Tektronix 2445 User manual

Ifektronix
2445
OSCILLOSCOPE
OPERATORS
INSTRUCTION MANUAL
2445
OSCILLOSCOPE
OPERATORS

Tektronix
COMMITTED TO EXCELLENCE
PLEASE CHECK FOR CHAN E INFORMATION
AT THE REAR OF THIS MANUAL.
2445
OSCILLOSCOPE
OPERATORS
INSTRUCTION MANUAL
Tektronix, Inc.
P.O. Box 500
Beaverton, Oregon 97077 Serial N um b er _____________________
070-3830-00
Produ t Group 38 First Printing OCT 1982
Revised JAN 1985
Tektronix, Inc.
P.O. Box 500
Beaverton, Oregon 97077
070-3830-00
Product Group 38
COMMITTEDTO EXCELLENCE
PLEASE CHECK
F0R
CHANGE INFORMATION
AT
THE REAR OF THIS MANUAL.
2445
OSCILLOSCOPE
OPIERATORS
INSTRUCTlON
MANUAL
Serial
Number
______
_
First Printing OCT 1982
Revised JAN
1985

Copyright © 1982 Tektronix, Inc. All rights reserved.
Contents of this publication may not be reproduced in any
form without the written permission of Tektronix, Inc.
Products of Tektronix, Inc. and its subsidiaries are covered
by U.S. and foreign patents and/or pending patents.
TEKTRONIX, TEK, SCOPE-MOBILE, and are
registered trademarks of Tektronix, Inc. TELEQUIPMENT
is a registered trademark of Tektronix U.K. Limited.
Printed in U.S.A. Specification and price change privileges
are reserved.
INSTRUMENT SERIAL NUMBERS
Each instrument has a serial number on a panel insert, tag,
or stamped on the chassis. The first number or letter
designates the country of manufacture. The last five digits
of the serial number are assigned sequentially and are
unique to each instrument. Those manufactured in the
United States have six unique digits. The country of
manufacture is identified as follows:
B000000 Tektronix, Inc., Beaverton, Oregon, USA
100000 Tektronix uernsey, Ltd., Channel Islands
200000 Tektronix United Kingdom, Ltd., London
300000 Sony/Tektronix, Japan
700000 Tektronix Holland, NV, Heerenveen,
The Netherlands
Copyright
©
1982 Tektronix,
Inc.
All
rights reserved.
Contents
of
this publication may not
be
reproduced
in
any
form without the written permission
of
Tektronix, Inc.
Products of Tektronix,
Inc.
and
its subsidiaries are covered
by
U.S. and foreign patents and/or pending patents.
TEKTRONIX, TEK, SCOPE-MOBILE, and
are
registered trademarks
of
Tektronix, Inc. TELEQUIPMENT
is
a registered trademark
of
Tektronix U
.K.
Limited.
Printed
in
U.S.A. Specification
and
price change privileges
are
reserved.
INSTRUMENT SERIAL
NUMBERS
Each
instrument has a serial number on a panel insert, tag,
or stamped
on
the chassis. The first number
or
letter
designates the country
of
manufacture. The last five digits
of the serial number
are
assigned sequentially and are
unique to each instrument. Those manufactured
in
the
United States have six unique digits. The country of
manufacture
is
identified
as
follows:
B000000
100000
200000
300000
700000
Tektronix, Inc., Beaverton, Oregon, USA
Tektronix Guernsey, Ltd., Channel Islands
Tektronix United Kingdom, Ltd., London
Sony/Tektronix, Japan
Tektronix Holland,
NV
,
Heerenveen,
The Netherlands

