Sharp Pc-1500a User manual

I

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PC

-1

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0 at http:/l

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.

PC-1

50

0.in

fo

AN

INTRODUCTORY

NOTE

Allow us

to

thank you for

purch

asi

ng

the SHARP PC·1500A Pocket Computer.

We

are

con·

fidc

nt

that

you

will

enjoy using this small,

but

powerful, new friend in your daily life. The PC·

1500A

is

one

of

the world's

rrnos

t sophisticated hand held

comp

uters. Although

it

shares

many

features with its cousin, the SHARP

PC

·1211 Pocket Computer.

the

PC-1500A provides you wi

th

suc

h advanced capabilities as:

• A 7

by

156 programmable

dot·matrix

LCD

display.

• A tone generator for creating special effects under program control.

• ASCII character

set

with

upper

and

lower

e<tses

.

• Scientific

and

mathematical

fu

nctions.

• User-definable function

key

s.

• An extended version

of

BASIC which provides two·dimensional arrays, variable length

strings, graphics commands, program

cha

ining and many o

the

r advanced features.

• Up

to

16K bytes of

optiona

l

RAM.

(4KB: Model CE·l

51,

SKB: Model CE·155,

CE·1

59,

16KB: Model

CE

·

1611

•

An

optional Printer/Cassette Interface (

Mod

el CE·150)

wh

ich allows 4 color X·Y

plott

ing,

program

and

data

storage

,

and

printing

of

programs

and data in one

of

nine different

characte

r

size1.

This machine

is

capable

of

many

of

the functions which only a few years ago would have

filled a warehouse

with

tubes, wires, and engineers.

Suc

h sophistication does

not

req

ui

re

Engineering credentials

to

use. On

the

contrary,

th

e

PC

·

1500A

and this manual, are designed

to

help you gain rapid access

to th

is

new technology.

We

have

divided this manual into

five

major

sections

allowing the

novice

user

to

rapidly attain

competence. Advanc

ed

users may

ex

plore

th

e features

of

the

PC·1500A through

th

e sections

on

Advanced Programming, and Advanced calculations,

and

through the Appendices.

The

style

of

th

is manual is conversational and

many

examplesare provided. But

don

't take

our

word for

it.

to

see

how

easy

it

is

to

get started.

turn

to

Chapter

0 . But first.

be

sure

that

the

batteries have been loaded.

If

they

haven't, Appendix B provi

des

instructions.

Above all, have fun and

don't

hesitate

to

experimentI

CO

MMAN

DS

FOR THE PRINTER AND TAPE RECORDER

The commands for

th

e printer and tape recorder

to

be

described hereafter

are

only available

on

the optional

print

er

CE

·

150

(with a

built

·in cassette interface). Since

th

e

computer

is

not

equipped with these commands, programming with

them

is

possible only

wh

en con·

nected

to th

e CE·150. Therefore, be sure

to

conn

ect

to

t

he

CE·150 for programming

by

using thesecommand

s.

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OPERATIONAL

NOTES

Since

the

li

quid

crystal display

of

the

computer

is

made of glass.

it

must be handled with

some

care.

To ensure trouble

..

free operation

of

your

SHA

RP

pocket

compute

r we recommend that:

1.

You

keep the computer in an area free

fr

om extreme temperature ch

anges,

moisture. or dust.

During warm wea

the

r.

vehicles left in direct sun light are subject

to

high temperature build up.

Prolonged expc>sure

to

high temperature may cause damage

to

your computer.

2. You use only a

soft

, d

ry

clo

th

to

clean the

computer.

Do

not

use solvents,

water

,

or

wet

cloths.

3. To avoid ba

ttery

leakage, remove

the

batteries when the c

omp

uter will

not

be us

ed

for an

extended period

of

t

im

e.

4.

If

service

is

required,

the

computer

be returned

on

ly to an aut

ho

rized SHARP Service Center.

5. This manual be

kept

for further reference.

T

ro

ub

l

e-Sh

ooting

Th

is

unit, if

sub

jected

to

strong e

xter

nal noise or

imp

act duri

ng

operation. may

r'

ender all its keys,

. I

ct

•

OltfAI(

k . .

inc u

1ng

1

ON

I e

y,

i

no

perative.

Sho

uld this occur, press the ALL RESET switch

on

the

back

of

the

unit for approx. 15 seconds.

OIU!

AJ<.

with

the

@ID

key held down.

BREAK 0

Pre

ss

I

ON

\ key.

A

ll

rese

t s

...

1itch

[

PreM the

all

reset

S\..,.itch

wi

th

anyj

J)Ointod

object

such

as a ball·point

pen.

Do

n

ot

use easily broken points

soch as

me-chan

i

Cill

pencils or

th

e

ti

ps

of need

le

s.

Then check

that

I

NEW0?:

CHECK I is

in

dicated on

the

display.

If

tho display does

not

read

NEW0?: CHECK. perform

the

above

op

er

ation

once

again.

And press

th

e ke

ys

I

CL

I

(][)

00

(][)

[D

I<

••

••I.

Next, press

the

keys I

s""'

Ie

Q:!JOO

(][)l••n•I ·

With this operat

ic>

n,

the

pr

ogram, data and

all

the

res~

rv

ed

contents are cleared. so

do

not press

th

e ALL RESET switch

except

when the above

trouble

occurs.

2

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C-

1500 at http://

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.PC-1500.info

PC-1500A SPECIFICATIONS

Model:

PC

·1500A Pocket Computer

Number

of

calculation digits: 10 digits (mantissa)+ 2 digits (ex

po

nent)

Calculation system: According

to

mathematical formula (with priority judging

lu

ne·

tion}

Program language:

Capacity:

Calculatio

ns

:

Edit

ing

function;

Me

mory

protect

ion:

Display:

Keys:

Power suppl

y:

Power

consumption:

Operating time:

Operating

temp

erature:

Di

mensio

ns:

Weight:

Accessories

:

Optio

ns:

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!!!

BASIC

CPU:

System ROM:

Memory Capacity RA

M:

System area

Input buffer:

Stac

k:

Others:

User

area

CMOSS

bit

16 K Bytes

B.5

K Bytes

0.9

K Bytes

BO

Bytes

196 Bytes

7.6 K Bytes

624

Bytes

Fi)(ed

me

n'lor

y a

rea

:

(A-Z

.

AS

-ZS

)

Bas

ic program data area: 5946 Bytes

Rcs

efve afc

a·

188 Bytes

. . .

230

(7C"1

-7

FFFl

Machine language area: 10 ytes

!:

Four arithmetic

ca

lculations, power

ca

lcul

at

ion,

tr

igonometric

and

in

verse

trigonometric functions. logarithmic a

nd

exponen

tia

l

functiOr'IS,

an

gu

lar

con

ve

rsion, extraction

of

squa

re

root

, s'i

gn

function,

absolutes,

in

tegers

and

lo

gical

calculatio

ns.

etc.

Cursor shifting ( •

~

). Line

up

and

down

I I , t )

Inserti

on

{INS

),

Delet i

on

{DEL)

CMOS

battery

bac

k·UP

(progr

am,

data and reserve

memo

ries are protected)

26

character liqu

id

crystal disp

la

y wi

th

7 x

156

Dot Graphics.

65

keys includin

g:

Alphab

et

i

c,

Numeric, User-definable F

unction,

Pre·programmed

6.0V,

DC:

4 dry

batter

ies

(Type

UM

·3,

AA

or

R6)

6.0V, DC: 0.13W

Approx.

50

hours when

555

555555555

5.

is

on

cont

i

nu<>us

display

at

an

operat

ing

temperatur

e

of

20°C, this t

im

e may vary

slightly with the

operat

io

n

method

, etc.

• One hour operati

on

per

day

allows

the

battery

to

be used for

approx.

40

days.

Th

is

true f

or

one hour operation

co

n·

sist

ing

of

10

min

utes

of

calculations

or

program executions

and

50

minutes of displays.

0°c-

4o

•c

l3

2°F - 104°F)

195(Wl x

86

(0)

x 25.5(H}

mm

7·

11

/16"\WI x 3·

3/8"(D)

x

l"(H)

Ap

prox. 37Sg

{0.B3

lbs.)

