Hameg HM 604 User manual

Table of contents
Technical Data .................... P 1
Accessories ..................... Z 1
Operating Instructions
General Information ............... M 1
Use of tilt handle ................. M 1
Safety. ...................... M 1
Operating conditions ................ M 2
Warranty ..................... M 2
Maintenance ................... M 2
Mains/Line voltage change ............ M 2
Type of Signal ................... M 3
Amplitude Measurements ............ M 3
Time Measurements ............... M 4
Connection of Test Signal ............ M 5
Operating ..................... M 6
First Time Operation ............... M 7
Trace Rotation TR ................. M 7
DC Balance Adjustment ............. M 7
Use and Compensation of Probes ........ M 8
Operating Modes of the Y Amplifier ....... M 9
X-Y Operation ................... Ml 0
X-Y Phase Measurements ............ Ml 0
Dual Trace Phase Difference Measurements . . M 10
Measurement of an amplitude modulation .... Ml 1
Triggering and Timebase ............. Ml 1
Triggering of video signals ............ Ml 2
Function of variable HOLD OFF control ...... Ml3
Sweep Delay /After Delay Triggeringe ...... Ml 3
Delay Mode Indication .............. Ml 5
Component Tester ................ Ml 5
Miscellaneous .................. Ml 7
Test Patterns ................... Ml 8
Short Instruction
K 1.
Front Panel Elements
Folder with Front View .............. K 2
Test Instructions
General ....................... T 1
Cathode-Ray Tube: Brightness, Focus,
Linearity, Raster Distortions . T 1
Astigmatismus Check ............... T 1
Symmetry and Drift of thevertical Amplifier .... T 1
Calibration of the Vertical Amplifier ......... T 1
Transmission Performance of the Vertical Amplifier
............................T2
Operating Modes: CH I/II-TRIG. l/II, DUAL, ADD,
CHOP., INV. l/II and XY-Betrieb . T 2
Triggering Checks ................. T 3
Timebase ...................... T 3
SweepDelay .................... T 4
Component Tester ................. T 4
Trace Alignment .................. T 4
Miscellaneous ................... T 4
Oscilloscope
HM 604
Service Instructions
General .......................S 1
Instrument Case Removal ............. S 1
Operating Voltages ................. S 1
Minimum Brightness ................ S 1
Astigmatismus control ............... S 1
Trouble Shooting the Instrument .......... S 2
Replacement of Components and Parts ......S 2
Replacement of the Power Transformer ......S 2
Adjustments ....................S 3
Circuit Diagrams
Block Diagram ................... D 1
Wiring Diagram ................... D 2
Identification of Components ............ D 3
Y Input, Attenuator, Preamplifier CH. l/II ...... D 4
Y intermediate Amplifiers, Trigger Pre-Amplifiers,
Component Tester ................ D 5
Y Final Amplifier .................. D 6
Post Trigger, Field Selector ............. D 7
Timebase (analog) ................. D 8
Timebase (digital) .................. D 9
Tim,ebase Generator ................ DlO
X Final Amplifier, Calibrator ............. Dl 1
CRT and HV circuit ................. D12
Power Supply .................... D13
Component Locations
XY Board ...................... D14
TB Board ...................... D15
PTFS Board ..................... D16
TBG, CAL, YF Boards ................ D17
CO, EY, Z Boards .................. D18
Subject to change without notice 9.88. 604

Specification
Vertical Mhtion
Operating modes: Channel I or Ch. II separate,
Channel I and II: alternate or chopped.
(Chopper frequency approx. 0.5MHz).
Sum or difference of Ch. I and Ch. II,
(with invert buttons for both Channels).
XY-Mode: via Channel I and Channel II.
Frequency range: 2x DC to 6OMHz (- 3dB).
Risetime: approx. 5.8ns. Overshoot: II %.
Deflection coefficients: 12 calibrated steps
from 5 mV/div. to ZOV/div in l-Z-5 sequence,
variable 2.5: 1 to min. 50V/cm.
Accuracy in calibrated position: +3%.
Y-Magnification x5 (calibrated) to 1 mV/div.
(Frequency range DC to 20MHz. - 3dB.
input impedance: 1 MQ II 3OpF.
Input coupling: DC-AC-GD (Ground)
Input voltage: max. 400V (DC + peak AC).
Y-output from CH I or CH II, = 50 mV,Jdiv. (50 52)
Delay Line: approx. 90ns.
Trigger System
With automatic lOHz-IOOMHz (P5mm height)
normal with level control from DC- 100 MHz.
LED indication for trigger action.
Slope: positive or negative.
Sources: Ch. I, Ch. II, line, external.
Coupling: AC (21 OHz to approx. 20 MHz), DC
LF (DC - 550 kHz),
HF(?50kHzmlOOMHz).
Threshold: external r50mV.
Active TV-Sync-Separator for line and frame.
Slope positive or negative.
2nd. Triggering (Del. Trig.): autom. or slope con-
trolled (independent from slope direction).
+selection for TV mode.
Threshold: 1 div; typlcal 0.5div.
Trigger bandwidth: 225 Hz to 60 MHz.
Time coefficients: 23 calibrated steps
from 50ns/div. to 1 s/div in l-2-5 sequence,
variable 2.5: 1 to min. 2.5s/div,
accuracy in calibrated position: +3%.
with X-Magnifier x10 (k 5%) to = 5nsIdiv..
Hold-Off time: variable (2 5 : 1).
Delay: 7 decade steps
from 1 OOns to 0.1 s, variable approx 10 : 1 to 1 s.
Bandwidth X-Amplifier: DC-5MHz (-3dB).
Input X-Amplifier via Channel II,
sensitivity see Ch. II specification.
X-Y phase shift: <3” below 120 kHz.
Ramp output: approx 5V. positive going
Test voltage: max. 8.5V,,, (open circuit).
Test current: max. 8mA,,, (shorted).
Test frequency: 50 - 60 Hz (line frequency).
Cathode-ray tube: 150CTB31 P43l123,
rectangular screen, internal graticule 8x10 cm.
Total acceleration voltage: 12 kV.
Trace rotation: adjustable on front panel.
Calibrator: square-wave generator switchable
from
= 1 kHz to 1 MHz (t, approx. 3ns).
Output voltage: 0.2V and 2V fl %.
Protective system Safety Class I (IEC 348).
Linevoltage: 110. 125, 220, 24OV- *IO%.
Line frequency: 50 to 60Hz.
Power consumption: = 40 Watt.
Weight: approx. 8kg. Colour: techno-brown.
Cabinet: W 285, H 145, D 380mm.
Lockable tilt handle.
Subject to change without notice
60 MHz Universal Oscilloscope
2 Channels, 1 mV/div. Sensitivity, Delay Line, Component Tester
Timebase: 2.5s/div. to 5ns/div. including x10 Magnifier&Sweep Delay
Triggering: DC-lOOMHz, TV Sync Separator, After-Delay Trigger
With its variety of operating and trigger modes, the HM604 is a new in-
novative general purpose oscilloscope satisfying a wide range of exacting re-
quirements in laboratory, production, and service. The dual-channel measure-
ment amplifier ensures highly faithful waveform transfer characteristics,
which can be readily checked on the built-in fast-risetime 1 MHz Calibrator -
from probe tip to CRT screen! Using Y-axis magnification, the instrument’s
high sensitivity enables stable displays of very small signals as low as 0.5 mV.
An analog output is provided for connecting multimeters or counters. Another
important feature is the internal delay line for observations of the leading edge
of a signal. As in dual-time base oscilloscopes, the HM604 features a calibra-
ted sweep delay mode, allowing smallest waveform sections to be expanded
up to 1000 times.
The HM604’s most outstanding feature, however, is the unique, newly
developed automatic After-Delay Trigger mode to ensure extremely stable
displays and jitter-free measurements of asynchronous signal sections and
bursts or pulse trains, independent of amplitude fluctuations. An active TV-
Sync-Separator further enhances trigger quality of video frame and line sig-
nals. In the alternate trigger mode, two signals of different frequencies can be
compared.
With this state-of-the-art oscilloscope, HAMEG again sets a new price/
performance standard which is not likely to be met by others in this category.
Users will be particularly impressed by the instrument’s outstanding versatility
and ease of operation. These features are possible in the HM604 due to
HAMEG’s meticulous attention to detail and many decades of successful
design experience.

