Thermo Scientific 8121 PLC-230 LP Operating instructions

Model 8121 PLC-230 LP
Cryogenic Liquid Cylinder
Operating and Maintenance Manual 8008121 Rev. 2
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Thermo Scientific
MANUAL NUMBER 8008121
2 28202 2/21/12 Removed pressure building kit and references as it is unavailable ccs
1 -- 10/20/03 Updated information from manufacturer ccs
0 -- 9/3/96 Original from manufacturer ccs
REV ECR/ECN DATE DESCRIPTION By
Preface
230 liter LN2 Supply Tank i

Thermo Scientificii 230 liter LN2 Supply Tank
Preface
Important Read this instruction manual. Failure to read, understand and follow the instructions in this manual
may result in damage to the unit, injury to operating personnel, and poor equipment performance. s
Caution All internal adjustments and maintenance must be performed by qualified service personnel. s
Material in this manual is for information purposes only. The contents and the product it describes are subject to
change without notice. Thermo Fisher Scientific makes no representations or warranties with respect to this
manual. In no event shall Thermo be held liable for any damages, direct or incidental, arising out of or related to
the use of this manual.
©1996 Thermo Fisher Scientific. All rights reserved.

Thermo Scientific 230 liter LN2 Supply Tank iii
Preface
Important operating and/or maintenance instructions. Read the accompanying text carefully.
Potential electrical hazards. Only qualified persons should perform procedures associated with this
symbol.
Equipment being maintained or serviced must be turned off and locked off to prevent possible injury.
Hot surface(s) present which may cause burns to unprotected skin, or to materials which may be
damaged by elevated temperatures.
Marking of electrical and electronic equipment, which applies to electrical and electronic equipment
falling under the Directive 2002/96/EC (WEEE) and the equipment that has been put on the market
after 13 August 2005.
This product is required to comply with the European Union’s Waste Electrical & Electronic
Equipment (WEEE) Directive 2002/96/EC. It is marked with the WEEE symbol. Thermo Fisher
Scientific has contracted with one or more recycling/disposal companies in each EU Member State
European Country, and this product should be disposed of or recycled through them. Further
information on Thermo’s compliance with this directive, the recyclers in your country and
information on Thermo Scientific products will be available at www.thermofisher.com.
4Always use the proper protective equipment (clothing, gloves, goggles, etc.)
4Always dissipate extreme cold or heat and wear protective clothing.
4Always follow good hygiene practices.
4Each individual is responsible for his or her own safety.

Thermo Scientificiv 230 liter LN2 Supply Tank
Preface
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Thermo Scientific 230 liter LN2 Supply Tank v
Preface
MVE has conducted a rigid test program for liquid cylinders, both
internally and through an independent testing laboratory, to verify the
safety of MVE equipment. MVE cylinders are safely designed with the
following features:
(1) An exclusive all stainless steel support system designed to withstand
many years of rugged service.
(2) A stainless steel neck tube that is designed not to break in case of a
minor accident, such as a liquid cylinder being inadvertently tipped
over.
(3) A vacuum maintenance system specifically designed to provide long life
and safety provisions.
(4) Safety relief devices to protect the pressure vessel and vacuum casing,
sized and selected in accordance with CGA Pamphlet S-1.1 “Safety
Relief Devices for Cylinders.” The safety of the inner pressure vessel is
controlled by a pressure relief valve and rupture disc. A reverse
buckling rupture disc protects the vacuum casing from overpressure.
While MVE equipment is designed and built to rigid standards, no piece
of mechanical equipment can ever be made 100% safe. Strict compliance
with proper safety and handling practices are necessary when using a liquid
cylinder or other compressed gas equipment. We recommend that all our
customers reemphasize safety and safe handling practices to all their
employees and customers. While safety features have been designed into
the unit and safe operations are anticipated, it is essential that the user of
these liquid cylinders carefully read to fully understand all WARNINGS,
CAUTIONS and Notes listed in this safety section and enumerated below.
Also read to fully understand the information provided in the Safety
Bulletins for Oxygen and Inert Gases located in Section 19 of this Manual.
Periodic review of the Safety Summary is recommended.
Warning Excess accumulation of oxygen creates an oxygen enriched
atmosphere (defined by the Compressed Gas Association as an oxygen
concentration above 23 percent). In an oxygen enriched atmosphere,
flammable items burn vigorously and could explode. Certain items
considered non-combustible in air may burn rapidly in such an
environment. Keep all organic materials and other flammable substances
away from possible contact with oxygen; particularly oil, grease, kerosene,
cloth, wood, paint, tar, coal dust, and dirt which may contain oil or grease.
DO NOT permit smoking or open flames in any area where oxygen is
stored, handled, or used. Failure to comply with this warning may result in
serious personal injury. s
Safety