(w

i

th

batteries)

So

ft case. f

our

dry

batter

ies, t.wo keyboard

temp

lates, name label

an

d instruction manual

Printer/cassette interface

{CE·

1501

Expansi

on

memory module (Pl'ug·in

ty

pe, 4K Byte

RAM:

CE·1!51,

BK

Byte RAM: CE·1

55

and CE-159, 16K B

yte

RAM: CE·161)

3

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and more about Sharp PC-1500

at

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

An

I

ntroductory

Not

e . . . . . . . . . • . . . • . • . . . • • . . . . . . • . . • . . . . . . . . . . . • . . 1

Operational Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . • . • . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . • . . . . • . . . . . 2

PC

·

1500A

Specifications. . . . . • . . . • . . . • . • . . • . . • • . . . • . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . 3

Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . • • . . • . . . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . • . . . . . • . . . . 4

0. Instant Programming . . . . • . . . . . . • . . . • . • . . . • . . . . . . • . . • • . . . . • . . . • . . . . 8

A. Examp

le

1 . . . . . . . . • . . . • . . • • . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . • . . . • . . • . • . . . • . . . . 8

B. Example

2.

. . . . . . . • . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

I.

Getting Acquainted. . . . . . . . • .

..

•

..

•.•

•

...

. . . • . . . •

..

• . . . • . •

...

• .

...

11

A.

ON and.OFF keys .

...

......

.

..

.

...

.

..

...

, .

,,,,

, , . , . , .

....

,,

. • •

12

B.

Alp

habetic keys

....

..

....

. . .

...

..

.

.........

• . . • . . . • . •

...

.

...

.

12

C. Numer

ic

ke

ys

and

Arithmetic

Operation keys .

...

. • .

..

•

..

• .

..

• . • . . . • .

...

12

D.

SHIFT

key

. . . . . . . .

......

..

. . .

...

.

...

. . •

...

.

........

• .

.....

..

12

E. Lower.

case

Letters

an

d the

SMALL

key . . . . •

....

...

•

..

• . . . • . •

...

•

...

. 12

F. The D

is

play

..

......

.

........

. .

....

• .

..

•

..

•..

. • . . . • . .

..

....

..

13

G. The Cursor and the Prompt.

...

• . . • . •

...

•

...

• . .

•.

. . • . . . • . • .

..

• . . . .

13

H.

Cl

ea

r

ke

y

..

.............

.

..

• . •

..

. •

..

. •

..

• .

..

• . . . .

....

• .

....

13

I. ENTER

key

..

....

.

...

.

.....

. • . • . . . •

...

• . . • . . . • . .

••

.

..

. • . . .

..

13

J.

Error

Messages

....

.

...

.

........

.

...

•

..

•

..

. •

......

• .

....

•

.....

13

K. Battery function Indication .

........

. . . . •

...

• . • .

..

•.

.

••

...

. • . . . . .

14

L. How to use the RCL

!RECA

LL} key.

..

. • . . • •

..

...

.

•.

..

•

...

• . •

......•

14

II.

Taking the Plunge

.•.......

..

...

.

...

•

..

. • . . • .

..

• .

.••.

. • . .

..

. • .

..

. . 15

A.

MODEkey

.

..

.....

. . .

......

. • . •

...

.

..

•

..

. • . . • . . . • . .

...

• . . .

..

15

8.

Simple Calculations .

..

...

.

...

. . . . • . . • . . . •

..

••.

.

•.

. . •

.....

•

..

.

..

15

C. Sorial

Ca

lculations . .

...

....

......

• . .

...

..

.....

. •

...

• . .

...

• . . . . . 16

D.

Calcu

lations

with

Negative Numbers

......

•

..

. •

..

••

. . •

..

• •

..

. . . .

..

.

..

16

E.

Compound Calculations

..

. . . . . . .

.....

•

...

• . . •

...

• .

..

• . . .

..

. :

....

17

F.

Use

of

Parentheses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . • . . . • . . • • . . . . • . .

....

17

G. Logic

al

Comparis

ons

and Inequalities

.....

• . .

•...

•

...

•

..

• .

...

. •

..

. . . .

18

H. Editing Keys and Functions . . . . . . . .

...

• . . • . . • • . . • • . . • . .

..

. •

....

. .

19

H.1.

Left

Arrow

/DELete Key

...

. .

..

. . • . . •

..•

• . .

••.

.

••

....

•

...

.

..

19

H.2. Right

Arrow/INSert

Key

....

•

.....

. . • . . • • . . •

..

. • . . . . . • . . .

..

.

20

H.3. Recall Function

....

.

..

. . • • . . . • . . •

•.

• . . . . . . . . •

....

. . . .

...

21

I. Variab

le

·s . . .

......

. .

..

.....

.

......

.

...

. .

..

. . .

..

....

...

.

......

21

J.

We

Pause

...

.

...

. . . .

..

....

. . . . w •

•••

• • • • •

••

•

••

•

••

• • • •

••

•

••

•

••

•

24

SUMMARY

.

..

.

..

......

.

.....

•..

.

•..

•

..•...

• . . . •

..

. . . •

.....

. 24

III.

T

he

Mysterious(?}

Art

of

Programming .

.•

...

..

. •

..

••

..

• . . . • . . .

..

• . .

..

.

..

26

Foreword

..

...

....

...

....

...

. .

..•

.

...

..

• . .

....

•

..

. •

......

. .

..

. . 26

A.

What IsA Pro

gram?

......

. . .

....

•

..

• .

.....

• •

..

•

...

•

..

. .

..

. . . . . . 26

B. How Do· I Program? . .

....

.

....

. . • . . • . . . • . . • •

..

•

...

..

.

•.

. . .

...

. .26

C. COMMAN

DS

vs.

STATEMENTS

..

. . •

..

• . . .

•.

.

•.

..

•

..

.

..

.•

. • . . . .

..

. 27

D. Line

Nu

mbers. .

....

·. .

........

. •

.........

• •

..

• . . . . . . • . •

.....

. .27

E.

Program·line

Revie

w keys . . .

....

. . • . .

....

•

..

. •

..

•

..

• .

..

...

. . . . . . . 28

F. A

Close

r

Look

At

Some Old Friends

..

. .

..

. . . . . . .

..

. .

..

.

..

. .

...

..

. . 29

F.

1.

The

NEW Command

.....

..

...

• . .

...

. • .

..

• .

..

. • . • . . .

....

29

4

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F.2.

The

LET

Statem

ent.

. . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . .

...

.....

•

...•

• . . .

..

29

F.3.

The

PRINTStatement

......

• . . . •

..

• . •

...

• . . . •

..

. •

...•.

....

29

G, The

PAUSE

St

atem~

n

t.

• ,

.•.•.•.•

,

•.

,

..•

, • , .

.•

, • , • ,

..

, .

.•

, . , • . • ,34

H. The

IN

PUT Statement . . .

..

. . .

...

..

. •

...

• . •

...

..

.

....

•

...

•

...

. . .35

I. Shortcuts

an

d Helpful Hints

...

. .

....

. . . . . • . •

..

••

..

••

..

•

.....

.

....

39

1.1

.

Ab

breviation

~

...

. . . . . .

....

..

• .

...

•

...

• .

..

•

..

. • .

....

.

40

1.

2. Mul

ti

p

le

Statemen

ts

Using the Colon. . . . • . . . . •

..

. •

..

. • .

..

•

..

. . . . 41

J. Error Correction in the

PROg

r

am

Mode

.....

..

. . . . •

..

. • . . . •

...

• . .

....

.42

K. T

he

LIST Comm

an

d

..

.

....

..

......

•

.......

. •

...

• . . .

•.

...

.

...

..

43

L.

The

More, the Me

rri

er . . .

..

.

...

. • . .

••

...

• . .

..

•

...

• .

.....

• . .

..

.

..

43

L.1. The E

ND

Statement. . .

...

. •

..

. • . . .

•..

.

.•

....

..

.

.....

. .

....

43

L.2. RUN

lin

e-number

...

..

. .

••

. . •

..

. •

...

. . .

...

.

..

• .

..

.

......

. 44

M.

Control Statements . . .

...

. . •

..•

•

..

• .

..

• . . .

..

•

..

• . . . •

...

•

..

. . . . .

44

N. IF . . . THEN

..

. . .

..

. • . . • • . .

•.

. . • . . . •

..

. .

..

. . •

...

• . . . • . .

...

..

44

0.

GOTO

.......

.

..

.....

..

•

..

••

. • • . . . • .

...

•

..

. • . . . •

...

• . .

.. ..

. 46

P.

FOR

...

NEXT. .

..

. .

...

..

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

..

. . . . . . . .

..

.

..

51

0.

WAIT

...

. . .

..

. . .

....

. .

...

• . . . • . . . . .

...

•

...

•

.......

. . . • .

..

•54

R.

RE

AD.

DAT

A,

RESTORE .

..

. .

....

