Tektronix 2445 User manual

Tektronix, Inc.
P.O.
Box 500
Beaverton. Oregon 97077
070-3830-00
Product Group 38
COMMITTEDm EXCELlENCE
PLEASE CHECK FOR CHANGE INFORMATION
AT THE REAR OF THIS MANUAL
2445
OSCILLOSCOPE
OPERATORS
INSTRUCTION MANUAL
Serial Number _____ _
First Printing OCT 1982
Revised
JUL 1983

Copyright ® 1982 Tektronix. Inc. All rights reserved.
Contents
of this publication may not be reproduced in any
form without the written permission of Tektronix.
Inc.
Products of Tektronix, Inc. and its subsidiaries are covered
by U.S. and foreign patents andlor pending patents.
TEKTRONIX, TEK, SCOPE-MOBILE, and it are
registered trademarks
of Tektronix. Inc. TELEQUIPMENT
is a registered trademark of Tektronix U.K. Limited.
Printed
in U.S.A. Specification and price change privileges
are reserved.
INSTRUMENT SERIAL NUMBERS
Each instrument has a serial number on a panel insert, tag,
or stamped
on the chassis. The first number or letter
designates the country of manufacture.
The last five digits
of the serial number are aSSigned sequentially and are
unique to each instrument. Those manufactured
in the
United States have six unique digits. The country of
manufacture
is identified as follows:
BOOOOOO Tektronix, Inc .• Beaverton, Oregon, USA
100000 Tektronix Guernsey, Ltd., Channel Islands
200000 Tektronix United Kingdom. Ltd., London
300000 SonyITektronix, Japan
700000 Tektronix Holland, NV, Heerenveen,
The Netherlands

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2445 Operaton
tABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. . • . • . . . • . • • • . • . • ji
LISTOF TABLES. . • . . • . . • • • . • . • . • • • . • • • • ii
OPERATORS SAFETY SUMMARY. • • • . • • . • . • • iii
SECTION 1 SPECIFICATION
INTRODUCTIQN. . • • . • • • • • •
•• 1·1
PERFORMAN¢E CONDITIONS. •• 1·1
SECTION 2 PREPARATION FOR USE
SAFETY ....•.••.••.••.• , •• 2·1
LINE VOLTAGE SELECTION. • •• 2·'
LINE FUSE. . • . • • . . • • . . • • . .• 2·1
POWER CORD.. . .• . • •• . . •• •• 2·'
INSTRUMENT COOLING. . • • • •• 2·1
START·UP. . . . • • • • . • • • • • • . .. 2·2
REPACKAGING FOR SHIPMENT.. 2·2
SECTION 3 CONTROLS, COII'NECTORS.
AND INDICATORS
POWER AND DISPLAY. . . . . • . •• 3·1
VERTICAL. • . . • • • . • • . • • . • •• 3·2
HORIZONTAl-AND DELTA
MEASUREMENT. • •• • • • • •.. • •• 3-4
TRIGGER. . • . • • • • • • • • . . . •
•• 3-7
REAR PANEL. • • . . •• .•• • •• .• 3-9
READOUT DISPLAY
••.••••.•. 3·11
SECTION 4 OPERATING cqNSIDERATIONS
GRATICULE
:. . • • • • • • • • . • • • .• 4·1
TIME AND V~LTAGE
MEASUREM~NTS .••.••.•.. " 4-1
GROUNDING. . • • • • . • • • • • • •• 4·1
SIGNAL CO~ECTIONS. • • • • • •• 4·2
INPUT·COupLING CAPACITOR
PRECHARGI"'G. • •
•• . . • . . . • •• 4·2
EXTERNAL tRIGGERING. • • • .• 4·2
SECTION 5 OPERATOR·S
CHECKS AND
ADJUSTMENTS
INTRODUCTION.
•• • . . . • •. • .• 5·1
INITIAL SETUP. . • • • • . • . • • • .• 5·1
TRACE ROTATION
ADJUSTMENT
••.•.••.....•.• &1
ASTIGMATISM ADJUSTMENT •
•. &2
AUTO DC BALANCE
ADJUSTMENT. • • • • • . . • . . . • .. &2
PROBE LOW·FREQUENCY
COMPENSATION. . • . . • • • • • •
•• &2
MATCHING CHANNEL2 DELAY.. 5·3
AMPLITUDE CHECK • • . • . . • •
•. 5-4
TIMING CHECK. • • . • • • . . • • •
.• 5-4
SECTION 6 BASIC APPLICATIONS
INDEXOF PROCEDURES. • • • •
.• 6·1
VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT. • • .. 6·1
VOLTAGE RATIO. • . • • . . • • • •• 6-2
ALGEBRAIC ADDITION AND
ELiMINATINGCOMMON·MODE
SIGNALS • • • • . • • . • . . • . . . •
•• 6·3
TIME
INTERVAL.. • •• . . • • . . •. 6-4
FREQUENCY • . . . • • • . . • • • • •• 6-4
TIME DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
TWO TIME·RELATED PULSES. •• 6·5
TIME RATIO
••••.•••.• " . • •• 6-5
PHASE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
TWO TIME·RELATED SIGNALS •. 6-6
SMALL·ANGLE
PHASE
DIFFERENCE. . • . . . • . . • • • • •• 6-6
DELAYED·SWEEP OPERATION
.• , 6-7
SECTION 7 OPTIONS AND ACCESSORIES
INTRODUCTION.. • . . . . • • • • .• 7·1
OPTION lR. . • . . • • . • • • • • • • .• 7·1
POWER CORD OPTIONS. • . . • • .. 7·1
STANDARD ACCESSORIES ..•• , 7·2
OPTIONAL ACCESSORIES. • • .
.• 7·2
APPENDIX A
POWER·UP TESTS
KERNELTESTS ••••.•••..••. , A·'
CONFIDENCE TESTS. . • • . • • . .. A·1
CHANGE INFORMATION