Modular Probes
The clear advantage over ordinary probes are field replaceable
parts and the HF-compensation feature on the 10: 1 attenuator pro-
bes For the first time, probes in this price range allow adjustments
of their HF-characteristics to match individually the input imped-
ance of each scope. This is particularly important for scopes with
higher bandwidths (>SOMHz), as otherwise strong overshoot or
rounding may occur, when measuring fast-rising square waves.
An exact HF-compensation, however, is only possible with square-
wave generators having a risetime <5ns. Most HAMEG scopes
already feature such a calibration generator. For other oscillo-
scopes, it is available as accessory item HZ60-2. At present the
following Modular Probes are available (HZ36 without HF-com-
pensation):
Type
HZ36 HZ51 HZ52 HZ53
selectable
Attenuation Ratio l:l/lO:l 1O:l IO:1 (HF) 1OO:l
Bandwidth min. (MHz)
IO/ 100 150
250 150
Risetime (ns) 3513.5 <2 tl.4
<2
Inp. Capacitance (pF)
47/18 16 16
65
Inp. Resistance (MR)
l/10 10 10 100
Inp. Voltage max. (V,)
600 600 600 1200
Cable Length (m)
1.5 1.2 1.5 1.5
Spare Cable for HZ36
Spare Cable for HZ51, HZ54
Sparepart Kit (2 sprung hooks, 2 screw tips, 1 ground cable)
HZ54
selectable
1:1/10:1
IO/ 150
35/<2
40/I 8
l/10
600
1.2
HZ39
HZ57
HZ46
Special probe for AM-demodulation and wobbulator measure-
ments. HF-Bandwidth IOOkHz -5OOMHz (+ldB). AC InputVolt-
age 250mV - 5OV,,,. DC isolation Voltage 200V DC including
peak AC. Cable length 1.2m.
High Vdtaget I’mbe Hz58
For measurement of voltages up to 15kV,,. Input resistance
approx. 500 mQ. Recommended load resistance1 Ma/l 0 MQ
(switchable). Attenuation ratio 1000 : 1. Bandwidth 1 MHz. Cable
length 1.5 m. BNC connector.
Test Cable Banana - BNC
HZ32
Coaxial test cable; length 1.15 m, characteristic impedance 5Ofi.
Cable capacitance 12OpF. Input voltage max. 5OOV,.
Test Cable BNC-BNC HZ34
Coaxial test cable; length 1 m, characteristic impedance 500.
Cable capacitance 126pF. Input voltage max. 5OOV,.
Adapter Banana - BNC HZ20
Two 4mm binding posts (19mm between centers) to standard BNC
male plug. input voltage max. 5OOV,.
5Ofz Through-Termination HZ22
For terminating systems with 5OS2 characteristic impedance.
Maximum load 2 W. Max. voltage 1 OV,,,.
Carrying Cases
For HM 103
HZ95
For HM203, HM204. HM205, HM208, HM408. HM604,
HM605 and HM 1005
HZ96
Viewing Hood HZ47
For HM203, HM204, HM205, HM208, HM408, HM604, HM605
and HM 1005
Scope-T-tar
HZtiOa
For Checking the Y amplifier, timebase, and compensation of all
probes, the HZ6O-2 is a crystal-controlled, fast rising (typ. 3ns)
square-wave generator with switchable frequencies of DC, 1 -lO-
IOOHz, I-IO-I OOkHz, and 1 MHz. Three BNC outputs provide sig-
nals of 25 mV,, into 50 M, 0.25V,, and 2.5V,, (open circuit for 1 Ox and
100x probes); accuracy +q %. Battery-powered.
Component-Tester HZ65
Indispensable for trouble-shooting in electronic circuits. Single
component and in-circuit tests are both possible. The HZ65 oper-
ates with all scopes, which can be switched to X-Y operation (ext.
horizontal deflection). Non-destructive tests can be carried out on
almost all semiconductors, resistors, capacitors, and coils. Two
sockets provide for quick testing of the 3 junction areas in any small
power transistor. Other components are connected by using 2
banana jacks. Test leads supplied.
Examples of Test Displays:
ShortcircuIt
Capacitor 33~F
Junction E-C Z-Diode t8V
Printed in West Germany 5/90
Zl

Operating Instructions
General Information
This oscilloscope is easy to operate. The logical arrange-
ment of the controls allows anyone to become familiar with
the operation of the instrument after a short time, however,
experienced users are also advised to read through these
instructions so that all functions are understood.
Immediately after unpacking, the instrument should be
checked for mechanical damage and loose parts in the in-
terior. If there is transport damage, the supplier must be in-
formed immediately. The instrument must then not be put
into operation.
Check that the instrument is set to the correct mains/line
voltage. If not, refer to instructions on page M2.
Use of tilt handle
To view the screen from the best angle, there are three dif-
ferent positions (C, D, E) for setting up the instrument. If the
instrument is set down on the floor after being carried, the
handle remains automatically in the upright carrying posi-
tion (A).
In order to place the instrument onto a horizontal surface,
the handle should be turned to the upper side of the oscillo-
scope (C). For the D position (IO’ inclination), the handle
should be turned in the opposite direction out of the carry
ing position until it locks in place automatically underneath
the instrument. For the E position (20” inclination), the
handle should be pulled to release it from the D position and
swing backwards until it locks once more.
The handle may also be set to a position for horizontal carry-
ing by turning it to the upper side to lock in the B position. At
the same time, the instrument must be moved upwards,
because otherwise the handle will jump back.
B
6
E
cict
20”
Safety
This instrument has been designed and tested in accor-
dance with IECPublication346,SafetyRequirementsfor
Electronic Measuring Apparatus, and has left the factory
in a safe condition. The present instruction manual contains
important information and warnings which have to be fol-
lowed by the user to ensure safe operation and to retain the
oscilloscope in safe condition. The case, chassis and all
measuring terminals are connected to the protective earth
contact of the appliance inlet. The instrument operates ac-
cording to Safety C/ass I (three-conductor power cord with
protective earthing conductor and a plug with earthing con-
tact). The mains/line plug shall only be inserted in a socket
outlet provided with a protective earth contact. The protec-
tive action must not be negated by the use of an extension
cord without a protective conductor.
Warning! Any interruption of the protective conductor
inside or outside the instrument or disconnection of the
protective earth terminal is likely to make the instru-
ment dangerous. Intentional interruption of the protec-
tive earth connection is prohibited. The mains/line plug
should be inserted before connections are made to
measuring circuits.
The grounded accessible metal parts (case, sockets, jacks)
and the mains/line supply contacts (line, neutral) of the in-
strument have been tested against insulation breakdown
with 2000 Vr.m.s. (5OHz).
Under certain conditions, 50 Hz or 60Hz hum voltages can
occur in the measuring circuit due to the interconnection
with other mains/line powered equipment or instruments.
This can be avoided by using an isolation transformer
(Safety Class II) between the mains/line outlet and the
power plug of the instrument. When displaying waveforms
where the “low-level” side of the signal is at a high poten-
tial, even with the use of a protective isolation transformer,
it should be noted that this potential is connected to the os-
cilloscope’s case and other accessible metal parts. High
voltages are dangerous. In this case, special safety precau-
tions are to be taken, which must be supervised by qualified
personnel if the voltage is higher than 42V.
Most cathode-ray tubes develop X-rays. However, the
dose equivalent rate falls far below the maximum per-
missible value of 36pA/kg (0.5mRlh).
Whenever it is likely that protection has been impaired, the
instrument shall be made inoperative and be secured
against any unintended operation. The protection is Ii kely to
be impaired if, for example, the instrument
-
shows visible damage,
- fails to perform the intended measurements,
- has been subjected to prolonged storage under un-
favourable conditions (e.g. in the open or in moist envi-
ronments),
- has been subject to severe transport stress (e.g. in poor
packaging).
Subject to change without notice Ml

Operating conditions Maintenance
The instrument has been designed for indoor use.
The permissible ambient temperature range during opera-
tion is + 15°C . . . +3O”C. It may occasionally be subjected to
temperatures between + 10°C and - 10°C without degrad-
ing its safety. The permissible ambient temperature range
for storage or transportation is -40°C . +70X.
The maximum operating altitude is up to 2200m (non-
operating 15000m). The maximum relative humidity is up
to 80%.
Various important properties of the oscilloscope should be
carefully checked at certain intervals. Only in this way is it
largely certain that all signals are displayed with the accu-
racy on which the technical data are based. The test
methods described in the test plan of this manual can be
performed without great expenditure on measuring instru-
ments. However, purchase of the new HAMEG scope test-
er HZ 60, which despite its low price is highly suitable for
tasks of this type, is very much recommended.
If condensed water exists in the instrument it should be
acclimatized before switching on. In some cases (e.g.
extremely cold oscilloscope) two hours should be allowed
before the instrument is put into operation. The instrument
should be kept in a clean and dry room and must not be
operated in explosive, corrosive, dusty, or moist environ-
ments The oscilloscope can be operated in any position,
but the convection cooling must not be impaired. The wen-
tilation holes may not be covered. For continuous opera-
tion the instrument should be used in the horizontal posi-
tion, preferably tilted upwards, resting on the tilt handle.
The exterior of the oscilloscope should be cleaned regularly
with a dusting brush. Dirt which is difficult to remove on the
casing and handle, the plastic and aluminium parts, can be
removed with a moistened cloth (99% water +I % mild
detergent). Spirit or washing benzine (petroleum ether) can
be used to remove greasy dirt. The screen may be cleaned
with water or washing benzine (but not with spirit (alcohol)
or solvents), it must then be wiped with a dry clean lint-free
cloth. Under no circumstances may the cleaning fluid get
into the instrument. The use of other cleaning agents can
attack the plastic and paint surfaces.
Switching over the mains/line voltage
The specifications stating tolerances are only valid if
the instrument has warmed up for 30 minutes at an
ambient temperature between +15C” and +3OC9 Val-
ues not stating tolerances are typical for an average
instrument.
Warranty
Each instrument runs through a quality test with 10 hour
burn-in before leaving the production. Practically every early
failure is detected in intermittent operation by this method.
However, it is possible that a component fails only after a
lengthy operating period. Therefore a functional guaran-
tee of 2 years is given for all units. The condition for this is
that no modifications have been made in the instrument. In
the case of shipments by post, rail or carrier it is recom-
mended that the original packing is carefully preserved.
Transport damages and damage due to gross negligence
are not covered by the guarantee.
The instrument is set for 220V (240V U.K.) line voltage on
delivery. It can be switched over to other voltages at the
fuse holder combined with the 3-pole appliance inlet at the
rear of the instrument. Firstly the fuse holder printed with
the voltage values is removed using a small screw driver
and - if required - provided with another fuse. Refer to the
table below for the prescribed value of the fuse. Then
replace the fuse holder so that the impressed white triangle
points to the desired voltage. Here pay attention that the
cover plate is also correctly engaged. The use of repaired
fuses or short circuiting the fuse holder is not allowed. Dam-
age arising because of this is not covered by the guarantee.
In the case of a complaint, a label should be attached to the
housing of the instrument which describes briefly the faults
observed. If at the same time the name and telephone
number (dialing code and telephone or direct number or
department designation) is stated for possible queries, this
helps towards speeding up the processing of guarantee
claims.
Fuse type: Size 5 x 20 mm; 250 V-, C;
IEC 127, Sheet III; DIN 41 662 (possibly DIN .41 571
sheet 3).
Cutoff: time lag (T).
Line voltage Fuse rating
llOV-flO%
TO.63 A
125V- &IO%
TO.63 A
22ov- &IO%
T0.315A
24OV- &IO%
T0.315A
M2 Subject to change
wlthout notice