• . . . .

.. ..

. . . . •

..

•

..

.

••

...

.

..

.55

S. REM. . .

..

. . . . . . . . .

..

. .

...

... ...

. .

..

. . . . . .

....

•

..

. • .

...

.57

T. GOSUB

and

RETURN . .

..

. . . . . . .

....

...

.

..

. • .

..

• . . •

..

. • . . . •

...•

58

Su

mmary

of

PROg

r

am

Mod

eEditi

ng

Fea

tu

re

s. . . . • . . . .

....

.

..

• .

..

•

...

. .

..

•

59

IV

. Advanced Calculations. . . .

........

. .

....

. . . . • . •

..

. .

..

.

....

. . . .

....

.60

A.

Scientific

Notat

ion . . .

..

. .

...

. .

..

. .

...

..

• .

•.

. . • . . • . . .

.•.

.

.•.

..

.60

B.

Range

of Calculations:

Ov

e

rflo

w, Underflow. .

...

• . • . .

...

. . . . .

••

..

. •

...

.62

C.

Root, P

ow

er

,

and

Pi

..

. .

....

...

. . .

..

. . •

.•.

. .

••

. . • . .

••

.

...

•62

D. Angular

Modes

.

........

. . .

.....

.

..

••

..

• . • • . . • .

..

• . . • . . .

•.

...

.64

E. Trigonometric Functions

..

.

...

..

.

....

. •

..

• . • .

..

• . .

••.

.

••

..

• .

...•

64

SIN,

COS.

TAN

, ASN, ACS,

ATN

..

. •

..

. • . •

..

. •

...

• . . • . . . • .

...•

65

F. Logarithmic

Fu

nc

tions.

..

...

. .

.....

. .

••

..

• . • . . • • . .

•.

. .

..

. . . .

..

65

LN, L

OG

, EXP .

....

. • . .

••

. . • .

..

•

...

..

• .

.•

•

..

• .

..

• . . . • . . .

.•

65

G.

Angle Conversion

..

. .

..

.

•..•

•

..

••

..

•

...

• . •

..

.•.

. • • . . • . . . •

...

. •

66

DEG.

DMS

. .

....

. .

..

. .

••

..

• . . . • . . . .

..

•

..

. • .

..

• . . • .

..

. . .66

H. Mi

scellaneous

Funct

io

ns

.

..

• . . • . . . • .

..

•

....

••

. . • . . . •

..

•..

. • .

....

•66

ABS, IN

T,

SGN

. . . . . .

..

. • . . . •

.....

. • . •

...

•

...

..

. . • . .

..

. . 66,

67

V.

Advanced Programming . . . .

...

..

. .

..

• . . • . . . • . •

..

. •

...

.

..

•

...

•

...

.

..

67

A. Arrays and Subscripted Variables

...

. •

..

•

...

• . • . .

.•

. . •

..

. •

..

. • . .

...

•

67

DIM .

..

.

.....

. . .

...

. .

..

.

.•

..

• . . . • . • . . . . . . •

..

. •

...

•

..

.

..

•67

B. MoreOn

Ch

ara

cter Stri

ngs

. . . . . . .

••

. . • .

..

• . •

..

• . . . •

...

•

...

•

...

.

.•

70

B.1. DIM

ens

ioningStri

ngs

...

•.

.

....

• . . . • . •

..

•.

..

• . . . •

...

• .

..

.

.•

70

B.2. Concatena

tio

n

.....

..

. .

.•

...

• . . . •

.. ..

• .

..

•

...

•

...

•

..

•.

.•

70

B.3. String Compari

son

..

..•..

. •

..•.

. . • . . . . . •

...

•

...

• . . . • . . . . . •

72

C.

Functions

..

. . .

......

...

•.

. . • . . . •

..

•

.....

• . . . •

...

....

• . . .72

C.

1.

ASC

...

.

..

•

..

. . . . •

...

•

...

. . . . . .

..

••

.....

.•...

•.•

. • . . •72

C.2. CHR$

.....

• . . . • . . • .

..

•

...•

. . •

..

•

...

. . .

•.

. •

..

. • .

.....

.

73

C.3. IN

KEY

S .

..

•

..

• .

..

•

...

• . . • . .

....

. . • • . .

....

•

...

• . . . •

..

-

74

C.4. LEN

•....

. •

..

•

..

. •

...

•

..

• .

..•

. .

..••

.

....

. •

..

. •

.....

. -

75

C.5. LEFTS .....

....

. . . . . . .

..

.......

..

.

..

. .

...

.

...

.

..

75

C.6.

MID$

. . .

..

. . . . . .

...

. . . . . . . . . . .

..

.

..

. . . . . . .

...

.

..

. . . .

..

76

C.7. RIG

HT$

.

.....

.

..

.

...

.

..

. . . . . .

..

. . . . . . .

..

. . . .

..

. .

..

77

C.8. RND

...

. . .

...

. . . . • . . • . . . •

.....

...•

. .

....

. • .

..

• .

.••

.

•.

77

C.9. RANDOM .

...

.

..

. . . . . . .

.. ..

. . . .

..

. . . .

..

...

.

..

. . . . . . · . . ·

78

C.1

0. STRS . .

..

•

..

•..

. •

...

.

...

. .

.•

. . .

..

•

..

• • .

...

. . •

..

. •

..

. .78

5

Do

notsale this PDF

!!!

A

ll

and more about Sharp PC-1500

at

http://www.PC-1500.info

C.1

1.

STATUS . . .

...

• . .

.•.

. . . . • .

..••

. . . .

..

• . .

••

..

.

••

..

. •

..

. .

79

C.12. T

IM

E . .

......

•

...

• . . . • . • . . . .

...

•

...

•

..

•

....

. . .

..

•

..

. .79

C.13.

VAL.

. .

...

.

...

.......•

. •

...

• . . • •

..

• •

..

•.

.

..••

.

..

•

....

80

D. PRINT USING .

.......

.....

.

...

..

. .

..

.

....

. • .

.•

. . . •

••

. .

.....

.

80

E. Computed Co

ntr

ol Transfer

.........

..

.

...

.

...

.

••

.....

..

. •

...

..

. . .

83

ON GOTO, ON GOSUB. ON ERROR GOTO

..

....

• .

..

.

...

• • . . .

..

83, 84

F.

Di

sp

la

y Programming

..

.

...

.

..

....

...

. . . . . . . . . • .

...

....

•

...

.

...

.

84

F.1. BE

EP

. . .

.....

.

...

••

..

. . • .

..

.

...

• . . • •

..

• . . .

••

•

...

• .

..

.84

F.2. CURSOR . . . . . . . • . . . • . . . •

..

. .

....

•

...

• .

.•..

..

• • •

......

.

85

F

.3

. CLS .

..

. . . . . . • . . . . •

...

.

.•

. . . • . . . •

..

•

....

• • •

..

•

...

.

88

F.4. GCURSOR. . . . . . • . . . •

...

. . .

..

. •

...

.

..

•

....

• . • . . •

....

88

F.5.

GPR

INT

..

. .

...

•

..

. • . . . • . . .

...

..

•

..

. •

..•

• . . . • . •

....

. . .

91

F.6.

PO

INT

..

. . . . .

..........

..

. . . . . . . . .

••...

• . •

...

.

..

.

94

G.

De

buggi

ng .

......

. .

...

.

.......

. . . . .

...

• .

..

• .

...

..

. • . . . .

..

.

..

96

TRON. TROFF, Arrow keys

..

. .

..

. . . . . . . . . . . •

..

. •

...

• . •

...

....

96

H. Hexadeci

ma

l Numbers&Boolean Functi

ons

. . . .

..

••..•

.

..

• . . . • . • . .

.....

98

H.1. Hexadecimal Numbers

....

.

.•

..

....

......

...

.

.....

•

.....

. .

98

H.2.

ANO

Function . . . . . . . . . . • • • • . . . • • .

.•

.

.•

.

..

• . . . • . • . .

.....

98

H.3.

OR

Function

....

...

. • . . .

..

• .

..

....

. . . . . . . .

...

• . •

.......

99

H.4.

NIOT

Function

..

. .

...

• . . .

•••

...

• .

..

• .

....

. •

..

. • . •

..

.....

99

I.

H

al

ting Program E

xecu

tion .

..

. • • . . . . •

•..

• . .

.... ....

•

..

. • . •

.....

. 100

STO

P,

CONT

..

.

..

.

..

. •

..

.

..

•

•..

• .

..

•

...

• . . • . . . • . .

..

....

100

J. Mode

Cont

rol

......

