• •

•.

•

....

51

Q.

WAIT

. .

...

•....•.•

.....

.

.. ..

• •

•.

•.•.

•

...

• .

..

•

..•.

• •

..

•.

...

54

R.

READ.

DATA,

RESTORE

..

. •

..

. .

•...

• . . . •

..

. •

..

. •

..•.

• ,

..

•

....

55

S.

REM

...

..............

. . .

...

....

.•.

. . • .

..

•

..•

•

..•

. • . . .

•.

..

.57

T. GOSIJB and RETURN . .

.......

..

. . . .

..•

..

• . . . • . . . . . . • . •

..

. •

..

58

Summary of PROgram Mode Editing Features

...

.

...

• . .

....

....•.

• . . •

.....

59

IV.

Advanced Calculations

..

. .

.............

....

.....

•

..

.•

..

. - • • • . • . •

..

•

60

A.

Scie

ntific

Notat

ion .

....

. . . . .

....

. . . . . • . •

.....

...

..

• . • . . . • . • . . •

60

B.

Range

of

Calcolations; Overflow. Underflow.

...

. • . . . .

...

•

..

. •

••..•.....

62

C. Root. Power, and

Pi

·

..

.

...

..

. .

..

. .

......

•

..

• • . . . •

•.•.

•

...

. . .

...

62

D. Angular Modes

.•.......

.....

..

....

•

...

,

...

,

...

•

..••

.•.•

.

.....

64

E, Tr

igono

metric Functio

ns,

. , . , .

,.,

. , . , . ,

..

• . . . 1

•••

, . , .

.....

..

.....

64

SIN

.

COS,

TAN,

ASN,

ACS.

ATN

•..

•

..•

•

..

. . . . . • . .

..

•

..

. •

.....

65

F. Logar

it

hmic

Functions

...

•.•.....

. . . . • .

..

• .

.•

•

...

• .

.•••..

• • •

..

• .65

LN.

LOG, E

XP

..

. • .

•.

...

.

•.

•

..

•..

. . • . .

..

. . . . .

......

. . . . .

..

65

G.

Angle

Co

nversion

..•

...•.•.

.•

. •

•.

. . .

....

..

••

..

.

••

. •

..•

.

..

. . •

66

DEG,

OMS . . .

.......

•

•.

. .

.••.••

. .

..

• • . .

.......•

.

....

.

....

66

H. Mi

sce

ll

aneous Functions.

.....

. . .

..

. . . . . . • . . . . •

..

•..

.

..

•

..

• . .

....

66

ABS,

INT

,

SG

N

....

. . . • • .

•.

.

.•.

• .

..

• . . •

....

. . . •

.•...•

•..

66. 67

V. Advanced Programming

....

......

..

.

..

• •

...

• .

.••

. .

••

..

• • • •

..

•

....

..

67

A.

Array

s and Sub

sc

ripted

Var

iables.

..

. .

....

•

...

•

..

•

..

. •

••

...

•

..

. .

..

67

DIM

.. ..

.

....

...

. .

...

....

...

•

..•.

..

.•

. . •

...

•

.....

•

......

67

B.

More

On

Character

Str

i

ngs

.....

• . • . . . •

...

•

....

..

•

...

•

....

. • • .

....

70

B.1

. DIMensioningStrings

..

. . • . . . . . • . . . •

...

. . .

•.

. • . . .

..........

70

B.2. Conc

at

enation .

...

. . . .

•.••...•..

..

.••

. • . .

.•

..

•

.....

.

....

70

8.3. String Comparison

..

. .

...............

. • • •

......

•

.......

.

..

72

C. Functions

.....

. .

.......

.

.•

. .

...

• . . • •

.....•••....

•

.....

•

...

.72

C.1. ASC

...

. . . . . . . .

....

.

...

. •

..

• •

.....

•

•.•.

• .

..

. . .

..

72

C.2. CHRS

..

• . .

..

. . • .

....

•

..•

•

..

•

•..•

..

. • •

...

• .

..

•

....

73

C.3. INKEYS .

..

. • . . . • . . •

.....

•

..

.....

. . . •

..•

• .

.•

. •

...

•

....

74

C.4. LEN

...•

..

. •

•.•

• . . •

..

• . . • .

..

,

..

••

. . • . . . •

..•.

•

..•

•

..

75

C.5. LEFT$

...•

.

•.

. . •

..

.

..

.

.•

,

•..

, . .

..

. . • . . . • . .

..

•

•.•

•

•...

75

C.6. MI

DS

. .

...

• • •

...

. • •

.....

•

...

• . .

....

• .

..

•

..•

. •

•..

• .

..

.76

C.7. RIGHTS . . . . • •

..

..•

•

..

....

.

....

. •

...

..

.

...

.•

•.•

.

..

. .

..

77

C.8. AND

•.

. . . . • . • . .

.•..

. .

..

. . . . . . . . •

..

•

•..

..

. . • . • .

....

.

..

77

C.9. RANDOM

..

....

. . .

..•

.

.•

• . . .

...

.

...

.•

..•..••...

. . .

..

. •78

C.10. STRS . . .

......

.........

.

•.

. . • . . . . .

....

.

•.••..

. . .

..

• . .78

5

Do

notsale this PDF!!!

'

A

ll

and more about Sharp P

C-

1500 at http://www.PC-1500.info

C.1

1. STATUS .

..

. .

.......

.

.....

. . .

.. ..

. . . .

..

.

...

.

•.

. .

......

79

C.12. T

IM

E

......

• • . . •

...

. . . . . . •

...

•

..

•

•.

..

. .

..

..•

.•

• . .

..

. .79

C.13.

VA

L.

..

.

.....

. . . . .

.•.

....

• . . • • . . • . . . • . .

...

. • . • • .

...

..

80

D.

PR

IN

T

US

I

NG

.....

...

. . . .

...

.

...

. . .

....

.

...

• . .

...

. • .

..

. .

....

80

E. Computed Control Transfer

.. ..

......

. . .

...

. .

....

......

. •

.•.

. . .

..

.

83

ON GOTO,

ON

GOSUB, ON ERROR GOTO

..

. . . .

...

. •

...

•.

• .

..

. 83,

84

F. Displ

ay

Programmi

ng

..

......

..

. . .

..........

...

. . . •

...•

..

.

......

84

F.1. BEEP .

..

.

..

. •

..

. • .

........

• .

.....

