
15
Puncture related
Aspiration of the prosthesis – Accidental aspiration of the voice
prosthesis or other components of the voice rehabilitation system
may occur. Immediate symptoms may include gagging, coughing,
choking or wheezing. As with any other foreign body, complications
from aspiration of a component may cause obstruction or infection.
Complications may include pneumonia, atelectasis, bronchitis, lung
abscess, bronchopulmonary stula and asthma. If the patient can
breathe, coughing may remove the foreign body. Partial airway
obstruction or complete airway obstruction requires immediate
intervention for removal of the object.
Ingestion of the prosthesis – Accidental ingestion of the voice
prosthesis, or other components of the voice rehabilitation system,
may occur. As with any other foreign body, the symptoms caused by
ingestion of the prosthesis or component of the voice rehabilitation
system depends largely on size, location, degree of obstruction (if
any) and the length of time it has been present. Ingested components
that have remained in the lower esophagus may be removed by
esophaguscopy or observed for a short period of time. The object
may pass spontaneously into the stomach; foreign bodies that pass
into the stomach usually pass through the intestinal tract. Surgical
removal of foreign bodies in the intestinal tract must be considered
when bowel obstruction occurs, bleeding is present, perforation
occurs or the object fails to pass through the intestinal tract.
Hemorrhage/Bleeding of the puncture – Slight bleeding from
the edges of the TE-puncture may occur during replacement of
the prosthesis and generally resolves spontaneously. Patients on
anti-coagulant therapy, however, should be carefully evaluated
for the risk of hemorrhage prior to placement or replacement of
the prosthesis.
Infection and/or edema of the TE-puncture – Infection,
granulation formation and/or edema of the puncture (e.g during
radio therapy) may increase the length of the puncture tract.
This may cause the prosthesis to be drawn inward and under the
tracheal or esophageal mucosa. Or, inammation or overgrowth
of the esophageal mucosa may cause the prosthesis to protrude
from the puncture. Temporary replacement of the prosthesis by
a prosthesis with a longer shaft is then advisable. Treatment with
broad-spectrum antibiotics with or without corticosteroids may
be considered for treatment of the infection. If the infection does
not resolve with antibiotics and/or corticosteroid intervention in
the presence of the prosthesis, the prosthesis should be removed.
In some cases stenting the puncture with a catheter might be
considered. If the puncture closes spontaneously secondary
to removal of the prosthesis, repuncture for insertion of a new
prosthesis may be required.
Granulation around the puncture – Formation of granulation
tissue around the TE-puncture has been reported at an incidence
of 5%. Electrical, chemical, or laser cauterization of the area of
granulation may be considered.
Hypertrophic scarring around the puncture – Bulging of the
tracheal mucosa over the tracheal ange may occur if the prosthesis
is relatively short. This excess tissue may be removed by using a
laser (CO2, or NdYAG). Alternatively, a prosthesis with a longer
shaft can be used.
Protrusion/extrusion of the prosthesis– Protrusion of the prosthesis
and subsequent spontaneous extrusion is sometimes observed
during infection of the TE-puncture. Removal of the prosthesis is
required to avoid dislodgement into the trachea. The puncture may