..

.

...

.

•.

..

• . . .

..

•

..

• • . . • • . . • . .

..

. •

..

....

100

LOCK. UNLOCK

...

. .

...•..

. • . . • . .

...

.

..

.

••

..

••

. . • . • .

..

...

100

VI.

Expanding t

he

PC·

1500A .

....

.

.....

. . .

...

.

...

. . . . . •

..

• . . .

..•..

...

. 101

A. Printer

/C

assette

Inter

fa

ce (CE·150)

..........

. . . .

..

•

..

• .

..

• . • .

....

. 101

A.

I.

Connec

ti

ng

the Computer to the Interface .

..

. . • . . • • . . . • . . . . •

.. ..

1

01

A.2. Power {Rechargi

ng

the Batteries) . .

.....

..

.

..

•

..

•

..

. • . • .

..

•

...

1

03

A.3. Connecti

ng

aTape

Reco

r

de

r to

th

e Interface

...

• .

.........

..

• . . . .103

A.4.

Lo

ading t

he

Pape

r

...

. .

..

...

..

....

.

..

• . .

...

. •

...

. . . . . . .105

A.5. Repl

ac

ing the

Pens

..

......

....

. • . .

...

.

....

• . . . • . .

...

• . . . .106

B.

Usinga

Casse

tt

e Recorder . . . . . . .

........

. . . . . •

...

•

..

. • . • . . . . . . .108

B.1. T

ape

Recorder Operation . .

.........

......

. . . .·.

....

•

...

• . . .108

B.2.

Savir>g

Programs

on MagneticTape (CSAVE}

...

.

........

.

.....

. . . 108

B.3.

Loadir>g

Pr

ograms

from Magnetic Tape (CLOAO, CLOAD?) . .

....

.

..

. . 109

B.4. Saving

and

Loading Data

Us

i

ng

Magnetic Tape

(PR

IN

T#,

INPUT#)

...

. . . 110

B.5. Editing

Prog

r

ams

on

Magne

t

ic

Tape {MERGE) . . .

...

..

. .

..

......

. . 112

B.6. Chaining

Programs

. (CHAI

N}

.....

.

.....

...

.

...

• . . . • . • .

..

. . . . 113

B.7.

Us

i

ng

Two

Ta

pe

Recorders

.....

..

. • . . • .

..

• . . . •

..•

•

.....

. . . .

11

4

C. Using the Printer

......

..

. .

..

. . . .

....

• . .

••

..

• . . . • .

..

• . • . .

..

. 116

C.

1.

CE

·150

Pr

inter Specifica

tion

s

..

...

• •

..

••

..

••

. . . . . . • . • . .

...

..

116

C2

. TEST Command .

..

.......

.

...

• • . .

•.

..

. . • . . . • . • . . .

..

. . 116

C3 . P

ri

nt

i

ng

Cal

cu

lati

ons

.

....

. •

.•

. . • • . . • •

..

• . . . • . . . • . • .

..

. . . .

117

C.4. P

ri

nt

er

Modes

....

..

. . . . . . . . .

..

• . .

•.

.

.•.

. . •

..

• • . • . . •

...

. 118

C.5.

Li

sti

ng

Prog

ram

s. .

..

.

....

. .

...

. •

..

• . . . • .

..

•

...

• . • . . •

....

118

C.6. Programmable Printer Control

....

. • • . .

••

. . • . . . •

..

. • . • . .

....

. 120

CSIZE. .

..

.

..

...

.

....

..

.

...

• • . .

••

. . •

...

• . . . •

...

. • . . . . 120

ROTATE

...

. .

.•

. . . •

...

• . •

..

. . . .

.•

...

. . . • .

..

• . • . . •

..

. .

12

0

COLOR

....

. . . • . . . •

..

. • . •

...

•

....

. . • . . . • . . •

..

.

..

• . . . . 121

LF . .

...

. . .

...

•

...

• .

...

. •

..

• .

..

• . . . •

..

•

..

. . . • . .

..

121

6

Do

notsale this PDF

!!!

All

and

more about

Sharp

PC-1

500

at

http:/lwww.PC-1500.info

LPRINT

..

• . . . . . . . . .

....

. . . . . . • . , . •

...

•

...

•.

.•

•

..•.•.

122

LCURSOR .

...

.

....

..

.•

......•.

• .

••••

.•....•..•.•.•..•

123

TAB

•.......

.....

.

...

.

...........

. . . . . . .

..

.

.•.

•

.....

124

SORGN

......

..

. . . . . . . .

...........

. . .

.••

. . .

...

••

.•.•.

1

24

GLCURSOR

.....

•••

. . . •

..

••..

•

..

.

•.•

.

.•

•

..•

•

...•..

.

...

1

24

LI

NE

.. ..

...

•

..

• . .

..

. , . . • ,

...

•

...

.....

•..

.•

•

......

1

25

RUN

E .

..

• . • . . . • . . . •

...

•

..

• •

•..

• • • • . • •

..

•.......•

...

127

VII.

RESERVE Mode

....

.

.....

.

...

..•

. • ,

..

••

••.

.

••

.

.•.

. • •

...

•

•..

12

9

A. Definingand Selecti

ng

Reserve Keys .

....

...•...

• . . . •

..

.

••

.•...

•..

.•

129

B. Identifying Reserve Keys . .

•....

. . .

....•.•.....•..

. .

..

. •

•....

...

130

Reserve K

ey

ldentificatioo Template

..•..•..•

.•..

•..

•

........

131

VI

II.

Beg

inning Program Ex

ecut

ion . . .

..

...........

..

. .

..•.

. . .

..•••.

•

.....

132

A. The DEF Key

.....

. . . . .

..

.

..

....

.......•.....

.

••..

. •

..

•.....

132

A.1. Running

DEFinab

lc Programs • , • , • , . ,

..•....•

,

..

. ,

...

....

...

132

A.2. Pre·Assigncd Keywords. . . .

....

. , .

..

• . . .

..

•

...

•

..

• ,

...

•

....

132

A.3.

The ARE

AD

S

tatement

. .

..

•.

. . • . . . , .

.•.

. •

...•.

. • • . .

•.

.•..

1

33

B.

Auto

matic Program Initi

at

ion .

.. ..

....

•

...

,

....

•.

.

...

. . •

...

•

....

.

134

ARUN

.........

.

...

. . .

...•..

,

.....

.

..

•

...•.

..

•

•.•.•.•.•

134

C. Comparison

of

Initiation Methods . . . .

..

•

...

. .

...

• . .

......

. .

.......

134

IX.

Appendi~

..•••••

•

....

.

...

.....

•

........

•

........

. .

..•...

•..

. 137

A. Abbreviations

.•...•.....

...

•

..

.

........•

•

..•.•.•........

•

...

138

B. Batte

ry

Replacement

....

.

...•

..

.

•.

.•

••

...•...

. . .

....

..

.

......

. 1

42

C. ASCII Character Code Chart

...

. .

..

....

.

...

.

....

..

.

..

.

...

..

. .

....

1

44

E. Error Messages

..

.

........

•.

...

•

...

•

..•.•

. . . •

...

•

..

. •

..

. •

....

145

F.

Further

Re

ad

ing . . .

.....

.......

. . .

.....••.

..

•

..

.•

. . . ,

..

, , . . . . l

51

O. Order

of

Expressi

on

Evaluation

....

.......

..•

• .

..

• . . • • . . •

...

• . . •

..

15

1

X. Command Comparis

on

:

PC

·12

11

vs.

PC-1

500A

...

•

...•

.

..

•

•.•...

•

.....

1

53

z.

Comma

nd

Reference Table . .

•.

.

...

........

. • , . . . • . . . • . . • .

..

,

....

1

55

Nome label

Write

you

r name

on

the

attached

name la

be

l and stick it on

the

back

of

th

e

Comput

er.

Do

notsale this PDF

!!!

7

All and more about Sharp PC-1500 at http:f/www.PC-1500.info

INSTANT PROGRAMMING

{

No

Water Necessary)

This section is devoted e•clusively to a select group

of

people (t

he

a

uthor

s includedf whose

inquisitiveness

outw

eighs their patien

ce

{and perhaps the

ir

common sense).

For

those of

you who absolute

ly

must DO SOMETH

ING

with this miracle

of

modern electr

on

ics, we prese

nt

a simple progra

mmin

g e•ercise.

{WARN

ING:

The

tim

id

or

faint-o

f-

heart are instructed

to

proceed

to

Chapt

er

1; Getting Acquainted, for a more thorough and leisurely introduction

to

the

SHARP PC-1500AI.