• . . .

....•

. . . .

..

.

..

84

F.2. CURSOR

....

. .

..

•

..

• . .

....

..

. • .

..

...

•

...

• . . . • . • . . . .

...

85

F.3. CLS .

....

.

....

.

..

. .

.....

. .

..

.

......

.....

..

.

..

. . . .

...

..

88

F

.4

. GCURSOR. . . . . .

..

. . . .

..

....

. .

..

. . . . . . . . . . .

..

. . . . .

....

BB

F.5, GPRINT

....

. . . .

....

..

. . .

....

•

..

• .

..

• . . . •

...

. . • . .

.....

91

F.6. POINT

•..

..

.

..

. . . . . . . . . . •

•...

..

•

...

•

..

• •

..

.

..

• . . . . .

..

94

G.

Debugging . . .i .r:

r,-C.-t.(

. S7c/

P1H'?

.

...

. . . .

..

. • . . . . . . . .

..

...

• . . . .

..

.96

TRON,

TROFF

,

Arr

ow

keys .

.....

...

....

•

...

• . . • • . .

..•

•

.....

. .

96

H. Hexadeci

ma

l Numbers& Bool

ean

Fun

ct

io

ns. . . .

..

....

•

...

......

• . .

.....

98

H.

1.

Hexadecim

al

Nu

mb

er

s .

....

•

..

.

...

. .

••

..

•

..

••

....

••

..•

. . . .

98

H.2.

AND

Func

ti

on . . . .

...

..

. • .

••

.

...

..

. . . . • . . • .

..

•..

. • . .

..

98

H

.3.

OR Fu

nct

ion

.

...

. .

..

•

..

• .

••

. . •

..

.

••

..

•

..

.....

. • . . . • . . . .99

H.4. NOT Fun

ct

ion . . . .

......

• . • .

..

•

...

•

...

• . . • . . . •

.....

• . . . .99

I.

Halting P

rog

ram Execution .

..

. • . . . . • .

..

. . • . .

..

•

..

.•

. •

..

. .

..

. 100

STOP, CONT. . . .

...

.

......

• . •

...

.

...

.

.....

. •

..

. • . . . . . . . . . 100

J. Mode Control

........

. •

...

•

..

• . • .

..

• .

...

.

..

• . . • . . . • . • . . . . . . . 100

LOCK,

UNLOCK

.

...

• . . .

...

• . •

..

. .

..

...

.

....

. . . . • . • . . .

....

100

VI. Expanding t

he

PC-1500

....

..

...

............

. .

..

•

..

. • .

..

• . •

•.

.

....

101

A.

Print

er

/Cassette Interfoce (CE·1

501

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . • .

.•...

• . • . . . •

...

.

101

A.1

. Connec

ti

ng

the Computer to

the

Interface

..

...

. . • .

..

•

....

•.

. . .

..

101

A.

2. Power (Recharging the Batteries}

...

.

......

....

•

..

••

. . . . • . . . . . 103

A.3.

Co

nnectinga Tape Recorder

to

the Interface .

...

. .

...

..

. •

•..

.

..

103

A.4. Loading the

Pape

r

...

. . .

..

. .

........

..

•

...

•

....

.

..

...

. .105

A.5. Replacing the

Pens

.......

.

...

....•.

. • .

..

•

..

.

..

. • . • • .

..

. . .106

B. Using a

Casse

tt

e

Re

corder

....

..

....•.......

. . . . . . .

...

.

..

. . . . .

..

108

B.1. Tape Recorder Operation

................

. .

...

.

..

....

. . . .

108

B.2. Saving

Pr

ograms

on

Ma

gneticTape (CSAVE} .

..

. .

...

.

..

.

....

..

109

B.3. Loading Programs from Magnet

ij

c

Tape

(C

LOAD.

CLOAD?}

..

.

....

. . . .

109

. ,

, 4

':t,.

(

,

o"}l/l

."~

1

~-

B.4.

Sav

i

ng

and Loadi

ng

Data Using MagneticTape (PRINT# . I

NP

UT#}

.

...,

....

..,.

,;,

M/:I~

B.5. Edi

ti

ng

Programs

on

Magnetic T

ape

(MERGE} .

..

. . . . .

...

......

. . .

11

1

B.6. Chaini

ng

Programs. {CHAIN}

....

..

....

...

. . • • . • •

..•.....

.

..

. 113

B.7. Using

Two

Tape Record

ers

. .

...

• . .

....

• .

..

• . .

••

...

. . . . . .

..

. 114

C.

Us

i

ng

t:he

Printer.

..

....

.

...

..

. . . . . . . . •

..

...

. •

..

•.

. .

•.

• . .

...

. . 116

C.1

. CE

·1

50 PrinterSpec

if

ications .

..

. .

..

...

. . . . .

...

. . . . . . . .

.....

116

C.2. TEST Command . .

....

.....

. . .

....

. •

..

. •

..

•

..

. • . •

..

. 116

C3

. Pr

intin

gCalculations . . . •

.••.•.

..

.

..

. • . . . •

..

• . . . • . •

..

• . .

..

11

7

C.4. Printer Modes

...

. .

....

. .

....

. . •

.....

. .

..

. •

..

. • . • . . • . . . . 118

C

.5.

Lis

ti

ng

Progr

ams

. . . . . .

....

. . . . . • .

.•

• .

..

•

..

• . . . • •

...

•

....

118

C.6. Programmable Printer Control

...

. . .

..

. • .

..

• . . . . . .

.. ..

. . •

...

. 120

CSIZE .

..

... ...

....

. . . . . . . .

••

..

•

...

• . . . •

..•

•

....

.

....

120

ROTATE. . . . . .

••

. . • . . . • • • . . .

....

. . . •

...

...•.

• . .

......

12

0

COLOR.

..

. • . . . . . . • . .

..

• • .

..

. . . . . . . • . .

..

. . • . •

.•

• . .

..

.

121

LF

•..

,

..

, .

..

•

...

• . ,

..

• . . . •

...

. . . . . . . • . . . • . • .

••.

.

...

12

1

6

Do

notsale this PDF

!!!

A

ll

and more about Sharp PC-1500

at

http://www.PC-1500.info

LPRINT

..

. .

......

.

...

. . . . . .

..

.

..

. . . . .

..

. - .

.......

. . . 122

LCURSOR.

..

. . . • . . .

•..

...

•

..

. • .