2445 Operators
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page Page
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ..........
LIST OF TABLES ............................
OPERATORS SAFETY SUMMARY
SECTION 1 SPECIFICATION
INTRODUCTION............................... 1-1
PERFORMANCE CONDITIONS .. . 1-1
SECTION 2 PREPARATION FOR USE
SAFETY .............................................. 2-1
LINE VOLTAGE SELECTION .... 2-1
LINE FUSE ......................................... 2-1
POWER CORD.................................... 2-1
INSTRUMENT COOLING ............... 2-1
START-UP ........................................... 2-2
REPACKAGING FOR SHIPMENT. . 2-2
SECTION 3 CONTROLS, CONNECTORS,
AND INDICATORS
POWER AND DISPLAY..................... 3-1
VERTICAL ......................................... 3-2
HORIZONTAL AND DELTA
MEASUREMENT............................. 3-4
TRIGGER ........................................... 3-7
REAR PANEL .................................... 3-9
READOUT DISPLAY .......................... 3-11
SECTION 4 OPERATIN CONSIDERATIONS
GRATICULE....................................... 4-1
TIME AND VOLTAGE
MEASUREMENTS ............................ 4-1
GROUNDING .................................... 4-1
SIGNAL CONNECTIONS .................. 4-2
INPUT-COUPLING CAPACITOR
PRECHARGING ................................. 4-2
EXTERNALTRIGGERING ............. 4-2
SECTION 5 OPERATOR'S CHECKS AND
ADJUSTMENTS
INTRODUCTION............................... 5-1
INITIAL SETUP ................................. 5-1‘
TRACE ROTATION
ADJUSTMENT.................................... 5-1
ASTIGMATISM ADJUSTMENT . . . 5-2
AUTO DC BALANCE
ADJUSTMENT .................................... 5-2
PROBE LOW-FREQUENCY
COMPENSATION............................... 5-2
MATCHING CHANNEL 2 DELAY. . 5-3
AMPLITUDE CHECK ....................... 5-4
TIMING CHECK ................................. 5-4
SECTION 6 BASIC APPLICATIONS
INDEX OF PROCEDURES ............... 6-1
VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT .......... 6-1
VOLTAGE RATIO ............................ 6-2
ALGEBRAIC ADDITION AND
ELIMINATING COMMON-MODE
SIGNALS . ........................................... 6-3
TIME INTERVAL............................... 6-4
FREQUENCY .................................... 6-4
TIME DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
TWO TIME-RELATED PULSES . . . 6-5
TIME RATIO ...................................... 6-5
PHASE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
TWO TIME-RELATED SIGNALS . . 6-6
SMALL-ANGLE PHASE
DIFFERENCE.................................... 6-6
DELAYED-SWEEP OPERATION. . . 6-7
SECTION 7 OPTIONS AND ACCESSORIES
INTRODUCTION............................... 7-1
OPTION 1R......................................... 7-1
POWER CORD OPTIONS .................. 7-1
STANDARD ACCESSORIES .......... 7-2
OPTIONAL ACCESSORIES ............. 7-2
APPENDIX A POWER-UP TESTS
KERNEL TESTS ................................. A-1
CONFIDENCE TESTS ....................... A-1
CHAN E INFORMATION

2445 Operators
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure Page
The 2445 Os illos ope...................................................................................................................... iv
2- 1 Line sele tor swit h, line fuse, and deta hable power ord ............................................................ 2-2
3- 1 Power and display ontrols............................................................................................................... 3-1
3-2 Verti al ontrols and CH 1 OR X and CH 2 onne tors.................................................................. 3-2
3-3 Channel 3 and Channel 4 ontrols and onne tors and CALIBRATOR o u tp u t ........................ 3-3
3-4 Horizontal and delta measurement ontrols ................................................................................... 3-4
3-5 Trigger ontrols and indi ators.......................................................................................................... 3-7
3-6 Rear-panel ontrols and onne tors......................................................................................................3-10
3- 7 Readout display lo ations.....................................................................................................................3-11
4- 1 Grati ule measurement markings..................................................................................................... 4-1
5- 1 Probe low-frequen y ompensation................................................................................................... 5-3
6- 1 Instantaneous d levels....................................................................................................................... 6-1
6-2 Voltage ratios...................................................................................................................................... 6-2
6-3 Eliminating ommon-mode signals .......................................................................................... 6-3
6-4 Measuring rise times............................................................................................................................ 6-4
6-5 Time differen e between two time-related pulses ( ursor m ethod)............................................. 6-5
6-6 Time ratios (duty y les).................................................................................................................. 6-6
6-7 Phase differen e between two time-related signals......................................................................... 6-7
6-8 Small-angle phase differen e............................................................................................................. 6-7
6-9 Time differen e between two time-related pulses (delayed-sweep method)................................ 6-9
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1-1 Electrical Characteristics.................................................................................................................... 1-2
1-2 Environmental Characteristics.......................................................................................................... 1-9
1- 3 Mechanical Characteristics.................................................................................................................. 1-10
2- 1 Voltage, Fuse, and Power-Cord Data................................................................................................ 2-3
A-1 Confidence Test Numbers and Descriptions................................................................................... A-1