Before

you

proceed.

one

further caution

is

in

order

.

It

is i

mportant

to

follow all of the listed

steps

in

t

he

given

order. Contrary to popular opinion. computers are not

..

super-brains"

and

do

not

have

the

avera9e human's ability

to

"figure ou

t"

what

you

desire. The PC-

1500A

simplyawaits

your instructions and performs them. Are you ready? Good, let's begin.

E•amp

le 1

First. fi

nd

the

key

marked

"ON"

in the upper rig

ht

corner of the keyboard.

Pr

essing this key

wi

ll

cause the sleeping electronic genie

to

awaken

(don't

e•pect

a puff

of

smoke!).

The

display

portion

of

the

co

m

puter

should

be

similar

to

the illustration below:

·

..

.·

DEG

PRO

Press

the

~

key Ion

the

far right side) until

th

e abbreviation PRO appears in

th

e upper

portion of

the

d

is

play. Uf you press the key

to

o many times, just press it again until the desired

result is

obta

ined). The SHARP PC·1500A

is

rea

dy

to accept

th

e series

of

instructions which make

up

a compu

ter

program.

Enter the following keystroke sequ

en

ce:

rn

oo oo

1=1

rn

1ENTER I

Notice

that

as

you

pre.s

the

IENTERIkey, the

computer

will

mod

ify

what

you

have

wped

in.

The

display should now look like this: j

DEG

PRO

10:A

=1

Note:

Throughout

this manual we

will

use

I'

for

the

number

zero. so

that

you can distinguish

be

tw

een

the

le

tte

r 0 and the numberll.

Cont

inue

by

pressing the following keys.

Do

not

be

alarmed when each

line

disappears a.s

you type its successor.

rn

m rn

rn

m m

rn

IEN

TER

I

rn

oorn1=1

rnrn

m IEN

TE

RI

rn

mr

o

-i

rnrn

CID

moo

I

ENTER

I

At

this point,

your

fi

rst program is

co

mp

let

e.

N

ow

you must tell the

com

puter

to

"e•ecute;•

or carry out. the instructions it contains. This process

is

known as "running" the

program

and

is performed in

the

RUN mode (logical huh?). Press

the

el

button

once again

and

the

letters

PRO are replaced

by

the

lette

rs

RUN

at

the

top

of

the

display.

One last step:

type

in tho letters

00

rn

OD

and

press

'"I

E

'""

N

~T~E

R

~)

.

8

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not sale this PDF!!!

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and more

abo

ut

Sharp P

C-

1500 at http://

www

.PC-1500.info

Congratulations! Your first BASIC program

is

now running. Your instructions are being

followed and the

computer

is

busy

l

is

ting all the positive

odd

nu

mbers.

in

order.

"So

," you say to

you

rself, " I

'm

a genius. But

whe

n

wi

ll

it

stop?"

Well.,

. , . unfor

tu

nately, w i

thout

your

intervention

or

battery

failure. this particular

progC"am

will never fini

sh.

To

see

why,

le

t's

re

view our program:

10

A = 1

20

PAUSE A

30

A =

A+2

40

GOTO

20

The effect

of

the line

numb

ered

40

is

to

cause the computer to re-perform all lines

after

the

one

numbered 20. This includes line

40

wh

i

ch

,

of

course, tells

the

comput

er

to

re.re.

pe

rf

orm

lines

20

, 30, a

nd

40

. .

..

and

so

on

fo

rever.

Th

is

repet

it

ion

without

end

is

known

in computer ja,.gon

as

''looping".

Our progr

am

is

stuck

in an

"inf

inite loop"

and

only you h

ave

the

ability to stop this trag

ic

expe

ns

e

of

battery

power. To

do

this

, press the l

o•

I key. Since the PC·1500A

is

already

on,

you

are actually selecting

the

BREAK fu

nct

i

on

.

Don'

t

be

alar

med

. Despite what the nameseems

to

indicate, this is

not

a self-destruct key. As a matter

of

record,

you

cannot. in any way, hurt or

damage

th

e computer merely

by

pressing keys,

so

feel free

to

exper

iment!

If

you

have pressed

the

BR

EAK key, a message similar

to

the

following

is

visible in the

disp

l

ay

window:

•••

•

BF.

'.

EAK

I

t·~

T

his

informs

you

i.vh

ich instruct

ion

was bei

ng

''executed". or·

wor

ked on, when you interrupted

the

computer

. Press the BREAK

key

on

ce more,

and

the

compute

r awaits

your

DC<

KUH

For

those

of

you

who

just remembered

th

at

you l

eft

the

tap

running

at

home,

th

is

a

good

stopp

ing

point

. (Before leaving, please press t

he

!

OFF

t

key

to

conserve batteries.}

Othe

rs of you

are already becoming programming

add

i

cts

and wi

ll

want

to

conti nue your

ed

ucation wi

th

our

second example. (We hereby

wa

ive

res

ponsibili

ty

if

you'

re late

fo

r dinner).

Example 2

To

begin

our

second program it

is

necessary

to

enter

the

p

rog

ram mode

by

pressing the MODE

key

unt

il the letters PRO (short

for

PROGRAM} replace

the

le

tt

ers RUN

at

the

to

p of

th

e di

sp

l

ay

.

The

PC

·1500A will now l

et

us

submit

a new program

or

modify

an old

pr

ogram. Because

our

new

program will

no

t build on the instructions of our old progr

am,

we

must clear those instructions

from

the

computer's

memory.

To

do

th

is

,

type

in

the

word NEW and press ENTER.

Aftoer

a

pause the >character {called a prompt) will

ret

u

rn

.

Type

the

following keystrokes

to

enter

the

fi

rst line

of

the program:

moorn

oomuo

rn

'""'"'

c:::i

m

rn

oorn

1..

•c

•1

oom m m 1

..

,"

1m ''""

''

c:::i

''""''

rn rn

IENTERI

Do

notsale this PDF

!!!

9

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and more about Sharp PC-1500

at

http://www.PC-1500.info

Notice that pressing

the

I

s•OF

ri

key followed

by

a

key

which has

another

character inscribed

above it, will enter

th

e

uppe

rm

ost

character.

The

shift key permits

two

characters

to

share

the

same

butto

n, and is

somet

imes called the

"s

ec

ond

fu

nction"

key. Thus, in the fi

rs

t

li

ne of our

program (

li

ne

10

abovel, a l

••

•

nl

keystroke followed

by

a m causes a

CD

(semi coion)

character

to

be

entered.

The

entire line is stored in t

he

computer a

s:

DCC

P

RO

•

In

th

is manual

we

will illustrate

the

sele

ct

i

on

of

the second fun

ction

character with

the

sh

ift

key and

th

e

charact

er desired. For example,

the

line numbered

10

above will be

show

n as:

ITl

m co

(J[)

m

CllJ

CD

1...,,,I

c:J

CD

Ci]

(

•••«

I

CD

com

ill

l

SH

or

T!(IJ

(

SH

1n l c::J I

SH

IF

rl

GJ

m I

ENTERI

Complete the e

ntry

of

our

second progr

am

with t he following keystrokes:

m m com

m1

••••'1

rn

1=

1mmrnrnrnrnrn

IENTERI

rn

oo

CD

rn

m co1=1m

rnrn

m

1EN

T

ER

1

rnoo

m w

CllJ!Ilill

CO

!E[!J

wco

rn

co

IENreR

I

mm

OD

ill

rn

CD

coleNTER 1

rn

rnrn

ill

m m

rn

I

••

•n l

om

OD

CID

I

eNreR

I

Ou

r second

pr

ogram is

no

\v stored

in

the

PC·

1500

A's memor

y.

Do

you

remember what

mu

st be

done

next?

If

you said " Run

ihe

program" you are well

on

the way

to

programming competency.

Re

tu

rn

to

the

RUN mode (HINT: use the MODE key) and tYP• in

the

word

RUN. Press

l

t:Nr

u l to

beg

in "execution" (another wo

rd

for runni

ng)

of our

seco

nd

program

.

Is the

com

pU

ter interrogating you in the following manner? (If

not.

return

to

the PROgram

mode and re·check

yo

ur tYPing). .

..

KUH

,-.

I

...,E.-·

-.

" "

·-

.__

·-

Good show!

Dur

program

is

asking

the

user {you)

fo

r information necessary

to

perform

the

task

that

wn, as

pr

og

rammeri, instructed

it

to

perform. Recall

the

first line

of

our

BA

S

IC

program

(which you so kindly

typed

in for us);

The

i

nstruct

ions

within

this line are currently being followed

by

the

com

pu

ter.