..

• .

..

•

...

•

....

••

. . .

..

123

T

AB

.

..

. .

..

. . . . . . . • . .

...

•

..

. ,

...

..

. .

..

. . . . .

..

• . . • . . . 124

SO

R

GN

. . .

....

. • . . . •. . . . . •

...

•

...

. . . • . . . .

..

. . . • . . . . . . 124

GLCURSOR

..

.

..

•

..

. • . . . . . • .

..

•

....

. . . . . . • . . . . . :

..

. . . . 124

LI

NE .

....

. . . . •

.....

.

..

•.

....

..

. .

..

• . . . • . . .

...

. . . . . . 125

R

LI

NE

..

. . . . . . •

...

•

..

. . • • . . . • . . . . . . •

..

. •

•.

. . • •

..

. . . . 127

VU. RESERVE

Mod•

..

.

..

. .

....

.

...

. .

..

. •

..

. • . . •

..

. • .

..

•

..

.

..

. . . • . . . 129

A.

De

fini

ng

a

nd

Selecting R

es

erve Ke

ys

. . . . . . . .

..

. •

..

. . . . . •

..

. . • •

..

• . . . 129

B. Ident ifyi

ng

Reserve

Keys

...

.

..

. . .

..

. . . . . . .

..

. . . . . •

..

. .

....

. •

...

130

R

eser

ve Key Ide

nt

ification Te

mp

la

te...

..

. . . . . . •

..

. . . . •

..

• . . . 131

VIII.

Beg

in

nin

g Program Ex

ecu

t

io

n

....

. . . . . . .

.. ..

. . . . . . • . . . . . . • . .

•.

. .

....

132

A. The DEF Key .

...

.

.......

.

.......

. • . . . • . . . •

..

...

. • .

•..

.

..

. . . 132

A.1. Running DEFi

na

ble Prog

ra

ms . . .

..

. . . . • . . . • . . . . . .

...

.

...

. .

..

132

A.2. Prc·A

ss

igncd Keyw

or

ds.

. .

...

. . . . • . . . •

....

..

.

...

• . • .

..

.

..

. .

13

2

A.3. The

AR

EAD S

tate

ment

...

. . •

...

•

...

• .

..

• . . • •

..

• . ,

..

. •

...

. 133

0.

Automatic P

ro

gra

m Initiation .

..

.

..

• . . .

...

. • . . . . . . .

...

. . • . . . . . .

..

134

ARUN

.

..

.

..

. .

.....

...

..

. . . . .

..

.

..

.

..

. .

•.

. • . •

..

. • . .

..

134

C.

Comparison of In

it

iation

Me

thods .

....

. .

..

.

..

. . .

..

...

. . • . •

.....

. . . 134

@

(d...,vfo.11

,

...,

...

~

JJ.~v1l-,LdJ'IS

L

I:'

~,,;Nf$

IX. Ap

pen

di

ces

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

......

. .

...

......

.

....

..

•

...

.

...

. .

...

. 137

A. Abbreviations.

...

. . . . . .

....

...

. . . . . .

..

. . . . .

..

. . . .

..

. . . . . • . . . 138

B.

Ba

ue

'y

Replac

eme

nt

..

...

.

...

. . . .

••

. . •

..

. . . . • . . . •

.....

.

.......

142

C. ASCI I

Charac

te

r Co

de

C

ha

rt

. . . • . . . .

•.

..

• .

..

_. . • . . .

.•

. . . . • .

..

. . . . 144

E. E

rr

or Me

ssa

ge

s .

....

. . .

...

. . . .

..

.

....

..•

.

..

•

....

. .

.....

. . .

...

145

F. F

ur

th

er

Read

i

ng

.....

. .

...

. . . . . .

..

...

. .

••

..

.

....

...

..

• . . . • . . . 151

0 . Order.of Expre

ss

ion E

va

luation

.....

. .

..

....

• .

..

• .

..

•

..

• . .

..

. • . . . . 151

X. Command

Co

mpa

rison:

PC-

1211

vs

.

IPC

·1500 . .

..

• . . • . . . .

....

. •

..

. .

...

153

Z. Com

ma

nd Referen

ce

Table

...

. . . . . . .

...

.

...

•

..

. • .

..

• .

....

•

...

155

N

ame

label

Write

yo

ur name on

th

e attached name l

abe

l and sti

ck

it on the back

of

the

Co

mp

ut

er.

7

Do

notsale this PDF

!!!

A

ll

and more about Sharp P

C-

1500 at http://www.PC-1500.info

INSTANT PROGRAMMING

(No Water Necessary)

This

section

is

devoted

exc

lusiv

ely

to a select group

of

people (the authors included) whose

inquisitiveness ou t

..

veighs their patien

ce

(and perhaps their

common

sense). For those

of

you

who

absolutely must

DO

SOM

ETHING w

it

h.

this miracle

of

modern electronics, we present

a simple programming exercise. (WARNING: The timid

or

faint.of.heart

are

instr

uc

ted

to

proceed

to

Chapter

1;

Getting Acquainte

d,

for a more thorough

and

leisurely

in

tro

duc

tion

to

the

SHARP PC·1500).

Before you

pro

ceed, one further caution is in order. It

is

important to follow all

of

the

listed

steps

in

the

given

order. Contrary to popular

op

inion. conlputers arc not "super·brains" and

do

not

have

the

average human's abi

li

ty to "figure

out"

what

you

desire. The PC·1500 simply awaits

yo

ur

instructions

and

performs them. Are

you

ready? Good, let

's

begin.

Example 1

First, find the

key

marked

"ON"

in

the

upper

ri

g

ht

corner of

the

keyboard. Pressing this key

will cause

the

sleeping electronic genie to awaken (d

on't

expect a puff

of

smoke!}. The display

portion

of

the computer should

be

similar

to

the illustration below:

I

.

..

:·

DEC

P

RO

Press the

~

key (on the far right side) until

the

abbreviation PRO appears in

the

upper

portion

of

the display. (If you press the key

too

many times. just

pr

ess

it

again until

the

desired

result

is

obta

ined). The SHARP

PC

·1

500

is

ready

to

accept

the

series

of

instructionswhich make

up

a

computer

program.

Enter

the

folloi.•Jing keys

troke

sequence:

rn

m 1=1

rn

IENTER!

Notice that as

you

press

the

lENTER! key, the computer will modify what

you

have typed in.