Thermo Scientific
Warning Nitrogen and argon vapors in air may dilute the concentration of
oxygen necessary to support or sustain life. Exposure to such an oxygen
deficient atmosphere can lead to unconsciousness and serious injury,
including death. s
Warning The Dura-Cyl/Cryo-Cyl Series, with its stainless steel support
system, is designed, manufactured, and tested to function normally for
many years of service. MVE does not suggest or warrant that it is ever safe
to drop a liquid cylinder or let it fall over in oxygen or any other cryogenic
service. In the event a liquid cylinder is inadvertently dropped, tipped over,
or abused, slowly raise it to its normal vertical position. Immediately open
the vent valve to release any excess pressure in a safe manner. As soon as
possible, remove liquid product from vessel in a safe manner. If the vessel
has been used in oxygen service, purge it with an inert gas (nitrogen). If
damage is evident or suspected, return to MVE prominently marked
“LIQUID CYLINDER DROPPED, INSPECT FOR DAMAGE”. s
Warning Before removing cylinder parts or loosening fittings, completely
empty the liquid cylinder of liquid and release the entire vapor pressure in
a safe manner. External valves and fittings can become extremely cold and
may cause painful burns to personnel unless properly protected. Personnel
must wear protective gloves and eye protection whenever removing parts or
loosening fittings. Failure to do so may result in personal injury because of
the extreme cold and pressure in the cylinder. s
vi 230 liter LN2 Supply Tank
Safety (continued)
Preface

230 liter LN2 Supply Tank viiThermo Scientific
Table of Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-1
Cylinder Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-2
Cylinder Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-3
Responsibilities When Filling Cylinders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-4
Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-1
Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-1
Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-2
Theory of Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-1
Pressure Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-2
Filling Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-2
Liquid Withdrawal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-3
Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-1
Filling Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-3
Filling Weight Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-4
Liquid Withdrawal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-4
Operating Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-4
Cylinder Base Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-1
Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-1
Loss of Vacuum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-1
Vented Evaporation Loss Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-2
Pressurized Evaporation Loss Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-3
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Section 5
Section 6

viii 230 liter LN2 Supply Tank Thermo Scientific
Service and Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-1
Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-1
O2Cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-1
Changing Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-2
Recommended Inner Vessel Purging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-2
Fittings and Decals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-3
Changing the Service Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-4
Cryo-Cyl in Liquid Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-5
Changing Operating Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-5
Level Gauge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-5
Rebuilding the Operational Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-6
Disassembly and Repair Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-7
Applications and Accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-9
Safety Bulletin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-1
Oxygen Deficient Atmospheres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-2
Oxygen Enriched Atmospheres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-3
Nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-4
Warranty Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-1
Table of Contents
Section 7
Section 8
Section 9

230 liter LN2 Supply Tank 1-1Thermo Scientific
Section 1 Introduction
The MVE, Inc. (MVE) Cryo-Cyl Series cryogenic liquid cylinders (Figure
A) are double walled, vacuum and multi-layer insulated cylinders designed
for the transportation and storage of liquefied nitrogen. These liquid
cylinders are designed for the transportation and storage of cryogenic
products which can be used as either gas or liquid. All of the Cryo-Cyl
Series liquid cylinders can be used for liquid argon, liquid nitrogen, and
liquid oxygen.
The Cryo-Cyl Series liquid cylinders have model distinctions for low
pressure liquid withdrawal (LP). See Specifications for more detail.
The Cryo-Cyl Series liquid cylinders also have capacity distinctions; the
number after their name that designates net capacity in liters (the Cryo-
Cyl 230 indicates 230 liters capacity). See Specifications for more detail.
Figure A. Cryogenic Liquid Cylinders