The

result

is

that

the

computer

is

wa

iting

for

you

to

"inp

ut"

(t

ype

in) some information.

Th

is program will pri

nt

a l

is

t of numbe

rs

and

their

squares {the number multiplied

by

itself).

First, however, it asks

the

user

how

many numbers and squares

to

pr

i

nt

(LIST SI

ZE

?). The user

(you again) respond's

by

tYPing a

number

and

pressing (you guessed itl) l

••n•

I.

Type

rn

and press IENT

ER

I.

10

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notsale this PDF

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ut Sharp P

C-

1500 at http://

www

.PC-1500.info

Watch closely as pairs

of

n

umbe

rs

appea

r brie

fl

y on

the

sc

r

een

.

The

second

number

in the pair

(on t

he

right} will

be

the

square

of

t

he

first. Eight pairs of

numbers

will

be

displayed be

cause

that

is

what

you

asked

for

w

hen

you

responded

to

t he program··s qYeSlion.

When

the

prompt

ret

urns,

re

·

run

the

pr

ogram

(type

RUN, press IE

NT

EA

I )

and

ma

ke

a

di

ffere

nt

response

to

the

"LIST

SIZE

?"

Question.

Run

the

program several times

expe

ri

ment

ing

with

differen

t list sizes. You

are

ex

per

ie

nc

ing

one

of

lhe

impo

rtant

advantages

of

pro

grammable

co

mpute

rs;

th

ey

can

perform

<1

te

di

ous

task repea

te

dly,

varying

it

slightly each time in response

to

the in

pu

t.

Re·run

the

progr

am

onc

e 1

llo

re but this time

ente

r a z

ero

f

or

the

list size. What

happe

ns?

Yes.

the

program ends

without

lh

a

vi

ng

produced

a list. Althoughl this

may

s

ee

m

odd

,

the

P

C·1500A

is

simp

ly fo

ll

ow

ing

our

i

nst

ruc

ti

ons

.

Th

is ill

ustrat

es w

hy

the

compu

ter is such a powerful t

ool.

It

c

an

be programmed

to

follow

different sets

of

instructions

and

p

roc·

e

ss

t

he

v

ar

iety

of

info

r

mat

i

on

it is given. Because

of

the

i

nstruct

ions in line

20,

if

t

he

user'

s inp

ut

is

ze

ro (

or

le

ss)

the

co

mp

ut

er

s

kip

s over

the

compu

ta

·

tion of

the

list

and

goes to

the

end of

th

e program. In effect,

it

has made a

dec

isi

on

based

on

the

use

r's

re

quest.

As

a progr

ammer,

you

cont

rol

what

decisions

are

possible

and

\vh

en

they

are

made

.

Th

us.

the

full power

of

the

c-0

mputer

is

available

to

you

to

solve

your

specific

prob

lem

in

the

mann

er

you

thin

k is bes

t.

I.

GETTING

ACQUAINTED

After

y

ou

unpack

you

r Sh

arp

Pocket

Computer

(here

ahe

< we'll call

it

SHARP)

and

ad

mire

your

hand

some

new frien

d.

you

might \von

de

r

what

you'

re

staring

at

.

Let's

exam

i

ne

SHA

RP:

Re$e

f

vl'.l

ll

le

k

ey

s

Bat

ttry

function

ind

icat

or

(!!!I

c::i

o o·

C:T"

-o o

On

·(

)f

t

keys

~ - • ; -

'1

. -

..

,

El mD

Iii

U a Ill U El

II

[iJ

I

CD

IE

-

CZJ

1-+

-,

c•e••

kev

a a a·mBCl a a

II

G)

IJJ

-

CD

!!I

aaaaaaman

!Bm

s

EIG

....

!IJl:EJ+.r

ctlfil '

""'

I ·

GJUJG

.

~

..u

~~'

._,

->l

.!U~"'

Sma

ll

k ~

y

Ent

rv k

ey

N

um

er

ic

k.

cvs

Al

ph

abeti

c key!.

We

w

ill

descri

be

the

displa.y in a

moment.

First,

even

before

you

turn

on

SHARP,

notice

several i

mpo

rtant

f

eatures

of

th

e

keyboard:

Do

notsale this PDF

!!!

11

A

ll

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C-

1500 at http://www.PC-1500.info

A. ON

AND

OFF

KEYS

Obviously these

keys

turn

the

power

on

and

off.

SHARP, to conserve its

battery,

1111ill

auto·

m

atica

lly shut

(>ff

if nothingis

keye<l

in

fo

r a

pe

r

iod

of

about

seven

mi

n\!te$

, vn!

ess

a

program

is

being executed. Observe inscribed

ab

ove

the

I

ON

!

key

the phrase BREAK.

The

l

oN

I

key

can

be

used

to

BREAK.

or

interrupt,

the

execution

of a program.

Th

is

funct

ion

isd

esc

dbed

in

mo

re

de

ta

il

later in

th

is

manual_

B.

ALPHABETIC

KEYS

The

Alphabetic

keys

allow

the

computer

user

(you)

to

give instructions a

nd

enter

da

ta. In

add

i·

tio

n. these keys

may

be

used

to

designate

"storage

areas"

\Vithin the

computer's

memory

into

and

from which

you

will

be

able

to

save or r

et

ri

eve

data

. This use

...

,ill

be

covered in the secti

on

variables.

Lo

wer

case letters are avai

la

ble through t

he

use of the I

sHOF

r!

and

.SM

U (SMALL)

keys (described

be

low}.

C.

NUMERIC

KEYS

and

ARITHMETIC

OPERATION

KEYS

With these

you

ente

r

numbers

for

ca

l

culat

ion.

The

13']

, G ,

CI)

,

and

!2J

keys tell

SHARP

to

add,

subtract,

mu

ltiply

and

divide. respectively. The

[L)

key allows the

entry

of

num

be

rs in

"sc

ie

nt

ific

notat

i

on'',

The use

of

th

is

notation

and

other

sophisticate-d functions

are

described

in

the

chapte

r

on

Advanced Calculations.

D.

SHIFT

This

key

delivers the secondary functions inscrib

ed

above

many

non·a

lph

abetic

keys. For

instance,

to

type

a

colon,

press '

"''"

'

and

then

the

CI)

(asterisk)

key.

When

the

SHIFT

key

is

followed

by

an alp'

ha

bet

ic

key.

the

lowcr·case

letter

is

displayed. (NOTE: In

the

SMALL

mode

,

the

SHI

FT

preceedi'ng the

alphabetic

key

wi

ll

prod

u

ce

an

uppe

r·case l

etter).

When

the

SHIFT

key

is activated, the

wo

rd

SHIFT

appears in the

upper

!ch

corner

of

the

display.

The

shift

mode

is

only

active for

one

keystroke

at

a time.

The

six keys

at

the

top

of

the

key

bo

a

rd,

directly

b<Jlow

the

display

window,

are

called

RESERVABLE KEYS. Using

the

shift in a maonner

we

wi

ll

decri

be

later

on

,

you

can

assign

frequen

tly

typed

commands

or

other

operations

to

these keys.

NOTE: If

you

press

the

I

S><

•

nl

key

by

mistake, press it again

to

ca

ncel.

E.

LOWER-CASE

LETTERS

and the

SMALL

KEY

The

~

key

allows

you

to

specify lower

case

for all alphabetic keys. If

you

do

not

specify

the

SMALL mode,

SHARP

will sele

ct

upper·case

for

you

each

time

you

press

an

alphabetic

key.

(W

e c;ill

th

is the

"defau

lt"

mode, meaning

the

way

in which

the

machine

operates

unless

you

tell

it

othervvise.)

You

can

type

individuai lower·case l

etters

by

pressing

the

f

SH•FT

J

key

before the

letter.

The

SMLJ

key

may

be

used

to

effect

the

SMALL

mode

. In SMALL

mode

lowerc;ise letters

result from pressing

an

alp

habet

ic k

ey

and

indivi

dua

l upper-case

lett

ers

are

displayed

by

pressing

the '

'"'"'

'

key

first. When the

computer

is in SMALL

mode,

the

word

SMALLwill

appear

on

the

top

portion

of

the

display window. Once

you

have placed the

computer

in SMALL

mode,

it w

ill

tcmain in this

mode

unt

il

you

press

th

e f

SM

U

key

again.

NOTE:

\Ve

r

eco

mmend

that

you

rest

rict

you

r

use

of

lower·case

for

the

moment.