The display should now look Iike this:

~

:A=1

OEG

PRO

Note: Throughout this manual we will use 0

for

the

number zero,

so

that

you

can distinguish

between

the

letter0

and

the

number !l.

Continue

by

pressing the following keys.

Do

not

be alarmed when each l

iine

disappears

as

you

type

its successor.

rnrnmmm

!IlCD

illl

ENTERI

rnrnm1

=1

mrnrn

I

ENTER!

m

mm

m

rn

oo

rn

01..:

11ENTERf

At

this point,

your

first prog

ram

is compJete.

Now

you

must

te

ll

t

he

computer

to

"execute,"

or

carry

ou

t,

the instructions it contains.

This

proc

ess

is

known

as

"running"

the

program and

is

performed in

the

RUN mode (logical huh?). P

re

ss

the

~

b

utto

n onceagain and the

let

ters

PRO

ar

e replaced

by

the letters

RUN

at

the

top

of

the

display.

One last step:

type

in the letters

[ID

[][]

OD

and

press

~

I

E

~

N

~

T~ER~

)

8

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at

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Congratulations!

Your

first

BASIC

progr8m

is

now

running,

Your

ir'lstruct

ions

are

being

followed and th.e

computer

is

busy listing

all

the

positive odd numbers.

in

order.

"So,"

you say to yourself,

"I'm

a genius.

Bu

1t w

he

n

..

viii

it

stop?"

Well, . .

..

unfortunately, i,vithout your

int

e

rv

ention

or

battery failure, this p

ar

ticular program

wi

ll

never finis

t\

.

To

sec

why,

let's review our program:

10

A

~

1

20

PAUSE A

30

A=A

+ 2

40

GOTO

20

The

effect

of

the line numbered

40

is

to

cause

the

computer

to

re-p

er

form all lines

after

th

e one

numbered

20

. Th

is

includes line

40

which, of cour

se,

tells the computer to re·rc-pcrform lines

20.

30, and

40

....

and

so

on forever. This repetition without end

is

known in computer jargon

as

"

loop

ing".

Our

program

is

stuck in an "infinite

loop"

and only you have the ability·

to

stop

this tragic

expense

of

battery

power.

To

do

this, press t

he

i

ON

lkey. Since the PC·1500

is

already

on,

you

are actually selecting the BREAK function.

Don't

be alarm

ed

. Oespite

what

t

he

name seems

to

indicate, this

is

not a self-destruct key.

As

a matter

of

record, you cannot, in any way, hurt or

damage

the

computer

merely

by

pressing keys.

so

feel free

to

experiment!

If

yo

u have pressed

the

BREAK key, a message similar

to

the following is visible in the display

\V

illdO\

V:

[

:E:F.:EAK

It·~

RUN

•

This informs

you

which

instruction

was

being

"executed

",

or

worked

on.

\Yh

en

you

interrupted

the computer.

Press

the

BREAK

key once more. and the computer a

..

vaits

your

next instruction:

[ >

Dtc

RUN

Fo

r t

hose

of

you

who

just remembe

red

that

you

left

t

he

tap running

at

home, this is a good

stopping

point

. (Before leaving, please press

the

lo•F] key

to

conserve batteries.) Others

of

you

are already becoming programming addicts and will want

to

continue your education with our

second example. (We hereby \vaive responsibil

ity

if you're late

for

dinner).

Example 2

To

begin

ou

r

second

program

it

is necessary

to

enter

the program

mode

by pressing the MODE

key until

the

letters PRO (short for PROGRAM) replac-e

the

lette

rs

RUN at

the

top

of

the display.

The

PC

·

1500

will now let us submit a new program

or

modify an old progra

m.

Because

ou

r new

program will

not

build

on

th

e instructions

of

our

old program. we

must

clear those instructions

from the

computer's

memory.

To

do

this,

type

in

the word

NEW

and pres.s ENTER. After a

pause

the>

c

ha

racter {called a prompt] will

retur

n. "·: •·

Type

the

following keystrokes

to

enter

the first

li

ne

of

the program:

rnrnrn

CKJffi

OD

COl

sHIFT

I c::imco

!IJCD

l•

••Cf

l

(I]o:Ja:J(I)

l

s.<1n

l

[L)

I

SHIFT

I

c:::J

!

S><o

rt

f

(I)

ffi

IENTERJ

9

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notsale this PDF

!!!

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C-

1500 at http://www.PC-1500.info

Notice

that

pressing the I"""Tl key followed

by

a

key

which has

anothe

r

character

inscribed

above it. will

enter

the

uppermost character.

Thoe

shift

key permits two cha

ract

ers

to

share the

same

button.

and

is

sometimes called

the

"second

function" key. Thus, in the first

li

ne

of

our

program

(li

ne

10

3bovel, a l

SHIF

TI keystroke fol

lo

wed

by a

C±J

causes

a

GJ

(semi

COlonl

character

to

be entered. The entire line

is

stored in the computer

as:

•cc

9k

0 t •

--

]

lti:

IMPUT

"'LT

O::T

.&.

·-·

I

.-.

T

--::

I-

.-.

'·'

D

•••

.::•

:::..

:-

:·

' H

- -

--

In

th

is

manual we will illustrate the selection

of

the se

cond

function

character

with

the

shift

key and

the

character desired. For example,

the

line numbered 10 above will be

shown

as:

ITJ[IJ

OJ

[ij]IIJ

OD[!]

l

•w

n lc::J m

co

III

[!]

I

S>

>.e•

I

~-~

m

corn

CD

l

••

•

FT

IQ]

l•

H

IF

TI

CJ

l

sru

FTI

CD

rn

I

ENTER!

Complete the

ent

ry

of

our

second program

with

the

following keystrokes:

m

rn

m

m1

A

11

..'"'m 1=1r

e:i

rn

oo

ro

rnrnrn

I

ENTER

I

rn

m

rn

ao

OJ

1=1

rn

1

ENTER1

rnm

m

moo

mm

CD

!EDGJ

m

rn

OJ

IENTeRI

rn

®m

rn

m 1

ENTeR

I

rnrn

m

comm

rn

1..,

,.1

omoorn

1

ENTER

!

Our

second program is now stored in

th

e PC

·15

00

's

memory. Do you remembocr what

must

be

done

next?

If

you

said "

Ru

n

the

program" you arewell on the

way

to

programming competency.