2445 Operators
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure Page
The 2445 Oscilloscope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
2·1 Line selector switch, line fuse, and detachable power cord. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2·2
3-1 Power and display controls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3·1
3-2 Vertical controls and CH 1 OR X and CH 2 connectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3-2
3-3 Channel 3 and Channel 4 controls and connectors and CALIBRATOR output ......... , 3-3
3-4 Horizontal and delta measurement controls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3-4
3·5 Trigger controls and indicators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . • . .. 3-7
3-6 Rear-panel controls and connectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3·'0
3·7 Readout display locations ...............................•............ , 3·11
4-1 Graticule measurement markings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4-1
5-1 Probe low·frequency compensation. . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5-3
6-1 Instantaneous dc levels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . .. 6-1
6-2 Voltage ratios. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6-2
6-3 Eliminating common-mode signals • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. 6-3
6-4 Measuring rise times. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6-4
6-5 Time difference between two time-related pulses (cursor method) ................. , 6-5
6-6 Time ratios (duty cycles) . . . . . . . . . . . • . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6-6
6·7 Phase difference between two time-related signals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6-7
6·8 Small-angle phase difference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6-7
6-9 Time difference between two time·related pulses (delayed-sweep method) . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6-9
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1-1 Electrical Characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-2
1-2 Environmental Characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-9
1-3 Mechanical Characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-10
2·1 Voltage, Fuse, and Power-Cord Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2-3
A·1 Confidence Test Numbers and Descriptions ................................ , A-'
ii

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2445 Operators
OP~RATORS SAFETY SUMMARY
The general safety information ~ this part of the summary is for both operating andservicing personnel Specific warnings
andcautions will be found thrtWphout the manual where theyapplyanddo not appear in thissummary.
Terms in This Manual
CAUTION statements identity conditions or practices
that could result
in damage ~ the equipment or other
property.
WARNING statements identiiv conditions or practices
that could result
in personal inlfry or loss of life.
r
!
Terms as Marked on Equi~
CAUTION indicates a person~ injury hazard not imme-
diately accessible as one reads' the markings, or a hazard to
I
property, including the equipm,mt itself.
DANGE R indicates a personal injury hazard immediately
accessible
as one reads the rnar~ing.
Symbols in This Manual
This symbol i~dicates where applicable
cautionary or other information
is to be
found. For
maPcimum input Voltage see
Table 1-1. I
Symbols as Marked on E~ipment
DANGER -Hitti voltage.
1
Protective grou~ (earth) terminal.
ATTENT ION - ~efer to manual.
Power Source
This product is intended to ~perate from a power source
that does not apply more
th" 250 volts rms between the
supply conductors or betweel'l either supply conductor and
ground. A protective
groun~ connection by way of the
grounding conductor
in the pt:>wer cord is essential for safe
operation. '
Grounding the Product
This product is grounded through the grounding conductor
of the power cord. To avoid el~trical shock, plug the
power cord into a properly wired receptable before con-
necting to the product input or output terminals. A
protective ground connection
by way of the grounding
conductor
in the power cord is essential for safe operation.
Danger Arising From Loss of Ground
Upon loss of the protective.ground connection, all acces-
sible conductive parts (including knobs and controls that
may 8PPear to be insulating) can render an electric shock.
Use the Proper Power Cord
Use only the power cord and connector specified for
your product.
Use only a power cord that is in good condition.
For'detailed information on power cords and connectors
see Table 2·1.
Use the Proper Fuse
To avoid fire hazard, use only a fuse of the correct type,
voltage rating and current rating as specified in the parts
list for your product.
Do Not Operate in Explosive Atmospheres
To avoid explosion, do not operate this product in an
explosive atmosphere unless it has been specifically cer-
tified for such operation.
Do Not Remove Covers or Panels
To avoid personal injury, do not remove the product
covers or panels.
Do not operate the product without the
covers and panels properly installed.
iii