Type of Signal
All types of signals with a frequency spectrum below
60 MHz can be displayed on the HM 604. The display of sim-
ple electrical processes such as sinusoidal RF and AF sig-
nals or ripple poses no problems. However, when square or
pulse-shaped signals are displayed it must be remembered
that their harmonic content must also be transmitted. In
this case, the bandwidth of the vertical amplifier must be
considerably higher than the repetition frequency of the sig-
nal. In view of this, accurate evaluation of such signals with
the HM 604 is only possible up to a maximum repetition rate
of 6MHz. Operating problems can sometimes occur when
composite signals are to be displayed, especially if they do
not contain any suitable level components and repetition
frequency which can be used for triggering. This occurs, for
example, with burst signals. To obtain a stably triggered dis-
play in these cases, it may be necessary to use Normal Trig-
gering, HOLD OFF time control, and/or TIME/DIV. variable
control.
Video signals are easily triggerable by the aid of the active
TV sync separator (TV SEP. switch).
For optional operation as a DC or AC voltage amplifier, each
channel is provided with a DC-AC coupling switch. The DC
position should only be used with an attenuator probe or at
very low frequencies or if the determination of DC voltage
content of the signal is absolutely necessary.
However, when investigating very low-frequency pulses,
misleading ramp-offs may occur with AC coupling. In this
case, DC operation is to be preferred if the signal voltage is
not superimposed on a too high DC voltage level. Other-
wise, a capacitor of adequate capacitance must be con-
nected before the input of the vertical amplifier (switched to
DC coupling). It should be remembered that this capacitor
must have a sufficiently high breakdown voltage. DC opera-
tion is also recommended for the display of logic and pulse
signals, particularly if their pulse duty factor changes perma-
nently during operation. Otherwise, the display will move
up and down with any change. DC voltages can only be
measured in the DC position.
Amplitude Measurements
In general electrical engineering, alternating voltage data
normally refers to effective values (rms = root-mean-
square value). However, for signal magnitudes and voltage
designations in oscilloscope measurements, the peak-to-
peakvoltage (V,,) value is applied. The latter corresponds to
the real potential difference between the most positive and
most negative points of a signal waveform.
If a sinusoidal waveform, displayed on the oscilloscope sc-
reen, is to be converted into an effective (rms) value, the re-
sulting peak-to-peak value must be divided by 2x- =
2.83. Conversely, it should be observed that sinusoidal volt-
ages indicated in V,,, (V,,,) have 2.83 times the potential dif-
ference in V,,. The relationship between the different volt-
age magnitudes can be seen from the following figure.
Voltage values of a sine curve
v
rms
= effective value; V, = simple peak or crest value;
V,, = peak-to-peak value; V,,, = momentary value.
The minimum signal voltage required at the vertical amplifier
input for a display of 1 cm is approximately 7mV,,. This is
achieved with the attenuator control set at 5mV/cm, its var-
iable control in the fully clockwise position and pulled
out. However, smaller signals than this may also be dis-
played. The deflection coefficients on the input attenuators
are indicated in mV/cm or V/cm (peak-to-peak value).
The magnitude of the applied voltage is ascertained by
multiplying the selected deflection coefficient by the
vertical display height in cm.
If an attenuator probe x 70 is used, a further multiplica-
tion by a factor of 70 is required to ascertain the correct
voltage value.
For exact amplitude measurements the variable con-
trol on the attenuator switch must be set to its calibra-
ted detent CAL. When turning the variable control ccw
the sensitivity will be decreased by a factor of 2.5.
Therefore every intermediate value is possible within
the 7-2-5 sequence.
With direct connection to the vertical input, signals up to
4OOV,, may be displayed (attenuator set to ZOV/cm, vari-
able control ccw).
When pulling the variable control knob (MAG x5), the sen-
sitivity is increased by a factor of 5. Hence follows a min. de-
flection coefficient of 1 mV/cm (reduced bandwidth).
With the designations
H = display height in cm,
U
= signal voltage in V,, at the vertical input,
D = deflection coefficient in V/cm at attenuator switch,
the required quantity can be calculated from the two given
quantities:
U
= D-H
H=;
D+
Subject to change without notice M3 604

However, these three values are not freely selectable. They It is very important that the oscilloscope input coupling is
have to be within the following limits (trigger threshold, ac- set to DC, if an attenuator probe is used for voltages higher
curacy of reading): than 400V (see page M6: Connection of Test Signal).
H between 0.5 and 8cm, if possible 3.2 to 8cm,
U between 1 mV,, and 16OV,,,
D between 5mV/cm and 20V/cm in l-2-5 sequence.
D between 1 mV/cm and 4V/cm in l-2-5 sequence Time Measurements
(with pulled MAG x5 knob). As a rule, all signals to be displayed are periodically repeat-
ing processes and can also be designated as periods. The
number of periods per second is the recurrence frequency
or repetition rate. One or more signal periods or even part of
a period may be shown as a function of the adjustment of
the TIMEIDIV. switch. The time coefficients on the TIME/
DIV. switch are indicated in s/cm, ms/cm, and ps/cm. Ac-
cordingly, the dial is subdivided into three sectors. The du-
ration of a signal period or a portion of the waveform is
ascertained by multiplying the relevant time (horizon-
tal distance in cm) by the time coefficient selected on
the TIME/DIV. switch. The time variable control (small
knob on the TIME/DIV. switch) must be in its calibrated
detent CAL. for accurate measurement (arrow horizontal
and pointing to the right).
With the designations
L = displayed wave length in cm of one period,
T= time in seconds for one period,
F = recurrence frequency in Hz of the signal,
T, = time coefficient in s/cm on timebase switch
and the relation F = l/T, the following equations can be
stated :
Examples:
Set deflection coefficient D = 50 mV/cm 2 0.05 V/cm,
observed display height H = 4.6 cm,
required voltage U = 0.05.4.6 = 0.23 V,,.
Input voltage U = 5V,,,
set deflection coefficient D = 1 V/cm,
required display height H = 5: 1 = 5cm
Signal voltage U = 22OV,,;2.fl= 622 V,,
(voltage > 16OV,,, with probe X 10 : U = 62.2 V,,),
desired display height H = min. 3.2cm, max. 8cm.
max. deflection coefficient D = 62.2 : 3.2 = 19.4V/cm,
min. deflection coefficient D = 62.2 : 8 = 7.8V/cm,
adjusted deflection coefficient D = lOV/cm
If the applied signal is superimposed on a DC (direct
voltage) level the total value (DC + peak value of the al-
ternating voltage) of the signal across the Y-input must
not exceed *4OOV(see figure). This same limit applies to
normal x 10 attenuator probes, the attenuation ratio of
which allows signal voltages up to approximately 1 ,OOOV,,
to be evaluated. Voltages of up to approximately 2,4OOV,,
may be measured by using the HZ53 high voltage probe
which has an attenuation ratio of 100: 1. It should be noted
that its AC peakvalue is derated at higher frequencies. If a nor-
mal x 10 probe is used to measure high voltages there is the
risk that the compensation trimmer bridging the attenuator
series resistor will break down causing damage to the input
of the oscilloscope. However, if for example only the re-
sidual ripple of a high voltage is to be displayed on the oscil-
loscope, a normal x 10 probe is sufficient. In this case, an ap-
propriate high voltage capacitor (approx. 22-68nF) must be
connected in series with the input tip of the probe.
Voltage
’ DC + AC,,,k = 4OOV,,,.
I
peak
AC
DC
F@u
.-
-.
DC
/\
/
/
‘\ AC
/
-1
\
\
\
Time
\.
1’
\
/
\
c
I
\
1 !
‘\
\
/
Total value of input voltage ’ - ’
/
\
\,
/
The dotted line shows a voltage alternating at zero volt level. When superim-
posed a DC level, the addition of the positive peak and the DC voltage results
in the max. voltage (DC + AC,,,,).
T = L.T, T, = ;
1
F -
= L.Tc
1
L = F.Tc
T, = &
.
With X-MAG. xl0 button depressed the T, value must
be divided by 10.
However, these four values are not freely selectable. They
have to be within the following’limits:
L between 0.2 and 1 Ocm, if possible 4 to 1 Ocm,
Tbetween 5 ns and 1 OS,
F between 0.1 Hz and 60 MHz,
T, between 50ns/cm and 1 s/cm in l-2-5 sequence
(with X MAG. x 10 in out position), and
T, between 5 ns/cm and lOOms/cm in l-2-5 sequence
(with pushed X MAG. x10 button).
Examples:
Displayed wavelength L = 7 cm,
set time coefficient T, = 0.5 ps/cm,
required period T = 7.0.5.1 O-” = 3.5~s
required rec. freq. F = 1:(3.5.1 OP6) = 286 kHz.
Signal period T = 0.5s,
set time coefficient T, = 0.2 s/cm,
required wavelength L = 0.5 : 0.2 = 2.5cm.
M4 604 Subject to change without notice