1-2 230 liter LN2 Supply Tank Thermo Scientific
Section 1
Introduction
Cylinder Design The Cryo-Cyl Series liquid cylinders are designed, manufactured, and
tested to the requirements of the U.S. DOT and Transport Canada 4L
specification. They are specifically authorized by the U.S. Department of
Transportation for the transporting of liquid nitrogen, oxygen, argon,
carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide. They are specifically authorized by
Transport Canada for the transporting of liquid nitrogen, oxygen, and
argon. They are authorized by Transport Canada for the transporting of
carbon dioxide and nitrous
oxide with an exemption.
The inner pressure vessel is
constructed of stainless steel
and supported within an
outer stainless steel vacuum
jacket. The support system is
an all stainless steel internal
support, designed for low
heat leak and high strength.
The illustration in Figure B
shows the major components
of the Cryo-Cyl Series liquid
cylinders. The space between
the inner and outer vessel
makes up the insulation
system. Multiple-layer
insulation and high vacuum
assure long holding time.
The insulation system is
designed for long term
vacuum retention and is
permanently sealed at the
factory. The vacuum space is
protected from over pressurization by the use of a reverse buckling rupture
disc.
Each liquid cylinder is equipped with a stainless steel ring to protect the
plumbing components. The ring on the Cryo-Cyl is connected to the
cylinder with two handling posts. The posts have slots for ease in
handling with a hand truck or an overhead hoist. Hand trucks that can be
supplied by MVE are described in the Applications and Accessories
section.
The Cryo-Cyl Series cryogenic liquid cylinders are constructed with all
operating controls situated at the top of the cylinder for ease in liquid
dispensing operations. In a stand-alone operating environment, it enables
the user, through use of the vent, liquid, and pressure relief devices, to
completely control the liquid cylinder's operation.
Protection
Ring
Handling
Slot
Handling
Post
Reverse
Buckling
Rupture Disc
Outer
Vacuum
Jacket
Liquid Level
Gauge
Safety Relie
f
Devices
Plumbing
Controls
Multi-
layered
Insulation
Inner
Pressure
Vessel
Vacuum
Space
Foot
Ring
Figure B. Cylinder Components

230 liter LN2 Supply Tank 1-3Thermo Scientific
Section 1
Introduction
To protect the inner pressure vessel from over pressurization, the unit
includes a safety pressure relief valve. The liquid cylinders are further
protected from over pressurization by a bursting disc that acts as a
secondary relief device. These devices meet the requirements of CGA
Pamphlet S-1.1 “Pressure Relief Device Standard - Part 1- Cylinders For
Compressed Gases.”
These MVE liquid cylinders provide a complete self-contained liquid or
gas supply system for industrial, laboratory, or hospital use.
It is important that the liquid cylinders described in this manual can be
easily identified. The following table shows the model by name and
indicates its capacity and pressure rating. The sight gauge protector color is
an easy way to determine the pressure rating of a liquid cylinder.
Model Cryo-Cyl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .230 LP
Gross Storage Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .240 liter
Maximum Operating Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
Sight Gauge Protector Color . . . . . . . . . . . . .Yellow
The data plate (Figure C) is permanently attached
to the handling post of the liquid cylinder. The
data plate shows the serial number and pressure
rating for that cylinder. Do not remove or alter in
any way.
Cylinder Design
(continued)
Cylinder
Identification
Figure C. Data Plate

MVE states below the responsibilities of the filler of any cryogenic liquid
cylinder:
1. The cylinder must be in a safe condition.
The filler is responsible for confirming that any cylinder to be filled is
in its proper working condition. This includes that:
• It has an acceptable vacuum.
• The relief system is in place and functioning.
• There is no structural damage to the cylinder.
• All warning labels are in place and legible.
2. Do not overfill the cylinder.
The cylinders are not to be filled beyond the recommended filling
weight for the liquid being dispensed.
3. Dispense only to knowledgeable users.
The filler must determine that the user is knowledgeable about the
general characteristics of the product and the proper safety precautions
for its use. Do not allow customers to fill their own cylinders.
4. Dispose of cylinders properly.
To eliminate the risk of injury from the improper reuse of cryogenic
(vacuum jacketed) cylinders, before disposal, destroy the cylinder’s
pressure retaining capability.
We recommend:
1. Purge the cylinder’s contents.
2. Drill multiple hole through the cylinder and its vacuum casing, or
otherwise puncture the tank.
Do it yourself! Don’t assume it will be done by the scrap dealer.
1-4 230 liter LN2 Supply Tank Thermo Scientific
Section 1
Introduction
Responsibilities When
Filling Cylinders