2445 Operators
-
.....,
3830-01
The 2446 OscillolCOpe.
iv

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Section 1-2445 OperatO"
SPECIFICATION
INTROD..,cnON
The TEKTRONIX 2445 Oscilloscope is a portable
150-MHz instrument having a Ifour-channel vertical deflec-
tion system. Channel 1 and Channel 2 provide calibrated
deflection factors from 2 mV per division to 5 V per
division. For each of these channels, input
impedanCe is
selectable between two val~: either 1 MSl in parallel
with 15 pF, or 50 Sl internelf termination. Input-signal
coupling with 1-MSl impedanf:e can be selected as either
AC or DC. Channel 3 and Chaqnel 4 have deflection factors
of either
0.1 V or 0.5 V per dlvjision. Each of these channels
has
an input impedance of 1 !MSl in parallel with 15 pF,
with
DC input-signal coupling.!Trigger circuits enable stable
triggering over the full bandwkfth of the vertical system.
The horizontal deflection! system provides calibrated
I '
sweep speeds from 1.5s per aiviston to 1 ns per division.
Drive for the horizontal deflechion system is obtained from
a choice
of A, B delayed, Aalternated with B delayed
sweeps, or
CH 1 (for the X·Y ~sptay mode).
The 2445 incorporates
alp~anumeric crt readouts of the
vertical and horizontal
scat~ factors, the trigger levels,
time-difference measurem~ values, voltage-difference
me.asurernent values, and certa~ auxiliary information.
The 2445 Oscilloscope
isl shipped with the following
standard accessories:
2 Probe packages
1 Snap-lock accessories pouch
1 Zip-lock accessories
pou~h
1 Operators manual
1 .Service manual
1 Power cord (installed)
1 2·A, 250-V fuse
1 Clear plflstic
crt filter I
1 Blue plastic crt filter (inualled)
1 Front-panel cover
1 Operators pocket
referer card
For part numbers and further information about both
standard and optional accessories, refer to "Options and
Accessories" (Section 7) of this manual. Your Tektronix
representative or
local Tektronix Field Office can also
provide accessories information and ordering assistance.
PERFORMANCE CONDITIONS
The following electrical characteristics (Table 1-1)
are
valid for the 2445 when it has been adjusted at an
ambient temperature between +20°C and +30°C, has had
a warm-up period of
at least 20 minutes, and is operating
at an ambient temperature between _15
0 C and +55°C
(unless otherwise noted).
Items listed in the "Performance Requirements" column
are verifiable qualitative or quantitative limits that define
the measurement capabilities
of the instrument.
Environmental characteristics are
given in Table '-2.
The 2445 OscilloscOpe meets the environmental require-
ments of MIL·T-28BOOC for Type III, Class 3, Style C
equipment, with the humidity and temperature require-
ments defined in paragraphs 3.9.2.2, 3.9.2.3, and 3.9.2.4.
Mechanical characteristics of the 2445 are listed in
Table 1-3.
1-1

Specification-2445 Operators
Characteristics
Table 1·'
Electrical Characteristics
Performance Requirements
VERTICAL DEFLECTION
SYSTEM-CHANNEll AND CHANNEL 2
Deflection Factor
Range
Accuracy
+15°C to +35°C
Ll. V Accuracy (using cursors over entire
graticule area)
+15°Cto +35°C
Ll.V Range
Variable Range
Frequency Response
{3·dB bandwidth)
AC Coupled Lower -3 dB Point
1X Probe
lOX Probe
Step Response
Rise Time
Common-mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR)
1-2
2 mV per division to 5 V per division in a 1-2·5 sequence of 11 steps.
Within ±2%
at any VOLTS!D IV setting for a 4- or 5·division signal
centered
on the screen.
Add
1% to +lSoC-to-+35°C specification.
± (2%
of reading + 0.03 division + signal aberrations).
1% of reading to +150 C-to·+35°C specification.
± 8 times the VOLTS/DIV switch setting.
Continuously variable between VOLTS!DIV switch settings. Extends
deflection
factor of the 5 V per division setting to at least 12.5 V
per division.
Six-division reference signal from a terminated 50·51 system, with
VAR VOLTS!DIV control in calibrated
detent.
VOLTS/DIV
setting
2mV
5 mV or greater
5 mV or greater
Hz or less.
With
probe or internal
50-51
termination
DCto 150 MHz
DC to 100 MHz
50-n external
termination on
1-M51 input
DC to 80 MHz
OCto 130 MHz
DC to 100 MHz
2.33 ns or less for VOLTS/O IV switch settings of 5 mV and up
(calculated).
4.4 ns or less for VOLTS/OIV switch setting of 2 mV {calculated).
Rise
time calculated from: bandwidth x rise time = 0.35.
At least 20: 1 at 50 MHz for common-mode signals of eight divisions
or less, with VAR VOLTS/DIV control adjusted for best CMRR at
50 kHz at any VOLTS/OIV switch setting from 5 mV to 5 V; at
least 20:1 at 20 MHz at 2 mV per division.