Displayed ripple wavelength L = 1 cm,
set time coefficient T, = 10 ms/cm,
required ripple freq. F = 1 : (1 .10.10-3) = 100Hz.
TV-line frequency F = 15 625 Hz,
set time coefficient T, = 10 @cm,
required wavelength L = 1: (15 625.1 0p5) = 6.4cm.
Sine wavelength L = min. 4cm, max. 1 Ocm,
Frequency F = 1 kHz,
max. time coefficient T, = 1 : (4.1 03) = 0.25ms/cm,
min. time coefficient T, = 1 :(I O-1 03) = 0.1 m&m,
set time coefficient T, = 0.2 ms/cm,
required wavelength L = 1: (1 03- 0.2 - 1 0p3) = 5cm.
Displayed wavelength L = 0.8cm,
set time coefficient T, = 0.5 ys/cm,
pressed MAG X 10 button: T, = 0.05 @cm,
required rec. freq. F = 1: (0.8.0.05.1 Ov6) = 25 MHz,
required period T = 1: (25.1 06) = 40 ns.
If the time is relatively short as compared with the complete
signal period, an expanded time scale should always be
applied (X MAG x10 button pushed). In this case, the ascer-
tained time values have to be divided by 70. Very small time
intervals at optional points of the signal can be measured
more exactly with the aid of the sweep delay. With it, the
display and measurement of time intervals, which are smal-
ler than 1 % of the full signal period, are possible. The small-
est measurable time interval is, on the whole, dependent on
the obtainable brightness of the CRT. The limit is an expan-
sion of approximately 1000 times. Using a Viewing Hood
HZ47, more expansion is possible, provided that the time
coefficient set on the TIME/DIV. switch is greater than
S@cm (and using the X MAG x 10 facility) for the signal’s
basic period. Otherwise, the fastest sweep speed deter-
mines the greatest possible expansion.
When investigating pulse or square waveforms, the critical
feature is the risetime of the voltage step. To ensure that
transients, ramp-offs, and bandwidth limits do not unduly
influence the measuring accuracy, the risetime is generally
measured between 10% and 90% of the vertical pulse
height. For peak-to-peak signal amplitude of 6cm height,
which are symmetrically adjusted to the horizontal center
line, the internal graticule of the CRT has two horizontal dot-
ted lines &2.4cm from the center line. Adjust the Y at-
tenuator switch with its variable control together with the
Y-POS. control so that the pulse height is precisely aligned
with the 0 and 100 % lines. The 10 % and 90 % points of the
signal will now coincide with the two lines, which have a
distance of f2.4cm from the horizontal center line and an
additional subdivision of 0.2cm. The risetime is given by
the product of the horizontal distance in cm between
these two coincidence points and the time coefficient
setting.
If magnification is used, this product must be divided by 10.
The fall time of a pulse can also be measured by using this
method.
100%
90%
-I qot t-
The above figure shows correct positioning of the oscillo-
scope trace for accurate risetime measurement.
With a time coefficient of O.O5ys/cm and pushed X MAG
x10 button the example shown in the above figure results
in a measured total risetime of
ttor = 1.6cm.O.O5@cm: 10 = 8ns
When very fast risetimes are being measured, the rise-
times of the oscilloscope amplifier and the attenuator probe
have to be deducted from the measured time value. The
risetime of the signal can be calculated using the following
formula.
t, = v ttot2 - t
osc
2 - t 2
P
In this ttot is the total measured risetime, to,, is the risetime
of the oscilloscope amplifier (approx. 5.8ns), and t, the
risetime of the probe (e.g. = 2 ns). If ttot is greater than 42 ns,
then t,,, can be taken as the risetime of the pulse, and calcu-
lation is unnecessary.
Calculation of the example in tie figure above results in a
signal risetime
t, = V 8* - 5.8* - 2* = 5.1 ns
Connection of Test Signal
Caution: When connecting unknown signals to the oscillo-
scope input, always use automatic triggering and set the
DC-AC input coupling switch to AC. The attenuator switch
should initially be set to POV/cm.
Sometimes the trace will disappear after an input signal has
been applied. The attenuator switch must then be turned
back to the left, until thevertical signal height is only3-8cm.
With a signa! amplitude greater than 16OV,,, an attenuator
probe must be inserted before the oscilloscope’s vertical
input. If, after applying the signal, the trace is nearly
blanked, the period of the signal is probably substantially
Subject to change wlthout notlce

longer than the set value on the TIMEIDIV. switch. It
should be turned to the left to an adequately greater time
coefficient.
The signal to be displayed should be fed to the vertical input
of the oscilloscope by means of a shielded test cable, e.g.
the HZ32 or HZ34, or by a x 10 or x 100 attenuator probe.
The use of these shielded cables with high impedance cir-
cuits is only recommended for relatively low frequencies
(up to approx. 50kHz). For higher frequencies, and when
the signal source is of low impedance, a cable of matched
characteristic impedance (usually 5OQ) is recommended.
In addition, and especially when investigating square or
pulse waveforms, a resistor equivalent to the characteristic
impedance of the cable must also be connected to the cable
directly at the input of the oscilloscope. When using a 509
cable, such as the HZ34, a 50R through-termination type
HZ22 is available from HAMEG. When investigating square
or pulse waveforms with fast risetimes, transient
phenomena on both the edge and top of the signal may be-
come visible if the correct termination is not used. It must
be remembered that the 5OQ through-termination will only
dissipate a maximum of 2 watts. This power consumption
is reached with 1 OV,,, or with 28V,, sine signal.
If a x 10 or x 100 attenuator probe is used, no termination is
necessary. In this case, the connecting cable is matched di-
rectly to the high impedance input of the oscilloscope.
When using attenuator probes even high internal imped-
ance sources are only slightly loaded by approximately
10 MQ I I 16 pF or 100 MQ I I7 pF respectively. Therefore,
when the voltage loss due to the attenuation of the probe
can be compensated by a higher sensitivity setting on the
HM 604, the probe should always be used. Also it should be
remembered that the series impedance of the probe pro-
vides a certain amount of protection for the input of the os-
cilloscope amplifier. It should be noted that all attenuator
probes must be compensated in conjunction with the oscil-
loscope (see: Probe Adjustment, page M8).
If a x IO or x 100 attenuator probe is used at voltages
higher than 400 V, the DC input coupling must always
be set. With AC coupling, the attenuation is frequency-de-
pendent, the pulses displayed can exhibit ramp-off, DC-volt-
age contents are suppressed - but loads the respective
input coupling capacitor of the oscilloscope. The electric
strength of which is maximum 400V (DC + peak AC). For
the suppression of unwanted DC voltages, a capacitor of
adequate capacitance and electric strength may be con-
nected before the input tip of the probe (e.g. for ripple
measurements).
It is important to remember that when low voltage signals
are being investigated the position of the ground point on
the test circuit can be critical. This ground point should al-
ways be located as close as possible to the measuring
point. If this is not done, serious signal deformation may
result from any spurious currents through the ground leads
or test chassis parts. This comment also applies to the
ground leads on attenuator probes which ideally should be
as short and as thick as possible. For connection of a probe
to a BNC socket, a BNC-adapter should be used. It forms
often a part of the probe accessory. Grounding and match-
ing problems are then eliminated.
Hum or interference voltage appearing in the measuring cir-
cuit (especially with a small deflection coefficient) is possi-
bly caused by multiple grounding, because equalizing cur-
rents can flow in the shielding of the measuring cables (volt-
age drop between non-fused earthed conductors of other
line powered devices, which are connected to the oscillo-
scope or test object, e.g. signal generators with anti-inter-
ference capacitors).
Operating
For a better understanding of these Operating Instructions
the front panel picture at the end of these instructions can
be unfolded for reference alongside the text.
The front panel is subdivided into three sections according
to the various functions. The INTENS., FOCUS and TR
(trace rotation) controls are arranged on the left directly
below the screen of the cathode-ray tube (CRT). Continuing
towards the right are the horizontal magnification button (X
MAG. x10), the switch for calibrator frequency selection
(1 kHz/l MHz) and calibrator output sockets 0.2V/2V
(CAL.). The COMPONENT TESTER pushbutton and its
measuring socket are located on the right side.
The X-Section, located on the upper right, next to the screen,
contains the red POWER pushbutton and indicating LED, all
controls for timebase (TIME/DIV.), triggering (TRIG.), hori-
zontal trace position (X-POS.), sweep delay (DELAY), TV
separator (TV SEP.) together with the field select button
(FIELD l/II), the XYmode button (XV), and the knob for hol-
doff adjustment (HOLD OFF).
The lower Y-Section contains the controls for the vertical
deflection system. On the right and left in this section are lo-
cated: vertical input connector, DC-AC-GD input coupling
slide switch, Y-POS. control, INVERT pushbutton, at-
tenuator switch with variable control, and ground jack. All
these controls and connectors exist in duplicate for each of
the Channels I and II. Three pushbuttons for selecting the
operating mode are arranged below the attenuator
switches: CH l/II -TRIG l/II, DUAL and ADD.
These are explained later.
The instrument is so designed that even incorrect operation
will not cause serious damage. The pushbuttons control
only minor functions, and it is recommended that before
commencement of operation all pushbuttons are in the
“out” position. After this the pushbuttons can be operated
depending upon the mode of operation required.
M6 604 Subject to change without notice

The HM 604 accepts all signals from DC (direct voltage) up
to a frequency of at least 60MHz (-3dB). For sinewave
voltages the upper frequency limit will be 80MHz. How-
ever, in this higher frequency range the vertical display
height on the screen is limited to approx. 6cm. The time re-
solution poses no problem. For example, with 100 MHz and
the fastest adjustable sweep rate (5ns/cm), one cycle will
be displayed every 2cm. The tolerance on indicated values
amounts to f3% in both deflection directions. All values to
be measured can therefore be determined relatively accu-
rately. However, from approximately 25 MHz upwards the
measuring error will increase as a result of loss of gain. At
40MHz this reduction is about 10%. Thus, approximately
11 % should be added to the measured voltage at this fre-
quency. As the bandwidth of the amplifiers differ (normally
between 65 and 70 MHz), the measured values in the upper
limit range cannot be defined exactly. Additionally, as al-
ready mentioned, for frequencies above 60MHz the
dynamic range of the display height steadily decreases. The
vertical amplifier is designed so that the transmission per-
formance is not affected by its own overshoot.
First Time Operation
Check that the instrument is set to the correct mains/
line voltage. (Refer to page M2).
Before applying power to the oscilloscope it is recom-
mended that the following simple procedures are per-
formed:
- Check that all pushbuttons are in the out position, i.e. re-
leased.
- Rotate the three variable controls with arrows to their
calibrated detent.
- Set the variable controls with marker lines to their mid-
range position (marker lines pointing vertically).
-
The LEVEL control knob should be on its left stop (AT).
- The three lever switches in the X-Section should be set
to their uppermost position.
-
Both input coupling slide switches for CH.1 and CH.11 in
the Y-Section should be set to the GD position.
Switch on the oscilloscope by depressing the red POWER
pushbutton. An LED will illuminate to indicate working
order. The trace, displaying one baseline, should be visible
after a short warm-up period of 10 seconds. Adjust Y-P0S.I
and X-POS. controls to center the baseline. Adjust IN-
TENS. (intensity) and FOCUS controls for medium bright-
ness and optimum sharpness of the trace. The oscilloscope
is now ready for use.
If only a spot appears (CAUTION! CRT phosphor can be
damaged.), reduce the intensity immediately and check
that the X-Y pushbutton is in the released (out) position. If
the trace is not visible, check the correct positions of all
knobs and switches (particularly LEVEL knob in AT position
and DELAY MODE lever switch to OFF).
To obtain the maximum life from the cathode-ray tube, the
minimum intensity setting necessary for the measurement
in hand and the ambient light conditions should be used.
Particular care is required when a single spot is dis-
played, as a very high intensity setting may cause damage
to the fluorescent screen of the CRT. Switching the oscillo-
scope off and on at short intervals stresses the cathode of
the CRT and should therefore be avoided.
Trace Rotation TR
In spite of Mumetal-shielding of the CRT, effects of the
earth’s magnetic field on the horizontal trace position
cannot be completely avoided. This is dependent upon
the orientation of the oscilloscope on the place of work.
A centred trace may not align exactly with the horizon-
tal center line of the graticule. A few degrees of mis-
alignment can be corrected by a potentiometer acessi-
ble through an opening on the front panel marked TR.
DC Balance Adjustment
The vertical preamplifiers for CH.1 and CH.11 contain
matched dual FETs connected as input source followers.
After long periods of use the FET characteristics may
change which can alter the DC balance of the vertical
amplifier. A quick check of DC Balance can be made on each
channel by pulling the fine amplitude control MAG x5 and
pushing it back. If the trace moves from the vertical position
(up or down) more than 1 mm, the DC Balance will require
readjustment. This check should be made after a 20-minute
warm-up period.
Adjustment procedure
The following instructions should be performed to obtain
the correct DC balance adjustment of both channels.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Remove all input cables and adjust oscilloscope controls
to display the baseline.
Center the baseline using Y-POS. and X-POS. controls.
Set attenuator switches to 5mV/cm and input coupling
switches to GD.
Release all pushbuttons in the Y-Section.
Place the oscilloscope so that it rests firmlyon its back (up-
right position) and locate DC balance adjustment poten-
tiometer access holes - marked CH.1 DC-BALANCE
CH.11 - which are found underneath the instrument.
Insert a screwdriver (blade approx. 3mm, length min.
20 mm) in CH.1 hole. A plastic guide with slotted bottom
is located behind the hole.
Pull and push the CH.1 variable control MAG x5 and ad-
just balance pot so that the baseline no longer moves up
or down. When the trace remains steady, correction of
CH.1 is completed.
Depress CH I/II-TRIG. l/II button. Repeat adjustment
procedure for CH.II.
Subject to change without notice M7 604