Th

is

because

SHARP

only

recognizes

inst

ru

ctio

ns

in

upper-case letters. When

you

learn

to

program, you

..

viii find lo

...

Jer·case letters handy.

12

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F. THE DISPLAY

Press ON.

Th

e "glasswi

ndow"

pa

rt

of

the

computer

is

ca

ll

ed

the

"di

splay

."

It

looks

someth

ing

li

ke

this:

OC

G

•••

·.

:·

•'

On

the

di

sp

l

ay

you

sh

ould

see

an

) (called a "pr

ompt"),

several words

or

abbreviations,

~nd

a

dot

{indicating

tha

t

the

battery

is

functioning). Do

not

be

conce

rn

ed

if

the

specific

abb

r

e-v

ia·

tions

appea

ri

ng

on

youl' display

ar

e

not

those

of

our

illustration. These symbo

ls

change as

vou

operate SHARP.

G.

Th

e

CURSOR

and

the

PRO

MPT

At the far left

of

the display, find t

he

prompt

symbo

l

(>I;

it pr

ompts

you

to

ta

lk

to SHA

RP

.

When

the

"p

r

ompt

" appears

it

means SHARP has

no

immed'i

ate

plans and awaits

your

bi

dd

i

ng,

Type

a l

etter

of

your

choice.

It

replaces >

at

the le

ft

of

the

display. while

to

the right of

your

le

tter

appears a _ (unde

rl

ine

symb

ol).

Th

is is a curso

r.

As

you

press

each

k

ey

, the cursor i

nche

s

its way across the displ

ay

, indicating where the

you

type will appear. Type

your

name

and

note t

he

movement

of

th

e .;;ursor.

If

yo

u

type

more

tha

n 25

cha

racters,

the

limit

that

can

be

cl

isplayed

at

one time

the

entire 'line

sh

ifts left. (Try it!). Characters "pUshed

off"

th

e screen are

not

lo

st: they remain in

SHARP

as pa

rt

of

the

typ

ed line,

up

to

a m

ax

imum

of

80

characters

for

any single line.

We

will see

how

to

"reca

ll"

and

ho\Y

to

change

th

ese characters in a later section.

H. CLEAR

(The red @ key in

the

upper

right corner}

Push

this

button

an

d

you

Clear

the d ispl

ay

of

its

contents.

Use it

to

erase

the

charaC'tcrs

that

you

just

typed

in. Notice

that

t

he

prompt

has

returned, indicating

th

at

the

compute

r

is

aga

in

wa

it

ing

fo

r

your

com

mands.

The

clear key

is

al

so

us

ed

to

cancel

an

incorre

ct

command. (Sec

the

section

on

Err

or

messages

below).

I. ENTER

As

you

type

in

to

the

computer,

the

let1crs or numbers

appear

on

th•

display. SHARPwi

ll

take

NO ACTION, however,

un

til

yo

u si

9na

l t

hat

you

have finished typin9 {after all,

it

c;in'tread

you

r

mind). This

is

done

by

pressing t

he

ENTER key

after

your

othe

r keys

tr

okes. At

th

is poin

t,

th

e

computer

will scan

the

chara

ct

ers

you

have

typed

for

correct

form. Certain errors,

but

by

no

means all

err

ors, will cause

your

i

np

ut

to

be reje

ct

ed.

REMEMBER: Press the l••T••I

key

each time

you

wish to

enter

an

instruction

or

item

of

da

ta

i

nto

the machine.

J.

ERROR MESSAG

ES

Press

the

following keys:

o:JIIJOJ

I = I

Now pressIENTERI.

The

answer

should

be displayed.

Th

ree, rig

ht?

No? Y

ou

get

"ERROR

1"

as

you

r answer?

Is

your

compUter

defec

tive? Neve

r!

The

re'

s a mistake in

the

form

of

the

command.

"ER

ROR

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notsale this PDF

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13

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1"

is

an

error

code

which

tells

you

that

you

have

incorrectly

performed a calcula

ti

on.

{For

th

e

curious, a

complete

list

of

error

messages is

included

as

an

appendix). \'\'e'll

take

the

blame

for

this first

error

and

in later sections we'll shov1

you

ho\v

to

use

other

keys

to

correct

an

erroneous

command. For now.

you

may use the

Clear

key

to

erase the error message.

K.

BATTERY FUNCTION

IN

DICATION

When this

dot

disappears. the ti

me

has

come

to

rejuvenate SHARP by replaci,ng its

batter

i

es

.

Sec

Appendix for ins

tru

ct

ions.

Battery

funct

i

on

indicator-----

~

li

RUN

THE

CAN

THE

HAT

_J

L,

RCL

(Recall)

key

This

key

is used

to

"call

up"

or

retrieve a previously

stored

statement

Or'

phrase

in

the

Reserve

Mode.

To

accomp

li

sh

retrieval

of

a Reserve Modee

ntr

y,

perform

these steps:

First

enter

the Reserve Mode

by

depressing

the

Reserve Select

key

(~)to

select

the

group

I,

11,

or

Ill

the

(RESERVE

SELECT KEY

is

located

imm

ediately

to

the

left

of

the

RCL (Recall}

key).

Now

depress

the

RCL (Recall) Key

and

t

he

Reserve Key previously assigned. If

you

have

forgotten

your

pre~io us

assignments,

simp

ly follow

the

instructi

ons

in paragraph B

on

page 130.

QUIZ

-CHAPTER

Match

each

item

in

column

A

with

one

from

column

B. (Answe

rs

on

bottom

of

page).

H

INT:

Column

B

contains

some

silly

possibilities.

A

al

SHIFT

key

b) The Display

cl

The

Cursor

d) ENTER

key

e) BREAK

key

f)

CLEAR

key

g)

The

P

ro

mpt

hl

The

red HE

IR

R

IN

G

key

Do

notsale this PDF

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B

1)

A

malcontent

g

iv

en

to

constant

S\-vearing.

2) A

key

which cleans t

he

display

window

and

erases

any

re!Sults

from previous

computations

.

3)

A

key

..

vhich selects

one

of 2 characters which share

the

same

key.

41

Ain't

no

such

key.

5)

A

character,

appearing in

the

display,

which

informs

the

user

that

the

computer

awaits

his/

l

~er

command.

6) The

key

which signals

the

computer

that

t

he

User is finis

hed

typing.

71

A k

ey

which interrupts a progr

am

in

the

process

of

computing.

Sl

The

name

of

a rare tropical fish.

9)

The

character.

on

the display, which

indi

cateswhere

the

character

will appear.

101

The

glass wi

ndow

on

which

information

appears.

14

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II.

TAKING

THE PLUNGE

...

Actually.

th

is

chapter

is

probably

misnamed; learning

to

use the PC·1500A

is

not

near

ly

as

shocking

as

plunging

into

a pool of \Yater.

Ho

\•.i

ever, it

docs

require that you approach the corn·

puter with

out

fear. As

\Ye

have said before, you cannot h

urt

or

damage the computer merely

by

pressing

the

keys.

In this chapter we wi

ll

explore

the funda

me

nta

l features

of

SHARP upon which programs and

more advanced calculations

are

based. Take the time necessary

to

work through

the

examples in

ea

ch section. A good understanding

of

the ba

si

cs will allow you

to

exp

loit this machine's full

potential.

Although we

do

not

recommend

it,

if

you feel

that

you

are sufficiently advance

d.

you

may

skip ahead to the summary

at

t

he

end

of this chapter.

A. MODE

Let's begin with a

key

we

have been ignoring until no\v.

At

the right of the keyboard find

th

e

very important

butto

n labelled MODE. Press

it

repeatedly. Notice, each time you press the

key

.

th

e changes in

the

abbreviati

ons

at

the

upper

right. Changing the machine's mode in this

way

can

be

likened

to

shifting gears on a car.

As

each new

.m

ode

or

gear is engaged, machinery

wf1

ich

appears

outwa

rdly unchanged performs

dif

fe

r

en

tly. Like a car, SHARP must be placed in the

proper mode

to

functi

on

acco

rding

to

plan.

And

. also like a car.

when

you

attempt

to

operate

SHARP in an improper

"gear",

the

compute

r will quickly

notify

you of

you

r mistake.

By repeatedly pressing

the

MOOE

button

you

will be i

ntroduced

to

the

two

most

im

porta

nt

of

SHARP's

thr

ee modes: RUN and PROgram. A

th

ird mode, RESERVE, is

act

iv

ated

by

prcs$ing

the

SHIFT key before

the

MODE key. Later chapters

of

thi$ manual will describe how each

of

these modes

contr

i

bu

tes

to

the

smooth running

of

SHARP.