Specification-2445 Operators
Table 1-1 (cont)
Characteristic$ Performance Requirements
VERTICAL DEFLECTION SYSTEM-CHANNEL 1 AND CHANNEL 2 (cont)
Channel Isolation 100:1
or greater attenuation of the deselected channel at 100 MHz;
50:1 or greater attenuation at 150 MHz, for an eight-division input
signal from 2 mV per division
to 500 mV per division, with equal
switch settings on both channels.
Displayed Channel 2 Signal Delay with Respect Adil",bhl
... through a range of at teast -500 ps to +500 ps.
to Channel 1 Signal
Input
Rand C (1 MO}
Resistance Mn±O.5%.
Capacitance pF ±2 pF.
MaximulTllnput Voltage &
400 V (dc +peak ac).
: V pop ac
at 10kHz or less.
Input R {50 n}
Resistance
5On±i%.
VSWR (DC to 150 MHz)
.3:1 or less.
Maximum Input Voltage & 5 V rms;
50 mW·seconds during any loo-ms interval for
instantaneous voltage from 5 V to 50 V.
---,---.------.-~--.------.--~------"
------.----.-----~--~-,--,----.---- .. ------.--.---"---.--
Cascaded Operation
CH 2 SIGNAL OUT into Channel 1 input; DC coupled using a
50-n RG·58C/U coaxial cable, terminated in 50 n at the Channel 1
input. Channel 1 and Channel 2 VOLTS/DIV switch set
to 2 mV.
Bandwidth
to 50 MHt or greater.
Deflection Factor
400 J.tV per division ±10%.
VERTICAL DEFLECTION SYSTEM-CHANNEL3 AND CHANNEL4
.
Deflection Factor
Values V per division and 0.5 V per division.
Accuracy ±10%.
Frequency Response (3<1B Bandwidth)
c;. ."-
reference signal, from a terminated 5O-n system.
_.
With standard accessory probe With external
50-n termination
OCto 150 MHz
DC to 130 MHz
Step Response
Rise Time 2.33
ns or less (calculated from bandwidth).
Channel Isolation 50:1
or greater attenuation of the deselected channel at 100 MHz
with an eight-division input signal.
1-3

Specification-2445 Operators
Table 1-' (cont)
Characteristics Performance
VERTICAL DEFLECTION SYSTEM-CHANNEL 3 AND CHANNEL 4 (cant)
Input Rand C
Resistance
Capacitance
Maximum Input Voltage &
Mfl±l%.
5 pF ±3 pF.
V (dc +peak ac);
V Pop ac at 10 kHz or less.
VERTICAL DEFLECTION SYSTEM-ALL CHANNELS
Low-frequency Linearity
Bandwidth Limiter
Vertical Signal Delay
Chopped Mode Switching Rate
--------------
-----------------------
Minimum pop Signa! Amplitude for Stable
Triggering from Channell or Channel 2 Source
DC Coupled
NOISE REJ Coupled
ACCoupled
HF R EJ Coupled
IF REJ Coupled
-----------_._--------------
Minimum p.p Signal Amplitude for Stable Triggering
from Channel 3 or Channel 4 Source
-----------------------------.---
0_1 division or less compression or expansion of a two-division,
center-screen signal when positioned anywhere within the graticule
area.
Reduces upper 3·dB bandpass to a limit of 13 MHz to 24 MHz.
i At least 20 ns of the sweep is displayed before the triggering event
I is displayed.
---
Vertical display switches sequentially through the selected channels
at the chop switching rate. If the B_SEC/DIV switch is set to sweep
speeds outside the range of 20 p.s per division to 2 p.s per division,
the switching rate is 1 MHz ±0.2% (dual-channel cycle rate of
500 kHz). If the BSEC/DIV switch is set within the range of 20 p.s
per division to 2 f,J.S per division, the switching rate is 2.5 MHz ±0.2%
(dual·channel cycle rate of 1.25 MHz). At all sweep speeds, the
chop switching rate
is desynchronized with the sweep frequency to
minimize waveform breaks when viewing repetitive signals.
TRIGGERING
0.35 division from dc to 50 MHz, increasing to 1 division
at 250 MHz.
1.2 divisions or less from de to 50 MHz, increasing to 3 divisions
at 250 MHz.
0.35 division from 60 Hz to 50 MHz, increasing to 1 division at
250 MHz. Attenuates signals below 60 Hz.
0.35 division from dc to 30 kHz.
0.35 division from 80 kHz to 50 MHz, increasing to 1 division
at 250 MHz.
Amplitudes are one-half of Channel 1 or Channel 2 source
specification.
Minimum poP Signal Amplitude for Stable Triggering Add 1 division to single-channel source specifications.
from Composite, Multiple Channel Source in Al T
Vertical Mode
1-4