2445 Operators
OPERATORS SAFETY SUMMARY
The general safety information in this part of the summary is for both operating and servicing personnel. Specific warnings
and cautions will be found throughout the manual where they apply and do not appear in this summary.
Terms in This Manual
CAUTION statements identify onditions or pra ti es
that ould result in damage to the equipment or other
property.
WARNING statements identify onditions or pra ti es
that ould result in personal injury or loss of life.
rounding the Product
This produ t is grounded through the grounding ondu tor
of the power ord. To avoid ele tri al sho k, plug the
power ord into a properly wired re eptable before on
ne ting to the produ t input or output terminals. A
prote tive ground onne tion by way of the grounding
ondu tor in the power ord is essential for safe operation.
Terms as Marked on Equipment
CAUTION indi ates a personal injury hazard not imme
diately a essible as one reads the markings, or a hazard to
property, in luding the equipment itself.
DANGER indi ates a personal injury hazard immediately
a essible as one reads the marking.
Danger Arising From Loss of round
Upon loss of the prote tive-ground onne tion, all a es
sible ondu tive parts (in luding knobs and ontrols that
may appear to be insulating) an render an ele tri sho k.
Symbols in This Manual
This symbol indi ates where appli able
A autionary or other information is to be
found. For maximum input voltage see
Table 1-1.
Use the Proper Power Cord
Use only the power ord and onne tor spe ified for
your produ t.
Use only a power ord that is in good ondition.
For detailed information on power ords and onne tors
see Table 2-1.
Symbols as Marked on Equipment
DANGER — High voltage.
Prote tive ground (earth) terminal.
Use the Proper Fuse
To avoid fire hazard, use only a fuse of the orre t type,
voltage rating and urrent rating as spe ified in the parts
list for your produ t.
A ATTENTION — Refer to manual.
Power Source
This produ t is intended to operate from a power sour e
that does not apply more than 250 volts rms between the
supply ondu tors or between either supply ondu tor and
ground. A prote tive ground onne tion by way of the
grounding ondu tor in the power ord is essential for safe
operation.
Do Not Operate in Explosive Atmospheres
To avoid explosion, do not operate this produ t in an
explosive atmosphere unless it has been spe ifi ally er
tified for su h operation.
Do Not Remove Covers or Panels
To avoid personal injury, do not remove the produ t
overs or panels. Do not operate the produ t without the
overs and panels properly installed.

2445 Operators

Section 1—2445 Operators
SPECIFICATION
INTRODUCTION
The TEKTRONIX 2445 Os illos ope is a portable
150-MHz instrument having a four- hannel verti al defle 
tion system. Channel 1 and Channel 2 provide alibrated
defle tion fa tors from 2 mV per division to 5 V per
division. For ea h of these hannels, input impedan e is
sele table between two values: either 1 M£2 in parallel
with 15 pF, or 50 12 internal termination. Input-signal
oupling with 1-M£2 impedan e an be sele ted as either
AC or DC. Channel 3 and Channel 4 have defle tion fa tors
of either 0.1 V or 0.5 V per division. Ea h of these hannels
has an input impedan e of 1 M£2 in parallel with 15 pF,
with DC input-signal oupling. Trigger ir uits enable stable
triggering over the full bandwidth of the verti al system.
The horizontal defle tion system provides alibrated
sweep speeds from 1.5 s per division to 1 ns per division.
Drive for the horizontal defle tion system is obtained from
a hoi e of A, B delayed, A alternated with B delayed
sweeps, or CH 1 (for the X-Y display mode).
The 2445 in orporates alphanumeri rt readouts of the
verti al and horizontal s ale fa tors, the trigger levels,
time-differen e measurement values, voltage-differen e
measurement values, and ertain auxiliary information.
The 2445 Os illos ope is shipped with the following
standard a essories:
2 Probe pa kages
1 Snap-lo k a essories pou h
1 Zip-lo k a essories pou h
1 Operators manual
1 Servi e manual
1 Power ord (installed)
1 2-A, 250-V fuse
1 Clear plasti rt filter
1 Blue plasti rt filter (installed)
1 Front-panel over
1 Operators po ket referen e ard
For part numbers and further information about both
standard and optional a essories, refer to "Options and
A essories" (Se tion 7) of this manual. Your Tektronix
representative or lo al Tektronix Field Offi e an also
provide a essories information and ordering assistan e.
PERFORMANCE CONDITIONS
The following ele tri al hara teristi s (Table 1-1)
are valid for the 2445 when it has been adjusted at an
ambient temperature between +20°C and +30°C, has had
a warm-up period of at least 20 minutes, and is operating
at an ambient temperature between —15°C and +55°C
(unless otherwise noted).
Items listed in the "Performan e Requirements" olumn
are verifiable qualitative or quantitative limits that define
the measurement apabilities of the instrument.
Environmental hara teristi s are given in Table 1-2.
The 2445 Os illos ope meets the environmental require
ments of MIL-T-28800C for Type III, Class 3, Style C
equipment, with the humidity and temperature require
ments defined in paragraphs 3.9.2.2, 3.9.2.3, and 3.9.2.4.
Me hani al hara teristi s of the 2445 are listed in
Table 1-3.
1-1