Return

to

the

RUN mode (HINT: use

the

MODE key)

and

type

in

the

wo

rd RUN. Press

IEKTEA

! to begin "execution" (another word

for

ru

n:ning)

of

our

second

p

ro

gram

.

Is

the

compute

·r interrogating you in

the

following

mo

nner? (If

not

, return to the PROgram

mode

and

re·che

ck

your

typing).

(

LIST

DtG

RUN

•

,-.I'E·-·

.

-,

.·

-.._ .-

Good

show!

Our

program

is

asking

the

user (you) for information necessary

to

perform

the

task

that

we,

as

programmers. instru

cted

it

to

perform. Recall the first line

of

o<Jr

BASIC program

(which you

.s

o

kindly

typed in for us);

OEG

PAO

I

10:INPUT

vLIST

SI/~?v;A

_]

The

instructions within this line are currently being followed

by

the

computer.

The

result is

that the computer

is

waiting for

you

to

"input

" (type

in)

so

me information.

Th

is

program will

print

a list of numbers ond their squares (the

number

multiplied

by

itself).

First, however,

it

asks

the

user

how

many numbers and squares

to

print

!LIST SIZE?).

The

user

!you again) responds

by

typing a number and pressing

(yo

u guessed it!I (

••

r'"').

Type

([J

and press I

ENTER

I.

10

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at

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VJa

tc

h c

lo

se

'ly

as

pairs

of

n

umbe

rs appear

br

i

ef

ly

on

the screen.

The

second

number

in the pair

(on

the

right) will

be

the

sq

uare

of

t

he

first. Eight pairs

of

numbers

will

be

displayed because

th

at

is

what

yo

u asked

for

when you responded

to

the

program'squestion.

When

the

pr

ompt

retu

rns.

re·run

the

program

(type

RUN,

press l

••

••• I I

and

ma

ke

a

different

response

to

the

"L

IST

SIZE?

''

quest

ion.

Run

the program several times

experimenting

with

differ

ent

li

st

s.izes.

You

are

experien

cing

one

of

the

im

por

tant

adva

nta

ges of

programmab

le

compu

ters;

they

can

perform

a t

ed

ious task

repe

atedly

, varying

it

sligh

tly

eac

h

time

in r

espons

e

to

the

in

put

.

Re·run

the

program once

more

b

ut

th

is

tim

e e

nt

er

a

zero

for the list si

ze

.

What

happens?

Yes, the prog

ram

ends

wit

hout

havi

ng

pr

oduced

a list.

Although

this may

seem

odd,

the

PC

·

1500

is si

mply

follow

ing

ou

r i

nstruct

ions.

This

i

llustrates

why

the

computer

is

such a

po

..

verful

tool.

It

ca

r''

be

prC>grammed

to

fo

ll

o

..

v

different

sets

of

in

struc

tions

and

process

th

e

variety

of

infor

mation

it is given. Because

of

the

i

nstructions

in

li

ne 20, if

the

user's

in

put

is

ze

ro

(or

less)

the

co

m

puter

skips: over t

he

computa·

tiQn

Qf

the

li

it

~ n d

99e1

t9

t

he

end

Qf

the

pr99

ram, In e

ff

ect,

it

hai

made a

dec

ision based

on

the

us

er

's

request.

As

a programmer,

you

contro

l wh

at

decisions

are

po

ssible and w h

en

th

ey

are

made

.

Thu

s,

th

e full

powe

r

of

the

comP<J

tcr is available

to

you

to

so

lve

you

r speci

fic

pro

blem

in

the

manner

you

think

is

best.

I. GETTING

ACQUAINTED

After

you

l!lnpack

yo

ur

Sharp

Pocket

Compu

ter

(hereafter

we'll

call it

SHARP)

and

ad

mire

yo

ur h

ands

o

me

new friend,

you

might

wonder

1,vhat

yo

u're

star

ing

at.

Le

t's

exam

ine

SHARP

:

ne

servab

le

k1:ys

Batte

ry f

unct

i

Qn

indiC3tor

eioooe:Jo

El

a

-.111aa111•1111mW

_

Cil0

Sh

ift

k~y

On·

Off

keys

1--

+-

-

Clcar

k

ey

•••••

Ill

• • •

(!]

[fil

[[)

[iJ

~-+

-Mode

~cv

aamaamlllillil

l!JIII

~

88

~

CTJ

51 -

~!fl

I

'j'u

I llJ (;)_

:_

lti

_

lfl

L s

man

k

ey

E1

ltty

key

N

ume

ric keys

Al

phab

e

tic

keys

We will d

es

cribe

the

display in a

mome

nt.

First.

even

before

you

tu

rn

on

SHARP,

noti

ce

several

impo

rta

nt

features

of

t

he

keyboa

r

d:

11

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notsale this PDF

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PC

-1500 at http

:/l

www.PC-1500.info

A. ON

AND

OFF

KEY

S

Obviously these

key

s

turn

the

power

on

and

off.

SHARP, to conserve

it.s

ba11ery, will auto·

matically shut

off

ii nothing

is

keyed in for a

per

i

od

of

about

seven minutes. unless a program

is

being executed. Observe inscribed above the l

oN

I k

ey

the

phrase BREAK. The IONI key can be

used

lo

BREAK.

or

interrupt, the execution of a program. This function isdescribed in moredetail

later

in

th

is manual.

B. ALPHABETllC KEYS

TheAlphabetic keys allow tho computer user (you) to

gi

ve instructionsand

enter

data

.

In

add

i·

tion. these

keys

may

be

us

ed

to

designate "storage areas" v1ithin

the

co

mp

ute

r"s memory into

and

from

which

you

\•1

ill be

abl

e

to

save

or

retrieve

data.

Th

is

use

will

be

covered

in

the

sec

tion

on

variables. Lower case letters a

rc

available through the

u~

of

the

f

SHon

f

and

~

Q

(S

MA

LL)

keys (described below).

C. NUMERIC KEYS

and

ARITHMETIC OPERATION KEYS

With these you enter numbers for

ca

lculation.

Th

e

CEJ

,

l-1

.

00

,

and

f7J keys tell

SHARP to add,

subtr

act, multiply and divide. respectively. The

[]]

key allows the entry

of

numbers

in

"scientific

notation".

The

use

of

th

is

notati

on

and o

th

er

sophi

st

icated functions are

described in

the

cha

pter

on

Advanced Calculations.

D.