Use and Compensation of Probes
To display an undistorted waveform on an oscilloscope, the
probe must be matched to the individual input impedance
of the vertical amplifier.
The HM604’s built-in calibration generator provides a
squarewave signal with a very low risetime (<5ns), and
switch-selectable frequencies of approx. 1 kHz and 1 MHz
at two output sockets below the CRT screen. One output
provides 0.2V,, *I % for 10: 1 probes, and 2V,, +I % are
present at the other, for 100: 1 probes.
When the attenuator switches are set to 5mV/cm vertical
deflection coefficient, these calibration voltages corre-
spond to a screen amplitude of 4cm.
The output sockets have an internal diameter of 4.9mm to
accommodate the internationally accepted shielding tube
diameter of modern Modular Probes and F-series slimline
probes. Only this type of construction ensures the
extremely short ground connections which are essential for
an undistorted waveform reproduction of non-sinusoidal
high frequency signals.
Adjustment at 1 kHz
The C-trimmer adjustment compensates the capacitive
loading on the oscilloscope input (approx. 3OpF with the
HM604). By this adjustment, the capacitive division
assumes the same division ratio as the ohmic voltage
divider to ensure an equal division ratio for high and low fre-
quencies, as for DC. (For 1: 1 probes or switchable probes
set to 1: 1, this adjustment is neither required nor possible).
A baseline exactly parallel to the horizontal graticule lines is
a major condition for accurate probe adjustments. (See also
‘Trace Rotation TR’, page M7.)
Connect the probes (Types HZ51, 52, 53, 54, or HZ37) to
CH.1 input. All pushbuttons should be released (in the ‘out’
position), and all push-pull knobs pushed ‘in’. Set the input
coupling switch to DC, the attenuator switch to 5mV/cm,
and the TIME/DIV. switch to 0.2ms/cm, and all variable
controls to CAL. position. Plug the probe tip into the appro-
priate calibrator output socket, i.e. IO:1 probes into the
0.2V socket, 100: 1 probes into the 2.OV socket.
1 kHz
incorrect correct incorrect
Approximately 2 complete waveform periods are displayed
on the CRT screen. Now the compensation trimmer has to
be adjusted. Normally, this trimmer is located in the probe
head. On the 100: 1 probe HZ53, however, it is located in
the connecting box at the other end of the cable. Using a
small insulated non-metallic screwdriver or trimming tool,
the trimmer has to be adjusted slowly until the tops of the
squarewave signal are exactly parallel to the horizontal
graticule lines. (See Fig. above for 1 kHz.) The signal
amplitude shown should be 4cm + 1.2 mm (= 3 %), During
this adjustment, the signal edges will remain invisible.
Adjustment at 1 MHz
Probes HZ51,52, and 54 will also allow for HF-adjustments.
They incorporate resonance deemphasizing networks (R-
trimmer in conjunction with inductances and capacitors)
which permit - for the first time - probe compensation in
the range of the upper frequency limit of the vertical oscillo-
scope amplifier. Only this compensative adjustment
ensures optimum utilisation of the full bandwidth, together
with constant group delay at the high frequency end,
thereby reducing characteristic transient-distortion near the
leading signal edge (e.g. overshoot, rounding, ringing, holes
or bumps) to an absolute minimum.
Using the probes HZ51, 52, and 54, the full bandwidth of
the HM 604 can be utilized without risk of unwanted wave-
form distortion.
Prerequisite for this HF-adjustment is a squarewave
generator with fast risetime (typical 4ns). and low output
impedance (approx. 5OQ). providing 0.2V and 2V at a fre-
quency of approx. 1 MHz. The calibrator output of the
HM604 meets these requirements when the pushbutton
1 MHz is depressed.
Connect the probe (HZ51,52, or 54) to CH.1 input. Depress
the calibrator pushbutton 1MHz. All other pushbuttons
should be released (‘out’ position). Set the input coupling
switch to DC, attenuator switch to 5mV/cm, and TIME/
DIV. switch to 0.1 l&cm. Set all variable controls to CAL.
position.
Insert the probe tip into the output socket marked 0.2V. A
waveform will be displayed on the CRT screen, with leading
and trailing edges clearly visible. For the HF-adjustment
now to be performed, it will be necessary to observe the ris-
ing edge as well as the upper left corner of the pulse top. To
gain access to the HF-compensation trimmer, the plastic
cover of the probe connecting box has to be slid off after
unscrewing the probe cable. The connecting boxes of the
HZ51 and HZ54 contain one R-trimmer screw, each, while
that of the HZ52 provides three. These R-trimmers have to
be adjusted in such a manner that the beginning of the pulse
top is as straight as possible. Overshoot or excessive round-
ing are unacceptable. This is relatively easy on the HZ51
and HZ54, but slightly more difficult on the HZ52. The rising
edge should be as steep as possible, with the pulse top
remaining as straight and horizontal as possible.
On the HZ52, each of the three trimmers has a clearly
M8 604 Subject to change without notice

defined area of influence on the waveform shape (see Fig.),
offering the added advantage of being able to ‘straighten
out’ waveform aberrations near the leading edge.
Adjustment points of the probes
HZ51, HZ54
osc.
I
(NF) T, 1
CAL.
Tz (I+)
(I-F) T, T,
(LF)
T3 T, T,
- IOnskm
T, (NF) 1 -
T,_: alters the middle frequencies
Ti: alters the leading edge
T,: alters the lower frequencies
HZ52
After completion of the HF-adjustment, the signal
amplitude displayed on the CRT screen should have the
same value as during the 1 kHz adjustment.
Probes other than those mentioned above, normally have a
larger tip diameter and may not fit into the calibrator out-
puts Whilst it is not difficult for an experienced operator to
build a suitable adapter, it should be pointed out that most
of these probes have a slower risetime with the effect that
the total bandwidth of scope together with probe may fall
far below that of the HM604. Furthermore, the HF-adjust-
ment feature is nearly always missing so that waveform dis-
tortion can not be entirely excluded.
incorrect correct incorrect
Adjustment
1 MHz
The adjustment sequence must be followed in the order
described, i.e. first at 1 kHz, then at 1 MHz. The calibrator
frequencies should not be used for timebase calibrations.
The pulse duty cycle deviates from 1 : 1 ratio.
Prerequisites for precise and easy probe adjustments, as
well as checks of deflection coefficients, are straight hori-
zontal pulse tops, calibrated pulse amplitude, and zero-
potential at the pulse base. Frequency and duty cycle are
relatively uncritical. For interpretations of transient
response, fast pulse risetimes and low-impedance
generator outputs are of particular importance.
Providing these essential features, as well as switch-select-
able output-frequencies, the calibrator of the HM 604 can,
under certain conditions, replace expensive squarewave
generators when testing or compensating wideband-
attenuators or -amplifiers. In such a case, the input of an
appropriate circuit will be connected to one of the CAL.-out-
puts via a suitable probe.
The voltage provided at a high-impedance input (I MSJ II 15-
5OpF) will correspond to the division ratio of the probe used
(10: 1 = 20mV,,, 100: 1 = also 20mV,, from 2V output).
Suitable probes are HZ51, 52, 53, and 54.
For low-impedance inputs (e.g. 50 Q), a 1: 1 probe can be
employed which, however, must be fully terminated with a
5052 through-termination. Suitable probe types are HZ50
and HZ54. The latter must be switched to the 1: 1 position,
and the HF-trimmer in the connecting box turned fullycoun-
terclockwise.
When connected to the 0.2V CAL. socket, and using the
HZ50, this arrangement will provide approx. 40mV,, at
50Q circuit input, and approx. 24mV,, if the HZ54 is used.
The voltages given here will have larger tolerances than 1 %
since operation of a 1: 1 probe together with a 5OQ load is
very uncommon.
Using the 2V CAL. socket under similar conditions is only
possible with the HZ54 probe. The potential obtained at the
5OQ input will then be approx. 190mV,,, but with almost
twice the risetime. Accurate readings of the available input
voltage can be shown directly on the HM604 when con-
necting a 5OQ through-termination between the BNC plug
of the probe and the input of the oscilloscope.
Operating Modes of the Y Amplifier
The required operating modes are selected on three
pushbuttons located in the Y-Section. For Mono operation
all pushbuttons should be in the out position, the instru-
ment is then operating on Channel/only.
Subject to change without notice
M9 604