For

now. remember

that

in

ord~

r

to

use SHARP as a calculator.

you

must be in the

RUN

mode. Later. in t

he

PROgram mode, you

wi

ll

write and change programs. With the RESERVE

mode

you

can assign frequently used

commands

to

a single k

ey

. This is explained in greater detail in

Chapte

r

7.

Note

that the first ti

me

you

turn the

computer

on

aft

er inserting batteries, it will settle

into

the

PRO mode.

At

other

times

the

computer w

ill

come

on

in the mo

de

in

wh

i

ch

it

last

operate

d

before being shut off.

B.

SIMPLE CALCULATIONS

With SHARP

set

in the RUN mode, l

et

's test fundamental

mat

hematical comp

utat

ions.

It

is

necessary before each calculation

to

press @ . This clears

the

display

of

any previous

dat

a

wh

ich might interfere with a

new

calculation. Find answers

to

·

the

following

simp

le problems:

Input

Dis~lay

mrnm

1

••••

•1 7

mG

m l••t<•I 3

mmm

(ENTER)

2.

5

mrnm

I

ENTERI

10

NOTE: Do

not

tYPe

an

eq

ual sign. Remember from

Chapter

I

that

it

is

the

ENTER key which

informs SHARP

that

you

have finished tYping and wish

to

lhave

your

command

or

calculation

performed.

Do

notsale this PDF

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15

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1500 at http://www.PC-1500.info

C. SERIAL CALCULATIONS

You can

ut

ilize an answer from one C<Jlculation in a following calculation

by

proceeding

directly

to

the second calculation. (Do

not

press

CL

between calculations). Thus,

ii

you are

balancinga

checkbook,

you will operate SHARP in

th

is fashion:

Input Display

161.16 -47.

50

i

£HT£R

f 1 1

3.

66

-

12.33

1 1

3.

66-1

2.

33

fE

llT

Ell l

101

.

33

As

y

ou

will

obs<Jrve

,

th

e resu

lt

of

the

first calculation jumps

to

the

left

of

the

display as

you

be

gin the second calculation.

NOTE: DO NOT

type

dollar signs or commas when

enter

ing numbers in cal

cu

lations. These

symbols ha

ve

special meaning in the BASIC languag,e (and therefore to SHARP).

Otheroperations can

be

performed similarily. Ti

ry

these:

Input

Display

5 1• 3 I

tH

t

tR

I 8

8+3

- 1 I

EN

T

ER

I 10

1.0'

*3

- 1 1t

.NTE:R

I

29

29f3

- 1 IENT

ER

!

8.

666666667

D. CALCULATIONS WITH

NEGATIVE

NUMBERS

Imagine

you

have

pr

esented

your

computer

science teacher.

Mr

. Onoff, with

two

apples. You

have remaining an inventory

of

f

iv

e apples, and

you

wonder,

"How

many apples

would

I now

have if I hadn't

been

so generous

to

Mr

.

Onoff?".

To

find

the

answer, you

might

imagine

the

subtraction from inventory negated;

that

is,

you

would subtract the

subtr

acti on. Type into

SHARP: 5 - - 2 I

'"n•

I . Seven would be

your

hyp

ot

het

ical inventory. Try these simil

ar

cal

cu

l

a·

tions with negative

ly

signed numbers:

S.*-2

5+

- 2

5/

- 2

-5-2.3

-5+

- 2

-

5/

- 2

Do

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1500

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:/l

www.PC-1500.info

REMEMBER:

To

press

CC

TJ

betweencalculations

10

Clear

previous results.

E. COMPOUND CALCULATIONS

You can string together a sequence

of

calculations before asking SHARP for an answer.

For

example, you and two friends, Hob and Nob, wish to shore 5 apples twice a day for a week. H

ow

many apples should

YOU

buy

to

last the week? 5 apples ( I

_J

3 friends

Q(J

2 per day

[!)

7

days:

Keystrokes Display

23.

33333333

(Buy 24 apples and a parrot, to whom you can

feed

the extra 1/3 apple). Run the following

ca

l·

culations, (but this ti

me

invent

your

own

stories as

to

what they represent}:

Input Display

5*2

-3.675 )EHtt•I

6.

325

5/3*6.2+7

-

47

IEHTt"ll]

-29.

66666667

F.

USE

OF PARENTHESES

A problem which emerges as we

invc

stigato compound calculations

is

that

of

priority. For

instance, the expression 5 - 3 I 4 can be read two ways: (5 minus 3) divided by 4,

in

which case

the answer

is

.5,

or

5 minus

(3

divided by 4), inwhich case lhc answer

is

4.25.

Located

in

th

e first row

of

keys arc the parentheses which you can use to clarify such

ambiauities. Run the following calculations:

Input Display

5

-3

/ 4 ICNTC•I

4.

25

5-(3/4)

I

(NTf•

I

4.

25

(5-3)/4

If.

HT

!lll

0.

5

SHARP

is

predisposed {has "default" priorities)

to

perform some calculations

l>efor

e others

(for a complete

li

sting

of

the order

in

which SHARP calc

ul

ates, sec Appendix 0).

Divi

sion

and

multiplication w

ill

be carried

out

before subtraction and addition, unless parentheses are used to

direct a different ordering.

Th

us SHARP

is

built

to

interpret the first equation above as being

equal

to

the second rather

than

to

the third. To make sure

that

the answer SHARP gives you

is

the

one you need, use parentheses to indicate the proper order inwhich itshould perform calcula·

tions.

SH

A

RP

can

interpret

several

layer

s

of

parentheses

as

in

this

prob

lem

:

17

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1500 at http://www.PC-1500.info

In

put

Display

( ( 6 -

4)

I 2) *(((3 - 1) I

4)

*6) I

E:

'l

lfA

I 3

The

equ

at i

ons

wi

th

in

th

e innerm

ost

w.

t

of

pare

nt

heses will al\vays be c

alc

ula

ted

fir

st.

REMEMBER:

When

in d

ou

bt

.

us

e pa

rent

he

ses to·clarify the order of

your

arilhmetic

opera

tions.

G. LOGICAL COMPARISONS AND INEQUALITIES

SHARP

will

allow

you

to

compa

re

two

1J

alu

es

or

eQuat

ions and \viii indicate

to

you

the

res

ult

of

the c

om

pa

ri

son. T his a

bi

l

ity

is

bas

ic to designing

pro

grams

which

make decisions. The manner in

wh

i

ch

lhis is d

one

w

il

l

be

recognizab

le

to

stude

nts

of

th

@

..

N@w

M

at

h

..

as

an in

equ

a

li

ty

(

don

't

despair

if

you

o,,

·

1er

e

n'

t raised

on

Ne\v M

at

h;

th

e

autho

r

\•Jas

n'

t

eith

er)

.

An

in

equal

i

ty

may

be

tho

ug

ht

of

as a

com

pa

rison

which is either

tru

e or fal

se

.

For

i

ns

tance,

the

stateme

nt

"s

ix div

id

ed

by

thr

ee

is

equal

to

t\vo"

is a

co

mparis

on

whi

ch

h

app

ens

to

be true.

On

t

he

oth

er h

and.

t

he

statement,

"s

ix

divided

by

three

is

greater

th

an

fi

11e"

is a false c

omp

arisol).

Co1nputers a

nd

mathemat

ic

ia

ns

u

se

the fo

ll

o

.....

ing

sym

bols for the possi

ble

ty

pes

of

com

·

parisons:

< less than

> great

er

th

a"

=

equa

l

to

<= less than

OR

equa

l to

>=

greater

th

an

0 R equal to

<> n

ot

equa

l to

Th

us

,

we

can

re

state

th

o above inequalities sy

mbo

lically. as: 6 { 3 = 2 and 6 I 3 > 5 res

pec

·

tively.

G

iv

en

an i

nequa

lity,

SHARP

will

de

terr

nine

..

..,hether t

he

com

pa

ri

ion

is

true

or

fal

s.e

.

In

keeping

\Yit

h

current

c

om

puter design

pract

ice,

SHARP

will

in

dicate a ttue s

taternent

with a t and

a false s

tatem

erl! with a 0.

Fo

r example if

you

type:

6 13 = 2

SHARP

w

ill

respond

with a 1 (for

true

). T

yping

th

e

seq

uen

ce

:

6 I 3>5

will eli

cit

a r

espo

nse

of

0

(for

false).

Try

th

e following t

ests

of

SHARP's

j

udgmen

t (be

su

re

you

are

in

RUN

mod

e):

18

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