SH

IFT

This key delivers

the

secondary

fu

nction.s i

ns

cribed above many non·alpha

be

tic keys. F

or

instance,

to

type a colon, press '

'"

' and then

th

e

00

(asteriskI key. When

th

e

SH

I

FT

key

is

followed by an

alp

habetic key, the lower-case

letter

is

displayed. (NOTE: In the SMALL mode,

the SHIFT proceedi

ng

the alphabetic key will

produc

e

an

upper.case l

ette

r)

.

When the

SHIFT

key

is

ac

tiv

ate

d.

the word SHIFT appears in

th

e upper left corner of the

display.

Th

e shi

ft

mode is

only

active for

one

keystroke

at

a

ti

me

.

The

si

x keys at tho

top

of

the keyboa

rd

, directly below the display win

dow,

a

re

called

RESERVABLE KEYS. Using

the

shift in a mann

er

we

wi

ll

decribe l

ate

r

on

,

you

can assign

frequently typed

comma

n

ds

or

other

operations

to

these keys.

NOTE:

II

you

press

the

I

SMonl

k

ey

by

mista

ke

, press it again

to

cancel.

E. LOWER-CASE LETTERS

and

the

SMALL

KEY

The

~

key nllows you

to

speci

fy

lower case for

all

alphabetic keys.

If

you

do

not

specify

the S

MAL

L mode, SHARP will sel

ect

upp

er·case

for

you each time you prnss an alphabetic key.

(Wn

ca

ll

th

is

the

"d

efa

ul

t"

mode, moaning

the

way

in which the machine operates unless you tell

it o

therwise

.)

You

can

type

i

ndi

vidual

lower-

c

ase

letters by

press

ing

the

l

5't•n

l key

before

the

le

tter

.

The

~

key may

be

used

to

effect

the

SMALL mode.

In

SMALL mode lowercase letters

result from pressing

an

alphabetic

key

and

indivi

dua

l

up

per-case letters are displayed by pressing

the '

'"'"

'

key

first. When

the

computer

is in SMALL mode, tho word SMALL

will

appear

on

the

top

port

i

on

of the display window. Once

you

have placed the computer in SMALL mode, it will

remain in this

mode

u

nt

il you press

the

~

k

ey

again.

NOTE:

We

recommend t

hat

you restri

ct

your use of lower.case f

or

the

moment. Th

is

because

SHARP

on

ly recognizes instructions in upper-case letters. When you learn to program. y

ou

wil

l find lower-case letters handy.

12

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-1

500

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F.

THE

DISPLAY

Press ON.

Th•

"glass wi

ndow

"

part

of

the

computer

is

called the

"display,"

It looks

someth

ing

l

ike

this:

[ >

...

PRO

•

On

the display

you

should see an ) (called a

"prompt"),

several words

or

abbreviations, and

a

dot

(indi

cating

that

the

bat

tery

is

funct

ioning).

Do

not

be

conce

r

ned

if

the

specific

ab

br

evia·

tions appea<i

ng

on

yo

ur display are

no

t

tho

se

of

our

i

llustration.

These

sy

m

bols

change as

you

operate

SHAnP.

G. The CURSOR and

the

PROMPT

At

the

far

le

ft

of

the

display, find t

he

prompt

symb

ol(

>); it

pro

mpts

you

to

talk

to

SHARP.

When

the

"pro

1n

pt"

appears

it

mea

r)s

SHARP

h

as

no

immedi

ate

plans

and

a\•1aits

you

r bidding.

T

ype

a letter of yo

ur

cho

ice.

It

replaces > a t the l

eft

of

the

display. while

to

the right

of

you

r

le

tt

er appears a _

(unde

rl

ine

s

ym

bol).

Th

is is a curs

or

. As

you

presseach

key.

the

curso

r inches

its w

ay

acr

oss

th

e display, in

dicati

ng .,.,here the ne

>:

t sym

bol

you

typ

e

will

appear.

Type

yo

ur name

a

nd

not

e the movement of the cursor.

If

yo

u

type

mor

e than 25 c

ha

r

acte

rs, the li

mit

that

can

be

display

ed

at one

tim

e

the

ent

ire line

shifts left.

(Try

it!}. Characters

"pushed

off"

the screen

arc

n

ot

l

os

t:

they

remain in

SHA

RP

as

part

of the

~y pe d

line,

up

to

a

maximum

of

80

cha

r

act

ers

t'

or

any

single line. We will s

ee

how

to

"recall"

and

hO\Y

to

change these characters

~

n

a lat

er

sect

ion.

H.

CLEAR

(The red lcLI key in

th

e

upperr

i

ght

corn e

r~

Push

this

button

and

you

Cl

ear

the d isplay

of

its

con

t

ent

s. Use it

to

erase

the

characters

t

hat

yo

u just ·

typ

ed in. Notice t

ha

t

the

prom

pt

has

retu

rne

d, indicating

th

at the

compute

r is

again \¥aiting f

or

your

commands.

The

clear

key

is also used

to

cancel

an

inco:rrect

command.

(S

ee

the sect

ion

on

Error me

ss

ages

below).

I.

ENTER

As

you

ty

pe

into

th

e

com

p

ut

er.

th

e

le

tt

ers

or

numb

er

s appe

ar

on the display. SH

ARP

will

ta

ke

NO ACTION, however, until

you

signal

that

y

ou

have finished typing (after

all,

it

ca

n'

t read

yo

ur

mind

I.

Th

is

done

by

pressing

the

ENTER

key after your other keystro

ke

s.

At

this point. t

he

co

m

puter

will

scan

the

ch

aracters

you

have t

yped

for

correct

form.

Certai n

error

s,

but

by

no

m

e

ar'~S

all e

rrors.

will cause

your

i

npu

t to

be

rejec

ted.

REMEMBER: Press

the

fEH

TE

al

key

each

time

you

'<Vish

to

enter

an

instruction

or

item

of

data

i

nt

o

the

machi

ne.

J.

ERROR MESSAGES

Press

the

following keys:

CD

G:J

o:J

!= I

Now

pressI

ENTER

I.

The

answer should

be

displayed. Three, right? No?

You

get

"ERROR

1"

as

your

answer?

Is

your

compu

1

er

de

fective? Neve'! There's a mistake in

the

form

of

the

command.