For Mono operation with Channel II, the CH l/II -TRIG. l/II
pushbutton has to be pressed. When the DUAL button is
depressed, the HM604 is in Dualchannel operation. In this
mode, the channels are displayed consecutively (alternate
mode). This mode is not suitable for the display of very low
frequency signals (<l kHz), as the tracewill appear to flicker
or jump. Under these conditions, the ADD button should be
depressed additionally selecting chopped mode. In this
position, both channels then share the trace during each
sweep period. For the display of high frequency signals, the
type of channel switching selected is less important.
nal frequencies up to 120 kHz. However, above this fre-
quency the inherent phase difference between the vertical
and horizontal system makes accurate measurements dif-
ficult. In this mode, one of the sinewave signals provides
horizontal deflection (X) while the other signal provides the
vertical deflection (Y).
0” 35” 90” 180”
To select the add mode only the ADD button should be
depressed. The signals on both channels are then added
together. If in this mode one channel is inverted (pushbut-
ton INVERT depressed), then the difference between the
two channels is displayed. For both of these operating
modes, the vertical position of the trace depends on the set-
ting of the Y-POS. controls of both channels.
The phase angle between the two signals can be deter-
mined from the Lissajous pattern as follows:
sin cp = E
Differentialmeasurements techniques allow direct meas-
urement of the voltage drop across floating components
(both ends above ground). Two identical probes should be
used for both vertical inputs. Using a separate ground con-
nection and notconnecting the probe or cable shields to the
circuit under test avoid ground loops (hum, common-mode
disturbances).
cos cp = 1/ I-@
%J
= arc sin f
b
This simple formula works for angles less than 90”, it is
independent from both deflection amplitudes on the
screen.
Caution!
X-Y Operation If a single spot appears (both deflection voltages are missing) reduce the intensity immediately, as a high intensity setting
may cause damage to the fluorescent screen of the CRT.
For X-Yoperation, the pushbutton in the X-Section marked
X-Y must be depressed. The X signal is then derived from
the Channe///(HOR. INP.). The calibration ofthexsignal
during X-Y operation is determined by the setting of
the Channel II input attenuator and variable control.
This means that the sensitivity ranges and input imped-
ances are identical for both the X and Y axes. However, the
Y-POS.II control is disconnected in this mode. Its function
is taken over by the X-POS. control. It is important to note
that the X MAG. x10 facility, normally used for expanding
the sweep, should not be operated in the X-Y mode. It
should also be noted that the bandwidth of the X amplifier
is approximately 5MHz (-3dB), and therefore an increase in
phase difference between both axes is noticeable from
50 kHz upwards.
Dual-Trace Phase Difference Measurements
Phase comparison between two signals of the same fre-
quency can be made using the dual-trace feature (DUAL
button depressed). This method of phase difference meas-
urement can be used up to the frequency limit of the vertical
system. To make the comparison, use the following proce-
dure:
The Y-Input signal may be inverted by using the INVERT
(channel I) facility.
X-Y Phase Measurements
Set the Input Coupling switches to the same position, and
the CH. I/II-TRIG. l/II pushbutton to the channel where the
reference signal (Phase 0”) is connected. Select ALT. chan-
nel switching for frequencies above 1 kHz, and CHOP. for
frequencies below 1 kHz. Use probes which have equal
time delay to connect the signals to the input connectors.
Set the Input Attenuator switches and the CH I and CH II var-
iable controls so that the displays are approximately equal
and about five divisions in amplitude. Set the TIME/DIV.
switch to a sweep rate which displays about one cycle of
the waveform. Move the waveforms to the center of the
graticule with the Y-P0S.I and Y-POS.II controls.
The X-Y phase measurement method can be used to meas- Turn the Variable Time Control until one cycle of the refer-
ure the phase difference between two signals of the same ence signal occupies exactly 10 divisions (see next figure).
frequency. This provides a method of measurement for sig- Each division represents 36” of the cycle.
Ml0 604 Subject to change without notice

Dual-Trace Phase Difference Measurements
T = Horizontal distance foroneperiod(cm).
t = Horizontal distance of zero-crossing points (cm).
Assume a horizontal difference of 3 divisions (t = 3cm) and
a period of 10 divisions (T = 1 Ocm), the phase difference 91
can be calculated using the following formula:
or 108”
arcg, =f
respectively.
-2~t =$ a2~~ = l.885rad
Measurement of an amplitude modulation
The momentary amplitude u at time t of a HF-carrier volt-
age, which is amplitude modulated without distortion by a
sinusoidal AF voltage, is in accordance with the equation
u = U,. sinQt + 0,5m . UT - cos(S&w)t - 0,5m - UT - cos(l(r+o)t
where U,
= unmodulated carrier amplitude
S2 = 2~rF = angular carrier frequency
0 =2nf = modulation angular frequency
m = modulation factor (S 1 P 100 %).
The lower side frequency F-fand the upper side frequency
F+f arise because of the modulation apart from the carrier
frequency F.
T
UT
0,5m * UT
4 I
40,5m
- UT
Figure 1
F-f F F+f
Amplitude and frequency spectrum for AM display (m = 50%)
The display of the amplitude-modulated HF oscillation can be
evaluated with the oscilloscope provided the frequency
spectrum is inside the oscilloscope bandwidth. The time
base is set so that several cycles of the modulation fre-
quency are visible. Strictly speaking, triggering should be ex-
ternal with modulation frequency (from the AF generator or a
demodulator). However, internal triggering is frequently pos-
sible with normal triggering using a suitable LEVEL setting
and possibly also using the time variable adjustment.
Figure 2
Amplitude modulated oscillation: F = 1 MHz; f = 1 kHz;
m = 50 % ; UT = 28.3 mVrms.
Oscilloscope setting for a signal according to figure 2:
Depress no buttons. Y: CH. I; 20mV/div; AC.
TIM E/DIV. : 0.2 ms/div.
Triggering: NORMAL with LEVEL-setting; internal (or
external) triggering.
If the two values aand bare read from the screen, the mod-
ulation factor is calculated from
a- b
m = -
a+b
resp. m = a*. 100 [%J
where a = UT (l+m) and b = UT (l-m).
The variable controls for amplitude and time can be set ar-
bitrarily in the modulation factor measurement. Their posi-
tion does not influence the result.
Triggering and Timebase
With the LEVEL knob in locked position (turned ccw to AT
position = automatic triggering), a baseline is displayed con-
tinuously even when no signal is present. In this position it is
possible to obtain stable displays of virtually all uncompli-
cated, periodically repeating signals above 30 Hz. Adjust-
ments of the timebase then are limited to timebase setting.
With normal triggering (LEVEL knob not in AT position) and
LEVEL adjustment, triggering of time/div. deflection can be
set in any point of a given signal. The triggering range which
can be set with the LEVEL control depends greatly on the
amplitude of the displayed signal. If it is less than 1 div, then
the range is quite small and performance of settings re-
quires a delicate touch.
If the LEVEL control is incorrectly set, no trace will be visi-
ble.
In order to obtain a satisfactory stable display, the timebase
must be triggered synchronously with the test signal. The
trigger signal can be derived from the test signal itself,
when internal triggering is selected, or from a frequency re-
lated signal applied to the external trigger input.
Subject to change without notice
Ml1 604

Triggering can be selected on either the rising or falling edge
of the trigger signal depending on whether the SLOPE +/-
pushbutton (next to LEVEL)is in the out or in position. In the
out position, triggering from the positive-going edge is
selected. The correct slope setting is important in obtaining
a display when only a portion of a cycle is being displayed.
With internal triggering in the Mono channel mode on
the Y amplifier, the trigger signal is derived from the respec-
tive channel in use. In the Dualchannelmode, the internal
trigger signal may be selected from either Channel I or
Channel//using the CHMI-TRIG.I/II button; in the out po-
sition, the trigger signal is derived from Channel I. However,
it is always preferable to trigger from the less complicated
signal.
With internalalternate triggering (ALT pushbutton in the
X-Section depressed) in the DUAL channel alternate mode
of the Y amplifier, the trigger voltage is derived alternately
from Channel I and Channel II. This trigger mode is par-
ticularly useful when two asynchronous signs/s are being
investigated. Normal triggering should be preferable in this
mode. The display of one signal only is not possible on the
alternate trigger mode.
For exfernaltriggering, the EXT. pushbutton in the X-Sec-
tion must be depressed. The sync. signal (0.05V,,-0.5VJ
must then be fed to the TRIG. INP. input socket.
Coupling mode and frequency range of the trigger signal
are selected with the TRIG. lever switch in the X-Section for
internal and external triggering, provided that the TV SEP.
switch is in off position. The HM 604 has 4 coupling modes:
AC, DC, LF, HF. The AC coupling mode is mainly used. DC
trigger coupling is only recommended, when very low fre-
quency signals are being investigated and triggering at a
particular value is necessary, or when pulses, which sig-
nificantly change in duty cycle during observation time,
have to be displayed. If DC coupling is selected, it is advisa-
ble to use the normal triggering mode. In the HF coupling
mode, a high pass filter is switched into the trigger
amplifier. This filter cuts off the DC content of the trigger
signal and the lower frequency range.
In the LF coupling mode, a low-pass filter is switched into
the trigger amplifier. This filter cuts off any amplifier noise
and the frequency range of the trigger signal above 50 kHz.
For the purpose of line triggering (TRIG. lever switch in the
X-Section) to N, a (divided) secondary voltage of the power
transformer is used as a trigger signal. This trigger mode is
independent of the signal amplitude or display height and al-
lows a display below the (internal) trigger threshold. Line
triggering is recommended for all signals which are time-re-
lated (multiple or submultiple) to the mains/line frequency
or when it is desirable to provide a stable display of a line-
frequency component in complex waveforms. Therefore it
is especially suited for the measurement of small ripple volt-
ages from power supply rectifiers or of magnetic or static
leakage fields~in a circuit.
In some countries, the standard power plug has symmetri-
cally arranged plugs (interchanging of Line and Neutral is
possible). In such cases, the SLOPE +/- pushbutton may
indicate the wrong polarity compared with the display (trig-
gering with falling edge instead of rising edge). For correc-
tion, the power plug of the instrument has to be turned.
Triggering of video signals
The built-in active TV-Sync-Separator separates the sync
pulses from the video signal, permitting the display of dis-
torted video signals either in line (H = horizontal) or in frame
(V = vertical) trigger mode. The TV lever switch has five po-
sitions: the OFF position is for normal operation.
The TV: H+ and H- positions (horizontal= line) and the
TV: V+ and V- (vertical =frame) positions are used for
video triggering. In these four positions the TRIG. coupling
switch and the LEVEL control (in NORM. trigger mode) are
inoperative. In the TV: V+ and V- positions (frame trigger-
ing), a low-pass filter or integrating network is connected
into circuit, which forms a trigger pulse sequence with
frame frequency from thevertical sync pulses (incl. pre-and
postequalizing pulses).
When in V mode, it is possible to select field I or II by releas-
ing or depressing FIELD l/II pushbutton.
For correct video triggering, the + and - positions at V and
H must be selected corresponding to the video input signal.
If the sync pulses are placed above the picture content, H+
or V+ should be in use. For sync pulses below the picture
content of the input signal, correct triggering, without any
influence from changing picture contents, will be possible
only in V- or H- setting. The INVERT pushbutton only
changes the display on the CRT, not the input signal.
In TV: H trigger mode, the trigger point lies on the starting
edge of a sync pulse if SLOPE button is in + position. As
mentioned before, in TV: V mode an integrating network is
additionally added to the sync separator which delays the
formed trigger pulse by about 50~s.
Video signals are triggered in the automatic mode. There-
fore the adjustment of the trigger point is superfluous. The
internal triggering is virtually independent of the display
height, which may differ from 0.8 to 8div. As opposed to AT
mode, when in normal mode, the screen is blanked without
signal at the input (turning the LEVEL knob is ineffectual).
Ml2 604 Subject to change without notice