230 liter LN2 Supply Tank 2-1Thermo Scientific
Section 2 Features
The MVE cryogenic liquid cylinders were designed to furnish a
convenient, reliable, and economical method for the transportation and
delivery of liquefied gases.
Important features of these liquid cylinders include:
* The Cryo-Cyl Series liquid cylinders are constructed with an all
stainless steel internal support system designed for low heat leak and
high strength.
* These cylinders are easily handled by one person.
* Gas stored in liquid form in a Cryo-Cyl Series liquid cylinder is more
pure than gas stored in conventional cylinders.
* During periods of non-use, pressure will rise in a cryogenic liquid
cylinder. The highly efficient insulation system minimizes the rate of
pressure rise. This allows for a reasonable period of non-use without
any venting of product from the pressure relief valve.
* Internal pressure building and vaporization systems permit a
continuous flow of gas without need for an external vaporizer.
* The pressure control regulator automatically maintains working
pressure with minimum product loss.
* Cylinders can be used singularly or can be manifolded to provide a
continuous gas supply.
The normal evaporation rate (NER) is an indication of how well the
insulation system performs its ability to hold cryogenic liquid. The Cryo-
Cyl Series NER is shown in the Specifications chart.
Performance

2-2 230 liter LN2 Supply Tank Thermo Scientific
Section 2
Features
Specifications Physical Characteristics
Diameter - inches (cm.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26 (66.0)
Height - inches (cm.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54.8 (139.2)
Empty Weight - lbs. (kg) . . . . . . . . . . . .290 (131.5)
Fill Weight . . . . . . .See Section 4-Fill Weight Table
Design Specification (DOT/CTC) . . . . . . . . . . . .4L
DOT Service Pressure psig (BAR) . . . . . . .100 (6.9)
Relief Valve Setting psig (BAR) . . . . . . . . . .22 (1.5)
Normal Operating Pressure psig . . . . . . . . . .10-100
(BAR) . . . . . . . . . .(0.7-6.9)
Normal Evaporation Rate
Nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.5%
Oxygen or Argon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.0%
CO2or N2O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .------
Gross Capacity (liters) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(240)
Storage Capacity, Liquid (liters) . . . . . . . . . . . .(230)
Liquid Level Gauge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Float
Construction Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Stainless
Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Section 4
Finish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Stainless
Base Construction . . . . . . . .Round or Square Caster
Notes
1) At lower relief valve settings, weights and capacities are higher. See Fill
Weight Table in Section 4.
2) Peaks of up to 4X continuous flow rates can be sustained for 5 minutes
if the vaporizer coils are allowed to thaw in between.
3) Height may vary on caster base models depending on specified wheel
diameter.

230 liter LN2 Supply Tank 3-1Thermo Scientific
Section 3 Theory of Operation
The various liquid cylinders of the Cryo-Cyl Series have the same general
operating characteristics. Each model of liquid cylinder has the ability to
be filled with a cryogenic product, build pressure inside the vessel, and
deliver either liquid or gas for a specific application.
The following section discusses the theory behind these operations. Later
sections give a step-by-step procedure for the operation on this specific
models of liquid cylinder.
Liquid cylinder operation is done completely with the control valves
located on the top of the tank. The valves are labeled and color coded for
easy identification: Fill/Liquid Valve - blue; Gas Use Valve - green; Vent
Valve - silver.
The schematic, illustrations and Figure C show how the plumbing
circuitry operates for this models of liquid cylinders. It is important that
the operators be familiar with the plumbing control valves and their
functions.
PRES
S
BUIL
D
C
O
2
68
9
4
Figure C. Plumbing
Cryo-Cyl LP
Item Plumbing Controls and Function
Gas Use Valve – Used for gas withdrawal.
2Fill / Liquid Valve – Used for filling or liquid withdrawal
operations.
4Vent Valve – Used to vent pressure.
6Pressure Gauge – Indicates cylinder pressure.
8Pressure Relief Valve – Used to limit pressure in liquid
cylinders.
9Liquid Level Gauge – Used to approximate the liquid
contents of the liquid cylinder.