"ERROR

13

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1"

is

an

error

code

which

tells

yo

u

th

at

you

have incorrectly performed a calculation. (For the

curious, a

complete

list

of

error messages

is

included as

an

ap°pendix}. We'll

take

the

blame for

th

is

first error

an

d in later sections

we

'll show

you

how

to

use

other

keys

to

co

rr

ect

an

erroneous

command

. For

now.

you

may use the

Clea

r

key

to

erase t

he

error message.

K.

BATTERY

FUNCTION

INDICATION

When

thi

s

dot

d isappears.

the

time has

come

to

re

juvenate SHARP by

rep

lacing its batteries.

See

Append

ix

for

i

nstruct

ions. B

at

tery

funct

i

on

indicatot

--

----

RUN

THE

CAN

THE

HAT

-

----

-

QUIZ

-CHAPTER

Match each i

tem

in

co

l

umn

A

with

one

from

column

B. (Answers

on

bottom

of

page).

HINT: Column B

contains

some

silly possibilities.

A B

al

SHIF

T

key

I)

A

malcontent

given

to

constant

S\•11ea

ring.

bl

The

Displ

ay

2) A key \

vh

i

ch

cleans

the

display \vindow

and

erases

cl

The Cursor

any

results

from

d) ENTER

key

3)

A

key

which selects

one

of 2 characters

wh

ich share

e)

BREAK

key

the

same

key.

f) CLEAR

key

4) Ain't

no

such key.

g)

The

Promp

t

5)

A

character.

appea

ring in the di

sp

lay,

which

informs

h)

The

red

HERRING

ke

y

the

use

r

tha

t

the

computer

a

..

vaits

his/her

command.

6)

The

key

wh

i

ch

signals the

compute

r

that

the

User is finished typing.

7) A

key

which i

nterrupts

a program in

the

process

of

computing.

Bl

The

name

of

a rare tropical fish.

9)

The

characte

r.

on

the

display, which indicates where

the

appea

r.

10)

The

glass

window

on

which

information

appears.

t>

- H

'g-~

•z

-,;j

'L- 3 ·9- 0 '

6-0

'

Ol-8

'E-

'o'

:

sJOMS

U

'<f

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-1

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II.

TAKING

THE PLUNGE

...

Actually,

th

i

is

chapter

is

probably misnamed; learning

to

use

the

PC·

1500

is

no

t nearly

as

shocking

as

plunging into a pool

of

i.voter.

Ho

·wevcr,

it

does require

that

you approach the com·

puter without fear.

As

we

have said before,

you

cannot hurt or damage the computer merely

by

pressing

the

keys.

In

this chapt

er

we

will

explo

re

the

fundamental features

of

SHARP

upon

which

programs

and

more advanced calculations are based. Take t

he

time necessary to work through the exan1ples in

each

section. A good understanding

of

the

basics

\Viii allow you

to

exploit this

mach

ine's full

potential.

Although

we

do

not

recommend

it,

if you feel

that

you are sufficiently advanced, you

may

skip ahead

to th

e summary

at

the

end

of

this

chapter.

A.

MODE

Let's begin

with

a key

we

have been ignoring until now.

At

the right

of

the

key

board find the

very impor

tant

button

labelled MODE. Press i't repeatedly. Notice, each tim&

you

press

the

key,

the ch

anges

in the abbreviations

at

the upper right. Changing the machine's mode in this

w(1y

ca

n

be

likened

(O

shifting

gea

rs on a car.

As

each

nei...,

.rnode orgear is

engaged

, machinery which

appears

outwardly

unchanged

pe

rforms differently. Like a car, SHARP

must

be

placed in the

proper mode

to

function according to plan.

And,

also

like a car, when you

attempt

to operate

SHARP in

an

i

mproper

"gear".

the computer will quickly

no

tify you

of

your

mistake.

By repeatedly pressing

the

MODE

button

you

will be introduced

to

the two

most

important

of

SHARP's three modes: RUN and PROgram. A third mode, RESERVE,

is

activated

by

pressing

the

SHIFT

key

be

fore

the

MOOE key, Later .chapters

of

this manual wi

ll

describe

how

each of

these modes

contributes

to

the

smooth

r

unning

of

SHARP.

For

now,

rememb

er

th

at

in order

to

use SHARP as a calculator. you mu

st

be

in

the

RUN mode. Later, in

the

PROgram mode,

you

will write and change programs. With the RESERVE

mode

you can assign frequently used

commands

to

a siogle key.

Th

is is

explained in

greater

detail in

Chapter

7.

Note

that

the

first time you turn the computer

on

after inserti

ng

batteries,

it

will set

tl

e into

the PRO mode_

At

other

times

the

computer wi

ll

com

e

on

in the mode in

which

it last

operated

before being

shut

off.

B.

SIMPLE CALCULATIONS

With SHARP set in

the

RUN mode, let's

test

fundamental mathematical

computat

ions.

It

is

necessary

before each calculation

to

press

I

CL

I . This clears tho display of any previous data

which might interfere

with

a newcalc

ulat

i

on.

Find

answers

to

the

fo

ll

owingsimple problems;

I

np

ut

Display

mrnm

1

'"

""' 7

m G

rn

l•

•TE•

I 3

!Il

f/l

!Il

I

fNT

£Al

2.

5

mrnm

!

l!HTEJtl

10

_NOTE:

Do

not

type

an

equ~I

sign, R

emember

frQrn

Chapter I

that

it

is

the

fNTER

key

which

informs

SHARP

that

you have finished

typing

and

wish

to

have

your

command

or calculation

performed.

15

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PC

-1500

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C.

SERIAL

CALCULA

TI

ONS

You can utilize an answer from

one

calculation in a following calculati

on

by

prooceding

directly to

the

second calculation. (Do

not

press CL between calculations). Thus.

ii

you arc

balancinga checkbook,

you

will

operate SliARP in this fashion:

Input Display

161

.16

-47.50

(ENTtAI 1 1

3.

66

-12

.33

1 1

3.

66-

1

2.

33

1

EH

T

(H

I 10 1.

33

As you w

ill

o

bs

erve,

the

result

of

th

e

fi

rst cal

cu

lation jumps

to

the

left

of

the

display

as

you

begin

the

second calculation.

NOTE: DO NOT tYpe dollar signs

or

commas when entering

numb

ers in calculations. These

symbols hove

si>e<;ial

meaning in

the

BASIC language (and

the

refore

to

SHARP).