Specification-2445 Operators
Table 1·1 (coot)
Performance Requirements
TRIGGERING (cont)
Maximum poP Signal Rejected by NOISE REJ
COUPLING for Signals Within the Vertical ::: ...... m .... ~ ..
Channel 1 or Channel 2 Source 0.4division or greater for VOLTS/D1V switch settings of 10 mV
and higher.
Channel 3
or Channel 4 Source
or greater.
Jitter
Less 100 ps at 150 MHz with A and 8 SEC/DIV switch set to
10 ns and X10 MAG on.
LEVEL Control Range
Channel 1 or Channe! 2 Source 18 times
the VOLTS/DIV switch setting.
Channel 3 or Channel 4 Source 9 times
the VOLTS/DIV switch setting.
LEVEL Control Readout Accuracy (for triggering
signals with transition times greater than 10 ns)
Channel 1 or Channel 2 Source
DC Coupled
+
1S
oC to +3SoC Within ±
{2% of setting + 2% of pop signal +0.2 division + (0.5 mV
probe attenuation factor)1.
-1S
cC
to +5ScC
0,5 mV x probe attenuation factor) to the specificatioo listed
(excluding +15
cC
to +35° C)
+l5"'C to +36"C.
NOISE REJ Coupled ±O.B division to the DC Coupled specification.
Channel 3 or Channel 4 Source Within ± [2%
of setting + 3% of pop signal + 0.1 division + (0.5 mV
x probe attenuation factor)] .
SLOPE Selection Conforms to trigger-source waveform or ac power-source waveform.
"---"---"-~-- .. -----------.~-.-------~-~.-
-,--,-,~",,--.-~,---,-----
-
--
AUTO L Vl Mode Maximum Triggering Signal Period
A SEC/DIV Switch Setting Less than 10 ms At least 20 ms.
.
A SEC/DIV Switch Setting from 10 ms to 50 ms At least four times the A SEC/DiV switch setting.
------ .------l---
_._ A SEC/D~V Switch Sett._~~:rom 100~~_to ~~ms -fAt l~ast 200 ~~~_
AUTO Mode Maximum Triggering Si.gnal Period
A SEC/DIV Switch Setting
:Less than 10 ms I Atle.~t 80 m~ ________________ .______
A _SEC/DiV S~itCh St. ttin9 •. f~om 10.ffi.' to 60 m. I At. least 16 times the A SEC/DIVswitch se_tt_in_g_. _______ _
A SEC/DIV Switch Settingfrom 100ms to 500msAt least 800 ms.
----------"---""-- l "-------"-."
AUTO l VL Mode Trigger Acqui.sition Time 1" Eight to 100 times the AUTO LVL Mode maximum triggering-signal
period, depending on the triggering-signal period and waveform.
-----'---.-----.-~--,--~.-------------- -------------"-"------_ .. _----"--"--------
1·5

Specification-2445 Operators
Table '·1 (cont)
Characteristics Performance Requirements
HORIZONTAL DEFLECTION SYSTEM
A Sweep Time Base Range
S Sweep Time Base Range
-~.-
SEC/DIV VAR Control
Timing Accuracy (+15"'C
to +35°C, SEC/DIV
switch set to 0.1 s per division or less)
A and B Sweep Accuracy, Time Intervals
Measured at Vertical Center with SEC/DIV
VAR Control in Detent
Llt Accuracy, Time Intervals Measured with
Cursors, Anywhere on the Graticule
(A Sweep Only)
Llt Accuracy, Time Intervals Measured with
Delayed B Sweep
with Both Delays Set at 1%
or More of Full Scale from Minimum Delay
(no? displayed in readout}
Delay Accuracy, A Sweep Trigger Point to Start
of B Sweep
Timing Accuracy (A SEC/D IV switch set to 0.5 s or
0.2 s per division)
----.-.----~-"
Timing Accuracy (A SEC/DIV switch set 10 1 s per
division)
Timing Accuracy {SEC/DIV VAR control ou1 of
detent}
Timing Accuracy {-1S"'C
to +1SoC and +3S"'C
to +55°C}
Llt
Readout Resolution
Llt Range
1 s per division to 10 ns per division in a 1·2·5 sequence of 25 steps.
Xl0 MAG feature extends maximum sweep speed to 1 ns per
division.
50 ms per division to 10 ns per division in a '·2·5 sequence of
21 steps. X10 MAG feature extends maximum sweep speed to
1 ns per division.
Continuously variable and calibrated between settings
of the SEC!
o IV switch. Extends slowest A Sweep speed to 1.5 s per division.
Operates in conjunction with the A SEC/DIV switch when A and B
are locked together; operates in conjunction with the B SEC/DIV
switch when A and B are not locked together.
Unmagnified Magnified
± (0.7% of time interval ± (1.2% of time interval
+ 0.6%
of full scale). + 0.6%
of full scale). .
-.
0.6% of full scale is 0.06 division. -------
-----
1'- ., .. ,
v ... ual:l"'I I"'U
Magnified
± (0,5% of time interval I ±
(1 %. of time interval
+ 0.3%
of full scale). + 0.3% of full scale).
± (0.3%
of time interval + 0.1% of full scale).
± (0.3% of delay setting + 0.6% of full scale) - 25 ns.
±0.5% of time interval to all accuracy specifications.
Add ±2% of time interval to all accuracy specifications.
Add 2% of time interval to the A and B Sweep Accuracy
s ecification.
p
Add ±0.2% of time inte.rvai to all At and delay specifications. Add
±O.5% of time interval to A and B Sweep accuracy specifications.
Greater of either 20 ps or 0.025% of fu II scale.
± 10 times the A SECIDIV switch setting.
. ----- .. - .. -~---.------------------.----.-----.--.-.-+---_._---_._-------_._--_._----- .. ----~--------.-.--.---- . __ ._--.-
Delay Pickoff Jitter
Within 0.004% (one part or less in 25,000) of the maximum
available delay, plus
100 ps.
_._--------_._----------_._ ... -_ .. __ ._---------------_.---'-._-------_ ... _--------_. ---_ ... _----_ ..... _. __ ._- -----_._---
1-6