3-2 230 liter LN2 Supply Tank Thermo Scientific
Section 3
Theory of Operation
Filling Procedures The following recommendations should be used to optimize liquid cylinder
filling:
* Keep the transfer lines as short as possible. Long uninsulated transfer
lines will result in higher fill losses and longer fill times.
* Any time liquid can be entrapped in a line between two valves, the line
must be equipped with a safety relief device.
* Conduct the filling operation in as short a time as possible.
* Do not overfill; fill only to the weight allowable by specification.
* Use minimum number of bends, valves and reducers.
* Use as large a transfer line as possible; at least 1/2" ID.
The liquid cylinder should be visually inspected before every fill for
possible damage, cleanliness and suitability for its intended gas service. If
damage is detected (e.g. serious dents, loose fittings, etc.), remove it from
service and repair the unit as soon as possible.
All MVE liquid cylinders are tested for performance with low-purity liquid
nitrogen. For this reason, liquid cylinders intended for use in another
service should be thoroughly purged with the applicable gas prior to filling.
When filling a liquid cylinder with a cryogenic liquid, the transfer may be
made through a pressure transfer operation.
Liquid will always flow from a
vessel of higher pressure to
one with low pressure. This
method is commonly used to
fill liquid cylinders by
connecting a transfer line
between the delivery source
and the Fill/Liquid valve of
the liquid cylinder. The
transfer takes place as the vent
valve of the liquid cylinder is
opened. This allows gas to
escape and lowers the pressure
in the liquid cylinder. Figure
D shows the pressure transfer
method of filling.
Pressure Transfer
VAPORIZER
PRESSURE
BUILDING
COIL
LIQUID
IN
GAS
OUT
GAS
Liquid
Figure D. Pressure Transfer

230 liter LN2 Supply Tank 3-3Thermo Scientific
Section 3
Theory of Operation
If the liquid cylinder is to be placed in permanent liquid withdrawal
service, it is recommended that the cylinder be refitted with a 22 psig relief
valve to minimize loss due to flash-off.
Warning Before making a liquid transfer, be sure that protective eye glasses
and gloves are being worn. s
To withdraw liquid from a liquid
cylinder, connect a transfer line
from the liquid valve fitting to
the user's receiving vessel (Figure
E). Open the liquid valve to
obtain the preferred rate of flow.
Close the liquid valve when the
user's vessel has been filled. To
prevent contamination, when the
cylinder has been emptied, all
valves should be closed. To
minimize flash-off and spillage,
use a phase separator on the end
of the transfer line. Normal
liquid withdrawal operations are
performed at lower pressure
(approximately 22 psig) to
reduce flash-off losses and
splashing. Transfer of liquid at
higher pressures can lead to
excessive splashing of the cryogenic liquid which could result in burns to
the operator and/or nearby personnel. All personnel should be fully
instructed in the cautions associated with handling cryogenic fluids and
the proper clothing and protective gear to be used.
Liquid Withdrawal
VAPORIZER
LIQUID I
N
PRESSURE
BUILDING
COIL
LIQUID
OUT
i
qu
id
i
thdrawal
Figure E. Liquid Withdrawal

230 liter LN2 Supply Tank 4-1Thermo Scientific
Section 4 Operation
The Cryo-Cyl 230 LP cryogenic liquid cylinders have been designed to
transport, store and dispense liquid oxygen, nitrogen or argon in their
liquid states only. Liquid product is generally used at ambient or very low
pressures. The Cryo-Cyl LP has a working pressure of 22 psig ( 1.5 BAR)
to allow for transfer into vented cryogenic dewars or equipment. The
pressure is maintained in the liquid cylinder through its normal heat leak
of the cylinder. The pressure will rise in the closed cylinder as its liquid
contents boil off. It is normal for the pressure to reach the relief valve
setting of 22 psi (1.5 BAR) and vent slowly into the atmosphere. The
transportation of the cryogenic products in these liquid cylinders is not
regulated by the DOT/TC since the pressure is normally below 25 psi (1.7
bar).