Function of var. HOLD-OFF control
If it is found that a trigger point cannot be located on ex-
tremely complex signals even after repeated and careful ad-
justment of the LEVEL control in the Norma/ Triggering
mode, a stable display may be obtained using the HOLD-
OFF control (in the X-Section). This facility varies the hold-
off time between two sweep periods up to the ratio >5 : 1.
Pulses or other signal waveforms appearing during this off
period cannot trigger the timebase. Particularly with burst
signals or aperiodic pulse trains of the same amplitude, the
start of the sweep can be shifted to the optimum or re-
quired moment. After specific use the HOLD-OFF control
should be re-set into its calibration detent min., otherwise
the brightness of the display is reduced drastically.
,_
~ heavy parts “;e displayed cyc,e
I
v
HOLD-‘OFF time
Fig. 1 shows a case where the HOLD-OFF knob is in the Xl position and var-
ious different waveforms are overlapped on the screen, making the signal
observation unsuccessful.
Fig. 2 shows a case where only the desired parts of the signal are stably dis-
played.
Sweep Delay / After Delay Triggering
With the sweep delay, the start of the sweep can be de-
layed from the trigger point by a selectable time (IOOns to
maximum 1 s). It is therefore possible to start the sweep at
practically any point of a waveform. The interval, which fol-
lows the start of the sweep, can be greatly expanded by the
increase of the sweep speed. From the 5 p/cm TIMEIDIV.
range downwards to slower sweep speeds, an expansion
of at least 100 times, and with the aid of the X MAG. x10 ex-
pansion of 1000 times, is possible. With time coefficients
higher than 5@cm, the maximum expansion increases
proportionally. However, with increasing the expansion, the
display brightness decreases. Under very high ambient light
conditions a Viewing Hood like HZ47 can overcome this
problem. It should be noted that there are some difficulties
with higher expansions, if the test signal has inherent jitter.
To reduce or eliminate this jitter, expanded parts of a signal
can be triggered again “after delay” provided there is
another suitable edge (DEL. TRIG.).
In DEL. TRIG. mode andN SEP. switch in H or V position,
after delay triggering to the next following line is possible.
Therefore discrete lines are representable. The slope is ap-
pointed by the TV+ or N- position of the delay switch.
When not in TV-trig. mode the susceptibility to interference
(sense) can be influenced (A = normal, v = reduced).
Operation of the sweep delay is relatively easy, as normally
only 3 controls in the X-Section need to be used: the DELAY
operating mode lever switch (OFF-SEARCH-DELAY-DEL.
TRIG.), the DELAY rotary switch (delay time range), and its
variable control VAR. IO:1 (small knob on the DELAY
switch). The latter, a twenty-turn precision potentiometer
with overwind protection, can increase the delay time range
tenfold. An LED near the DELAY mode switch indicates the
operating mode.
For reliable operation of the sweep delay, it is recom-
mended that the following procedure should always be
adopted; also reference to the accompanying figures will
be of assistance.
Figure 1
MODE
: NORM.
TIME/DIV. : 0.5 ms/cm
LED
: off
Initially, the sweep delay mode lever switch should be set in
the OFF position. In this mode, the complete waveform
under investigation will be displayed as for normal oscillo-
scope operation. The mode indicator LED is not illuminated
in OFF mode. The time coefficient on the TIME/DIV. switch
is selected so that 1 to 3 basic periods of the signal are
displayed. A larger number unnecessarily decreases the
brightness and maximum expansion. The display of only a
portion of a period limits the choice of the expanded time in-
terval and possibly complicates the triggering. On the other
hand, the range of 1 to 3 basic periods can always be set un-
constrainedly with the TIME/DIV. switch. In doing so, the
x10 expansion must be switched off temporarily (X
MAG. x10 button is in out position). In the X-Section, the
HOLD-OFF control should be set to min. and the variable
control to CAL.The LEVEL control is adjusted so that stable
triggering is ensured (TRIG. LED is illuminated).
The mode switch should now be set to the SEARCH posi-
tion; it will be seen that the start of the display will shift to
the right. The amount of shift indicates the exact delay time.
Subject to change without notice Ml3 604

If a display is not obtained in this mode, then a lower delay
time range should be selected. For example, when inves-
tigating the waveform shown in the figures, a display could
not be obtained with a delay time setting of IOms, as the
display is completely blanked. However, as a result of set-
ting the DELAY rotary switch to 0.1 ps, the shifting is not
visible. The DELAY range switch should then be rotated
clockwise until the display starts just prior to the short time
interval to be investigated. The precise adjustment to the
start is done with the VAR. 1O:l delay time control. The
rotating range of the latter has no stop. On the range limits
a certain snapping noise is audible. Initially, this control
should be set in the left start position. In the SEARCH
mode, the LED indicator will flash.
Figure 2
MODE
: SEARCH
DELAY range :lms
TIME/DIV. : 0.5 mskm
LED : flashing
Delay time = 2.5cm . 0.5mskm = 1.25ms
In figure 2 it can be seen that the delay time is also measur-
able as the blanked portion or apparent shift of the start of
the trace. This time can be determined by multiplication of
(the horizontal shifting in cm) by (the time coefficient set on
the TIME/DR!. switch).
Now the mode switch can be set to DELAY. In this mode,
the LED is permanently illuminated. The display will now
shift to the left and the trace will commence in the same po-
sition as for a normal display; however, the short time inter-
val under investigation now starts on the first or left vertical
graticule line.
Figure 3
MODE
: DELAY
DELAY range :lms
TIME/DIV. : 0.5 ms/cm
LED
: illuminated
If the timebase sweep speed is increased (rotate TIME/
DIV. switch clockwise), then the short time interval will be
expanded. It may be found that, as the amount of expansion
is increased, the trace will tend to shift. If this happens, the
VAR. delay time control can be readjusted - also sub-
sequently at any time - to enable the exact point of interest
to be displayed.
In the example shown in figure 4, it can be seen that an ex-
pansion of x10 was obtained by increasing the timebase
sweep speed from O.Sms/cm to 5Ops/cm. Also the pre-
cise measurement for the delayed portion of the waveform
is possible. In the example, this was found to be 250~s on
multiplication of the horizontal length in cm (of an optional
signal section) by the time coefficient just adjusted.
Figure 4
T-
MODE : DELAY
DELAY range :lms
TIME/DIV. : 50 @cm
LED : illuminated
Expansion :o.5~10-3:50~10-6=10
T = 5cm. 50@cm = 250~s
Operation of the sweep delay requires a constant trigger
point. All signals, which have a constant phase shift be-
tween the expanded section and trigger point, pose no
problems. This means all electrical signal shapes, which
contain signal edges of the same polarity and with trigger-
able level values, which are constantly repeated with the re-
curring frequency.
If there is no constant phase shift, the triggering may fail
after switching from the SEARCH to DELAY position or
with changing of the time coefficient. It is best to attempt to
find a trigger point, which has a constant phase shift up to
the signal section to be expanded in the OFF mode. With
complicated composite signals, the display of the basic
period could become superimposed by other signal por-
tions. These dissappear as a rule when the sweep is in-
creased. Otherwise, a stable expanded display is obtained
by adjusting the LEVEL and the variable sweep control or by
means of the HOLD-OFF control.
Using the X MAG. x10 button, a tenfold expansion of the
desired signal section is possible without any change of trig-
gering or timebase. This can be of assistance with compli-
cated or difficult-to-trigger signals.
Ml4 604 Subject to change without notice