SpecifiC8tion-2445 Operators
Table '·1 (cont)
Performance Requirements
HORIZONT AL DEfLECTION SYSTEM (cont)
Delay Time Position Range o
to 9.95 times the A SEC/DIV switch setting. Main sweep triggering
event is observable on delayed sweep with zero delay setting.
X-y Operation
X-Axis Deflection
Factor
Range as
Channell.
Accuracy as
Channell.
Variable Range as Channel 1.
X-Axis Bandwidth
t03 MHz.
Input Rand C Same
as Channell.
Phase Difference Between X ;and Y with Normal
,0 or less from de to 1 MHz;
Bandwidth 30
or less from 1 MHz to 2 MHz.
X·Axis Low-Frequency Linearity 0.2 division
or less compression or expansion of a two-division,
center-screen signal
when positioned within the display area.
CURSOR AND FRONT·PANEL DISPLAY
Cursor Position Range
Delta Volts (A V)
Delta Time (At)
Minimum Setup Time Required to Maintain
Front-panel Settings
at 9vvv"'.""'"Iv"" ..
Sensitivity
Input Resistance
Maximum Input Voltage &
CALIBRATOR
Output Voltage and Current
Repetition Period
Accuracy
least the center 7.6 vertical divisions.
At least the center 9.6 horizontal divisions.
10 seconds or less.
Z·AXIS INPUT
Positive lIoltage decreases intensity. From dc to 2 MHz, +2 V blanks
amaximum-intensity trace; from 2 MHz to 20 MHz, +2 V modulates
a normal·intensity trace.
10 kQ±10%.
±26 V peak; 26 V Pop ac at 10kHz or less.
SIGNAL OUTPUTS
0.4 V ±1% il'ltoa 1-MQ load, 0.2 V ±1.5% into a 5O-U load, or
mA ±1.5% into a short circuit, with the A SEC/DIV switch set to
ms per division.
times the A SEC/DIV switch setting within the range of 200 ns
200 ms.
measured with sa L SEQ A TR IGG ER MOD E selected.
1·7

Specification-2445 Operators
Ch aracteristics
CALIBRATOR (cont)
Symmetry
Jitter of Pulse Period or Pulse Width
CH 2 SIGNAL OUT
Output Voltage
Offset
A GATE OUT and B GATE OUT
Output Voltage
Output Drive
Table 1·1 (cont)
Performance Requirements
SIGNAL OUTPUTS (cont)
of high portion of output cycle is 50% of output period
of 500 ns or 25% of period).
per division ±10%
into 1 MU;
per division ±10% into 50 n.
mV into 50 n. when dc balance has been performed within
of the operating temperature.
V to 5 V positive-going pulse. starting at 0 V to 0.4 V.
Will supply 400 JlA during HI state; wilt sink 2 mA during LO state.
CRT
Display 80 mm x 100 mm.
----------_._--
-------.---_ .... _----------_._------
Standard Phosphor
P3l.
----- ... ----.---.-----
Nominal Accelerating Potential 16 kV.
AC POWER SOURCE
Source Voltage
Ranges
115 V
90 to 132 V.
230 V
Vto 250 V.
Source Frequency j48
to 440 Hz.
Fuse Rating i2
250 V. AGC/3AG, Fast blow;
or .6 A, 250 V, 5 x 20 mm. Quick-acting (F).
Power Consumption
Typical 70 (140 VA).
Maximum W
080 VA).
Primary Circuit Dielectric Voltage Withstand Test V rms. 60 Hz for 10 s without breakdown.
Primary Grounding Type test
to 0.1 n maximum. Routine test to check grounding
... vm'" .... ity between chassis ground and protective earth ground.
1-8