Specification—2445 Operators
Table 1-1
Characteristics
Electrical Characteristics
Performance Requirements
VERTICAL DEFLECTION SYSTEM-CHANNEL 1 AND CHANNEL 2
Defle tion Fa tor
Range 2 mV per division to 5 V per division in a 1-2-5 sequen e of 11 steps.
A ura y
+15°Cto +35° C Within ±2% at any VOLTS/DIV setting for a 4- or 5-division signal
entered on the s reen.
—15°C to +15°C and +35°Cto +55°C Add 1% to +15°C-to-+35°C spe ifi ation.
AV A ura y (using ursors over entire
grati ule area)
+ 15°C to +35°C ±(1.25% of reading + 0.03 division + signal aberrations).
—15°C to +15°C and +35°Cto +55°C Add 1% of reading to +15°C-to-+35°C spe ifi ation.
AV Range ± 8 times the VOLTS/DIV swit h setting.
Variable Range Continuously variable between VOLTS/DIV swit h settings. Extends
defle tion fa tor of the 5 V per division setting to at least 12.5 V
per division.
Frequen y Response (3 dB bandwidth)
— 15°C to +55°C
Six-division referen e signal from a terminated 50-0 system, with
VAR VOLTS/DIV ontrol in alibrated detent.
VOLTS/DIV
setting
— 3 dB bandwidth
with standard-accessory
probe or internal
50-Q termination
— 4.7 dB bandwidth
with 50-Q external
termination on
1-Mft input
2 mV DC to 80 MHz DC to 80 MHz
— 15°C to + 35°C 5 mV or greater DC to 150 MHz DC to 150 MHz
+ 35°C to + 55°C 5 mV or greater DC to 100 MHz DC to 100 MHz
AC Coupled Lower —3 dB Point
IX Probe 10 Hz or less.
10X Probe 1 Hz or less.
Step Response
Rise Time 2.33 ns or less for VOLTS/DIV swit h settings of 5 mV and up
( al ulated).
4.4 ns or less for VOLTS/DIV swit h setting of 2 mV ( al ulated).
Rise time al ulated from: bandwidth x rise time = 0.35.
Common-mode Reje tion Ratio (CMRR) At least 20:1 at 50 MHz for ommon-mode signals of eight divisions
or less, with VAR VOLTS/DIV ontrol adjusted for best CMRR at
50 kHz at any VOLTS/DIV swit h setting from 5 mV to 5 V; at
least 20:1 at 20 MHz at 2 mV per division.
1-2 REV MAR 1984

Specification—2445 Operators
Table 1-1 (cont)
Characteristics Performance Requirements
VERTICAL DEFLECTION SYSTEM-CHANNEL 1 AND CHANNEL 2 (cont)
Channel Isolation 100:1 or greater attenuation of the desele ted hannel at 100 MHz;
50:1 or greater attenuation at 150 MHz, for an eight-division input
signal from 2 mV per division to 500 mV per division, with equal
VOLTS/DIV swit h settings on both hannels.
Displayed Channel 2 Signal Delay with Respe t
to Channel 1 Signal Adjustable through a range of at least —500 ps to +500 ps.
Input R and C (1 MO)
Resistan e 1 MO ±0.5%.
Capa itan e 15 pF ±2 pF.
Maximum Input Voltage A400 V (d + peak a ).
800 V p-p a at 10 kHz or less.
Input R (50 O)
Resistan e 50 O ±1%.
VSWR (DC to 150 MHz) 1.3:1 or less.
Maximum Input Voltage
(DC Coupling Only) A5 V rms; 0.5 W-se onds during any 1-s interval for instantaneous
voltage from 5 V to 50 V.
Cas aded Operation CH 2 SIGNAL OUT into Channel 1 input; DC oupled using a
50-0 RG-58C/U oaxial able, terminated in 50 $7 at the Channel 1
input. Channel 1 and Channel 2 VOLTS/DIV swit h set to 2 mV.
Bandwidth D to 50 MHz or greater.
Defle tion Fa tor 400 mV per division ±10%.
VERTICAL DEFLECTION SYSTEM-CHANNEL 3 AND CHANNEL 4
Defle tion Fa tor
Values 0.1 V per division and 0.5 V per division.
A ura y Within ±10%.
Frequen y Response (3-dB Bandwidth) Six-division referen e signal, from a terminated 50-0 system.
— 3 dB Bandwidth
With standard accessory probe — 4.7 dB Bandwidth
With external 50-0 termination
DC to 150 MHz DC to 150 MHz
Step Response
Rise Time 2.33 ns or less ( al ulated from bandwidth).
Channel Isolation 50:1 or greater attenuation of the desele ted hannel at 100 MHz
with an eight-division input signal.
REV MAY 1984 1-3