Other opera

ti

ons

can

be performed similarily. Try these:

Input Display

5+3

I

f.H

T

CA

) 8

8+3

- 1 l

tH

Tt.

Ai 10

10*

3 - 1 I

tH'T!'a

)

29

29/3

- 1 l

•NTU

I 8 .

666666667

D. CALCULATIONS

WI

TH

NEGATIVE

NUMBERS

Im

ag

ine

you

have presented your computer science teacher, Mr. Onoff, with

two

apples. You

have remaining

an

inventory

of

five

app

les, and you wonder,

"How

many apples would I now

have if I

hadn't

been

so generous

to

Mr.

Onoff7"

.

To

find the answer, you might imagine

the

subtraction from inventory negated;

that

is,

you

would subtract t

he

subtraction.

Type

into

SHARP: 5 - - 2 l

<•T<•

I . Seven would be

your

hypothetical inventory.

Try

thes

e similar calcula·

tions with negatively signed numbers:

5*-2

5+-2

5

/-

2

-5

-

2.3

-

5+-2

-

5/

- 2

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-1500 at http://www.PC-1500.info

REME

MB

ER:

To

press @

i.)

between e<1lculations to

Clear

previous resul

ts

.

E. COMPOUND CALCULATIONS

You can string together a sequence

of

calcul

at

ions before a!ki

ng

SHARP

for

an answer. For

example, you and two friends. Hob a

nd

Nob,

wim

to

mare 5 apples twice a

day

for a week. How

many apples should

YOU

buy

tO

last the week? 5 apples

[2J

3 friends QI;

")

2 per

day

7

days:

Ke

ystrokes Display

23.

33333333

(Buy 24 apples

and

a parrot,

to

whom

you

can feed the extra

1/3

apple). Run the followi

ng

cal·

culations,

(but

th

is time inventyour

ow

n stories

~s

to

what they represent):

Input Display

5"'

2 - 3.675 l

lE

MTta

l

6.

325

5/3ll'6.2+7

-47 ,

....

.1 -

29.

66666

667

F.

USE

OF

PARENTHESES

A problem which emerges as we

inv

estigate compound calcul

at

ions

is

that

of

pri

or

ity. For

instance, the

exp

ression 5 - 3 / 4 can be read

two

ways: (5 minus 3) divided

by

4, in which case

the answer

is

.

5.

or

5 minus (3 divided by 4), in which case the answer

is

4.25

.

Located in the first row

of

keys are the parentheses which

you

can use

to

clarify such

ambiguities. Run the followi

ng

calculations:

Input Displ

ay

5-3/

4

ij

[HJ(

illl

l

4.

25

5 -

(3/4)

l

um•

I

4.

25

(5-3)/4

ltNfCRf

0.

5

SHARP is predisposed (has "default" priorities)

to

perform some calculations before others

(for a complete listing

of

the order in which SHARP calculates, see Appendix 0). Division and

multiplication will be carried

out

before subtraction a

nd

addition, unless pare01hes

es

are used

to

dire

ct

a different ordering. Thus SHARP

is

built

to

interpret the first equati

on

above as being

equal

10

the second rather than

to

the third.

To

make sure

that

the answer SHARP gives

you

is

the

one

you need, use parentheses to indicate the properorder in which it should perform calcula·

tions.

SHARP can

in

terpr

et

several layers

of

parentheses as in

th

is problem:

17

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Input Display

( (6 - 4) I

21

*(((3 - 1

l/

4)

*6

) f

EH

TEstl 3

Th

e

eq

uat

i

ons

'1,V

it

hi

n the inner

mo

st

s

et

of

pare

nt

heses wi

ll

ah'Y'ays

be

cal

culated

first.

REMEMBER: When in

do

ubt.

use parentheses

to

cla

ri

fy

the

ord

er

of

your

arithmetic

operations

.

G.

LOGICAL COMPARISONS AND INEQUALITIES

SHARP

If

.J

i

ll

an

-0

..

~1

you

to

cornparc t

..

-.io values or equations a

nd

.,,..,

ill indicate

to

yo

u the result of

the cornparis

on.

This

abilit

y is

bas

ic

to

designing

pro

grams w

hi

ch

make decisions. The manner in

\vh

ic

h this is

do

11

e

,_.,ill

be recog

ni

zable to

st

ud

en

ts

of

the

"N

ew

Ma

th"

as

an inequality

(don

't

despair

if

you

~·,.1

c rcn

'

t

raised

on

Ne

i.-v

Math; the au thor

\'>"

asn

't

either).

An inequal

ity

may be

th

oug

ht

of

as

a com

pa

ri

son w

hich

is either t

n.re

or

false.

For

instanc

e,

th

e sta

te

me

nt

"s

ix divided by

th

re

e

is

eq

ual

to

l\vo" is a

co

rnparison

..

'lhich h

appens

to

be

t

ru

e.

On

the

other

ha

nd .

the

sta

tement

,

"s

ix divided

by

thr

ee

is gre

at

er

tha

n fi

ve"

is a f

alse

co

mp

arison.

Com

pute

rs

and m

at

he

mat

icians use

th

e f

ol

l

ow

ing sy

mbols

for

the

possible

type

s of corn·

parisons:

< less

tha

n

> greater

th

an

~

equa

l

to

<= less

th

an

OR

e(1ual

to

> = gr

ea

ter t

han

0 R

equal

to

<> n

ot

equa

l

to

Thu

s,

we

can

res

tate

t

he

above in

equa

li

ties

symbol

i

ca

ll

y, as: 6 I 3 =2 and 6 I 3 >5 respec·

tively.

Given

an

ineq

uality,

Sl-IA

RP

..

vi

ii

de

t

er

m

in

e

v1

hethc

r

the

co

mp

arison is tr

ue

or false. In

keeping wi

th

cur

re

nt

compute

r design

prac

tice.

SHARP

w

ill

indic

ate

a tr

ue

state

rn

ent

\vith a 1

and

a fal$e

11a1eme111

wilh a 0.

Fo

r e

xa

mple

if

yo

u

ty

pe

:

6 / 3 = 2

SHARP wi

ll

rc-spond \vith a 1 tfor true). T

yp

ing the sequence:

6 / 3 >5

wi

ll

elicit a r

espons

e

of

0 (f

or

false).

Try the foll

ow

ing tests

of

SHARP's

jud

gme

nt

(be s

ur

e

you

are in RUN

model

:

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