Table 1-2
Environmental Characteristics
Specification-2445 Operators
------------~-----------------!~
CharacteristiCs I Performance Requirements
=======--=-::::::_=_..=:i== __ ::::::.=-.=--:=-=--=-=~-=::="'--:===--==----:=---=-~ _________ _
Temperature
The 2446 Oscilloscope meets the environmental requirements of
MIL-T-28800C for Type III, Class 3, Style C equipment, with the
. humidity and temperature requirements defined in paragraphs
3.9.2.2, 3.9.2.3, and 3.9.2.4.
Operating -15°C to +55°C.
Altitude
Operating
Nonoperating (storage)
Humidity (operating and nonoperating)
-----------"----------,---
Vibration (operating)
To 15,000 ft. Maximum operating temperature decreases 1°C
for
each 1 ,000 ft above 5,000 ft.
To 50,000 ft.
Stored at 95% relative humidity for five cycles (120 hours) from
1
30QC to OO"'C, with operational performance checks at 3O"C and
55"'C.
----- --- ---------------------------
15 minutes along each of three axes at a total displacement of
0.025 inch pop (4 9 at 55 Hz), with frequency varied from 10 Hz to
i 55 Hz in one-minute sweeps. Held 10 minutes at each major
-~-----------~----------- ----------------------------~-----
n
esonance, or if none existed, held 10 minutes at 55 Hz (75 minutes
total test time).
Shock: (operating and nonoperating) 50 9, half-sine, 11-ms duration, three shocks on each face, for a
I total
of 18 shocks.
Transit Drop (not in shipping package) i12·inch drop on each corner and each face (MIL-T-288OOC.
. para 3.9.5.2 and 4.5.5.4.2).
Be~ch HandHng (with a~ without cabin~ in~alled) -MIL-STD-81OC~e;~~-5;2.2, Procedure V- (MIL-T-288OOC~~---
__ " ___________ ~ __________ ~I~p~ra ~_.5_.5._4_.3: __ -------- ---------------------------
EMI (electromagnetic interference) Meets MIL-T-288OOC; applicable parts of MI L·STD-461 B, Type III
test and measurement equipment; VOE 0871, Catagory B; Part 15
of FCC Rules and Regulations, Subpart J. Class A; and Tektronix
------ -_.--------------------------------
1
Standard 062·2866-00.
Topple (operating with cabinet installed) Set on rear feet and allowed to topple over onto each of four
Packaged Transportation Drop
adjacent faces (Tektronix Standard 062-2858-00).
------"----- -----
Meets the limits of the National Safe Transit Auociation test
procedure 1A-S-2; 10 drops of 36 inches (Tektronix Standard
062·2868·00).
Packaged Transporation Vibration Meets
the limits of the National Safe Transit Association test
procedure lA·S·1; excursion of 1 inch Pop at 270 Hz (1 g) for
30 minutes (Tektronix Standard 062·2858-00).
---------------
------- -.---._----_._----------------------------------

Specification-2445 Operators
Characteristics
Weight
With Accessories and Pouch
Without Accessories and Pouch
Domestic Shipping Weight
Height
With Feet
and Accessories Pouch
Without Accessories Pouch
Width
(with handle)
Depth
With Front-Panel Cover
With Handle Extended
Cooling
--.----.-----~~~-
Finish
Construction
1-10
Table 1-3
Mechanical Characteristics
kg (22.4 Ib).
kg (20.5 Ib).
kg (28.2 Ibl.
mm (7.5 in).
mm (6.3 in).
mm (13.0 in).
mm (17.1 in).
mm (19.9 in).
1:.
li circulation..
.....
_v ...... t-'"''''
T "" ....... lix Blue vinyl-clad material on aluminum cabinet.
chassis {sheet metal). Die-cast aluminum front
Glass-laminate circuit boards.

Section 2-2445 Operators
PREPARATI·ON FOR USE
SAFETY
This section tells how to 'prepare for and to proceed
with the initial start-up of the TEKTRONix 2446
Oscilloscope.
Refer to the Safety Summarvat the front ofthis manual
for power source, grounding; ami otnersafetycQo&ider-
ations pertaining to the use of the instrument. Before con-
necting the oscWostope to aj power source, reacientirely
both thiS section and the SafftW Summa.ry.
~J
This instrument may be damaged if operated with
the LlN£ VOLTAGE SELECTOR switch set for the
wrong applied ac input-source voltage or if the
wrong line fuse is installed.
LINE VOLTAGE SELECTION
The 2445 operates from either a 115·V or a 230-V
nomina! ac power·input $OjJrce having linefrequeney
ranging from 48 Hz to 440 Hz. Before connecting the
power cord to a power·inputsource, verify that the LINE
VOLTAGE SELECTOR switqh, located on the rear panel
(see Figure 2·1), is set fat the correct nominal ac input-
source voltage. To convert the instrument for operation
from one line-voltage range. tp .. the other, move the I .. JNE
VOLTAGE SELECTOR switch to the oorrect nominal
ac source-voltage setting (see Table 2-1). The detachable
power cord may have
to be changed to match the particular
power-source output.
LINE FUSE
To verify that the instrument power-input fuse is of
proper value for the nomin~l acsouree voltage selected,
perform
the following procedure:
1. Press in the fuse-holder cap and rel~ase it with a
slightcounterclockwise rotation.
2. Pull thec.ap (with the attached fuse inside) out of
the fuse h(>lder.
S. Verify proper fuse valUE! (see Table 2- i).
4. Install the proper fuse and reinstall the fuse-holder
cap.
NOtE
The two types of fU$(l$ lilted are iUJt directly inter-
changeable; theyrequlredlflerenttypes of fuse caps.
POWER CORD
This instrument has a detachable, three-wire power cord
with a three-contact plug for connection to both the power
source and protective ground. The power cord is secured to
the rear pallet by a cord-set-securing clamp. The protective-
ground
contact on the plug connects (through the power-
cord protective grounding conductor) to the accessible
metal parts
of the instrUment. For electrical-shock pro-
tection, insert this plug into a power·source
outlet that has
a properly grounded protective-ground contact.
Instruments are shipped with
the required power cord
as ordered by the customer. Allailable.power-cord informa-
tion is presented in Table 2-1, and part numbers are listed
in "Options and Accessories" (Secticm 1). Contact your
Tektronix representative
or local Tektronix Field Office
for additional power-cord information.
INSTRUMENT COOLING
To prevent initrument damage from overheated com·
ponents, adequate internal airflow must be maintained
at
all tim6$. 6efore turning on the powe.r, first verify that both
the air-intake hOles on the bottom of the cabinet and the
fan-exhaust holes in the rear panel are free of any obstruc-
tion to airflow.
2·1

·Preparation for Use-2445 Operators
Figure 2-1. Line $IIllICtor switch, line fuse, and detachable power cord.
START·UP
The 2445 automatically performs power-up tests each
time the instrument
is turned on. The purpose of these
tests
is to provide the user with the highest possible con·
fidence level that the instrument is fully functional. If no
faults are encountered, the power-up tests normally will be
completed in under five seconds, after which the instru-
ment will enter the norma! operating mode. A failure of
any of the power-up tests will be indicated by either a
flashing TR IG'D indicator on the instrument front panel or
a bottom-line readout on the crt in the form: TEST XX
FAil YY (where XX is the test number and YY is the
failure code of the failed test).
If a failure of any power-up test occurs, the instrument
may still
00 usable for some applications. To put the
instrument into the operating mode
after a power-up test
failure, press the A!B TR IG button. If the instrument then
functions for your particular measurement requirement, it
may 00 used, but refer it to a qualified service technician
for repair of the problem at the earlieSt convenience.
Additional information on the power-up tests may be
found in Appendix A at the rear of this manual. Consult
your service department, your loca! Tektronix Service
Center, or nearest Tektronix representative if additional
assistance
is needed.
2-2
REPACKAGING FOR SHIPMENT
If this instrument is to be shipped by commercial
transportation, it
is recommended that it 00 packaged in
the original manner. The carton and packaging material in
which your instrument was shipped to you should be saved
and used for this purpose.
If the original packaging is unfit for use or is not avail-
able, repackage the instrument as foHows:
1. Obtain a corrugated cardboard shipping carton
having inside dimensions
at least six inches greater
than the instrument dimensions and having a carton
test strength
of at least 275 pounds.
2. If the instrument
is to be shipped to a Tektronix
Service Center for service or repair, attach a tag to
the instrument showing the following: owner of the
instrument (with address),
the name of a person at
your firm who can be contacted, complete instru-
ment type and serial number, and a description of the
service required.

3. Wrap the instrument with polyethylene sheeting or
equivalent to protect th~ outside finish and prevent
entry of packil'l9 material$ into the instrument.
4. Cushion the instrument on all sides by tightly packing
dunnage or urethane fo~ between the carton and
the instrument, allowing three inches on each side.
Table 2·1
Preparation
for Use-2445 Operators
6. $e$1 the carton with shipping tape or with an indus-
trial stapler.
6. Mark the address of the Tekronix Service Center and
your return
addr~s on the carton in one or more
prominent locations.
Voltage, FUM, and ~r·Cord Data
Power Cord
Una
Voltage
FactorY
Fuse
Plug Voltage
In&taIted
Reference
Conftgunttion
Category And s.tector Range lnatrumant Hokier
Standafds
b
Plug Type
Setting
(AC}
FUN
Cap
U~S.
U.S.
2I'\,25OV
ANSI C73.11
Oon')$Stic
120V 115V 9OVto AGC/3AG AGC/3AG NEMA S-15-P
StaBdard 16A 132V
fast-btow
IEC83
CUl 198.6) UL 198.6
EURO
1.M,200v
CEE(7), It, IV, VII
Option A1
240V 230V 18OVto
5x20mm
5x20mm IEC83
10-1M
250V Ouick-Acting
Cf)
IEC 127
(lEC 121)
UK-
1.M, 250V as 1363
Opti(Jn A2
240V 230V 18OVto 5x20 mm 5)(20 mm IEC83
6A
250V QuicK-Acting (F)
IEC 127
(IEC 127)
~
Australian 1.6A,26OV
;t
1 SOY to
5x20mm
AS ell2
.;,
Option A3 240V 230V
5x20mm
lOA
250V Quick-Acting
tFt lEe 127
(lEC 127)
~
North 2A,25OV ANSIC73.20
OptionA4
American
230V
180V to AGCI3AG AGC/3AG NEMA 6-15-P
240V
250V
Fast~bIow
IEC83
15A
(Ul198.61
UL 198.6
Switzerland
1.M, 250V
OptionA5
220V 230V 1
SOY to
5x20mm
5x20mm
SEV
250V Quick-Acting
(F) IEC 127
6A
(tEe 127)
.. A 6A, Type C fUN is aJsp installed iMide the plug of the Option A2 power cord.
I> Re~ Standards A~ietions:
ANSI-American ~ Standards Institute
JEe-lnternational Etectrotechnlcal Commission
AS-&tandardJ ~ ofAU$V.
NEMA-National EteetricaI Menufacturer'. Association
B$-British' ~lnatitution sev-SchweitevischerElektrotechischer Verein
CEE-lnternaticmalCommission on Rutes for
Ul-U"derwriters laboratories Inc.
the Appreval~ElectriCat Equipment
3832-02
2-3
--------- -~-"--.