Operation of the sweep delay needs some experience, par-
ticularly with composite signals. However, the display of
sections from simple signal waveforms is easily possible. It
is recommended to operate only the sequence OFF-
SEARCH-DELAY, because otherwise location of the short
time interval to be investigated will be relatively difficult.
The sweep delay facility can be used in the following
modes: Mono, Dual, and Algebraic Addition (+l+ll).
Delay Mode Indication
Both operating modes of the sweep delay are indicated
with an LED, located to the right of the DELAY mode lever
switch. In SEARCH position, the LED will flash. This is an in-
dication of the temporary operating state. The DELAY posi-
tion is indicated by constant lighting of the LED. However,
should this be noted, and normal operating mode is re-
quired then the change-over of the lever switch to its OFF
position has been overlooked. This could cause errors in dis-
playing a signal by complete or partial blanking. This indica-
tion, therefore, should be closely observed.
Component Tester
General
The HM 604 has a built-in electronic Component Tester (ab-
breviated CT), which is used for instant display of a test pat-
tern to indicate whether or not components are faulty. The
CT can be used for quick checks of semiconductors (e.g.
diodes and transistors), resistors, capacitors, and inductors.
Certain tests can also be made to integrated circuits. All
these components can be tested in and out of circuit.
The test principle is fascinatingly simple. The power trans-
former of the oscilloscope delivers a sine voltage, which is
applied across the component under test and a built-in fixed
resistor. The sine voltage across the test object is used for
the horizontal deflection, and the voltage drop across the re-
sistor (i.e. current through test object) is used for vertical de-
flection of the oscilloscope. The test pattern shows a cur-
rent-voltage characteristic of the test object.
Since this circuit operates with mains/line frequency (50 or
60 Hz) and a voltage of 8.5V max. (open circuit), the indicat-
ing range of the CTis limited. The impedance of the compo-
nent under test is limited to a range from 2OQ to 4.7 kS2.
Below and above these values, the test pattern shows only
short-circuit or open-circuit. For the interpretation of the dis-
played test pattern, these limits should always be borne in
mind. However, most electronic components can normally
be tested without any restriction.
Using the Component Tester
The CT is switched on by depressing the COMPONENT
TESTER pushbutton. This makes the vertical preamplifier
and the timebase generator inoperative. A shortened hori-
zontal trace will be observed. It is not necessary to discon-
nect scope input cables unless in-circuit measurements are
to be carried out. In the CTmode, the only controls which can
be operated are INTENS., FOCUS, and X-POS.. All other
controls and settings have no influence on the test operation.
For the component connection, two simple test leads with
4mm @ banana plugs, and with test prod, alligator clip or
sprung hook, are required. The test leads are connected to
the insulated CT socket and the adjacent ground socket in
the Y-Section. The component can be connected to the test
leads either way round.
After use, to return the oscilloscope to normal operation, re-
lease the COMPONENT TESTER pushbutton.
Test Procedure
Caution! Do not testanycomponent in live circuitry - re-
move all grounds, power and signals connected to the
component under test. Set up Component Tester as
stated above. Connect test leads acoss component to be
tested. Observe oscilloscope display.
Only discharged capacitors should be tested!
A built-in quick-acting fuse protects the CTand the oscillo-
scope against mis-operation, e.g. device under test not dis-
connected from mains/line supply. In that case the fuse will
blow. For fuse replacement the oscilloscope has to be
opened (see service instruction page Sl “Instrument Case
Removal”). The fuse is located on the bottom side of the in-
strument (close to the CT pushbutton). Make sure that only
fuses of the specified type are used for replacement:
5x20mm, quick-acting, 25OV, C. 50mA (IEC 127/ll or DIN
41661).
Test Pattern Displays
Page M 18 shows typical test patterns displayed by the vari-
ous components under test.
- Open circuit is indicated by a straight horizontal line.
- Short circuit is shown by a straight vertical line.
Testing Resistors
If the test object has a linear ohmic resistance, both deflect-
ing voltages are in the same phase. The test pattern ex-
pected from a resistor is therefore a sloping straight line. The
angle of slope is determined by the resistance of the resistor
under test. With high values of resistance, the slope will tend
towards the horizontal axis, and with low values, the slope
will move towards the vertical axis.
Values of resistance from 20Q to #.7&Q can be approxi-
mately evaluated. The determination of actual values will
come with experience, or by direct comparison with a com-
ponent of a known value.
Subject to change without notice
I
Ml5 604

Testing Capacitors and Inductors
Capacitors and inductors cause a phase difference be-
tween current and voltage, and therefore between the X
and Y deflection, giving an ellipse-shaped display. The posi-
tion and opening width of the ellipse will vary according to
the impedance value (at 50 or 60Hz) of the component
under test.
A horizontal ellipse indicates a high impedance or a re-
latively small capacitance or a relatively high induct-
ance.
A vertical ellipse indicates a small impedance or a rela-
tively large capacitance or a relatively small induct-
ance.
A sloping ellipse means that the component has a con-
siderable ohmic resistance in addition to its reactance.
The values of capacitance of normal or electrolytic
capacitors from U.If#to 1OUOpFcan be displayed and ap-
proximate values obtained. More precise measurement
can be obtained in a smaller range by comparing the
capacitor under test with a capacitor of known value. Induc-
tive components (coils, transformers) can also be tested.
The determination of the value of inductance needs some
experience, because inductors have usually a higher ohmic
series resistance. However, the impedance value (at 50 or
60 Hz) of an inductor in the range from 20 S2 to 4.7 kQ can
easily be obtained or compared.
Testing Semiconductors
Most semiconductor devices, such as diodes, Z-diodes,
transistors, FETs can be tested. The test pattern displays
vary according to the component type as shown in the fi-
gures below.
The main characteristic displayed during semiconductor
testing is the voltage dependent knee caused by the junc-
tion changing from the conducting state to the non conduct-
ing state. It should be noted that both the forward and the
reverse characteristic are displayed simultaneously. This is
always a two-terminal test, therefore testing of transistor
amplification is not possible, but testing of a single junction
is easily and quickly possible. Since the CT test voltage
applied is only very low (max. 8.5V,,,), all sections of most
semiconductors can be tested without damage. However,
checking the breakdown or reverse voltage of high voltage
semiconductors is not possible. More important is testing
components for open or short-circuit, which from experi-
ence is most frequently needed.
Testing Diodes
Diodes normally show at least their knee in the forward
characteristic. This is not valid for some high voltage diode
types, because they contain a series connection of several
diodes. Possibly only a small portion of the knee is visible. Z-
diodes always show their forward knee and, up to approx.
1 OV, their Z-breakdown, forms a second knee in the oppo-
site direction. A Z-breakdown voltage of more than 12V can
not be displayed.
iii
--
.t
I
-7 --
I’
I
I
I
Type: Normal Diode HighVoltage Diode
Z-Diode 12 V
Terminals: Cathode-Anode Cathode-Anode Cathode-Anode
Connections:
(CT-GD) (CT-GD) (CT-GD)
The polarity of an unknown diode can be identified by com-
parison with a known diode.
Testing Transistors
Three different tests can be made to transistors: base-emit-
ter, base-collector and emitter-collector. The resulting test
patterns are shown below.
The basic equivalent circuit of a transistor is a Z-diode be-
tween base and emitter and a normal diode with reverse po-
larity between base and collector in series connection.
There are three different test patterns:
N-P-N Transistor:
__+_ -+
I I
Terminals:
Connections:
P-N-PTransistor:
-+- .J__
I
I
I
Terminals:
b-e b-c
Connections:
(CT-GD) (CT-GD)
e-c
(CT-GDI
1 \
I
CC;-:D,
For a transistor the figures b-e and b-c are important. The fi-
gure e-c can vary; but a vertical line only shows short circuit
condition.
These transistor test patterns are valid in most cases, but
there are exceptions to the rule (e.g. Darlington, FETs). With
the CT, the distinction between a P-N-P to a N-P-N transis-
tor is discernible. In case of doubt, comparison with a
known type is helpful. It should be noted that the same
socket connection (CTor ground) for the same terminal is
then absolutely necessary. A connection inversion effects a
rotation of the test pattern by 180 degrees round about the
center point of the scope graticule.
Ml6 604 Subject to change without notice

Pay attention to the usual caution with single MOS-com-
ponents relating to static charge or frictional electricity!
In-Circuit Tests
Caution! During in-circuittests make sure the circuit is
dead. No power from mains/line or battery and no signal
inputs are permitted. Remove all ground connections in-
cluding Safety Earth (pull out power plug from outlet).
Remove all measuring cables including probes between
oscilloscope and circuit under test. Otherwise the con-
nection of both CT test leads is not recommended.
In-circuit tests are possible in many cases. However, they are
not so well-defjned. This is caused by a shunt connection of
real or complex impedances - especially if they are of rela-
tively low impedance at 50 or 60Hz - to the component
under test, often results differ greatly when compared with
single components. In case of doubt, one component termi-
nal may be unsoldered. This terminal should then be con-
nected to the insulated CTsocket avoiding hum distortion of
the test pattern.
Another way is a test pattern comparison to an identical cir-
cuit which is known to be operational (likewise without power
and any external connections). Using the test prods, identical
test points in each circuit can be checked, and a defect can be
determined quickly and easily. Possibly the device itself
under test contains a reference circuit (e.g. a second stereo
channel, push-pull amplifier, symmetrical bridge circuit),
which is not defective.
The test patterns on page M 18 show some typical displays
for in-circuit tests.
Miscellaneous
A posifive-going sawtooth voltage of approximately SV,
coincident with display’s sweep time is available at a BNC
output connector on the rear panel. This ramp output is
marked with M. The load impedance should not be less
than 10 k!2 II 47 pF. If the DC potential of the ramp output is
not required, a capacitor should be connected in series with
the output. The ramp output can be used for different
measuring tasks in combination with the oscilloscope and
other instruments, triggering of signal sources, swept-fre-
quency signal generators and so on.
The oscilloscope also contains a vertical output with BNC
connector marked Y on the rear panel. The output voltage is
?-50mV,,/cm display height (into 5OQ). It is picked off
from the vertical amplifier like the trigger signal and it is
similarly switchable. Channel I or II is selected with the
CHI/II-TRIGI/II pushbutton. With alternate channel
switching (DUAL button in the Y-Section depressed) and al-
ternate triggering (ALT. button in the X-Section depressed),
the vertical output is consecutively driven (in time with the
sweep period) from Channel I and Channel II. The vertical
output is not dependent on the vertical trace position. It
does not respond to the adjustment of the Y-P0S.I and Y-
POS.II controls and to the depressing one of the INVERT
buttons. The vertical output is DC coupled and has approxi-
mately zero level to ground. The bandwidth of the output is
approx. 60 MHz (with 50 Q termination).
Subject to change without notice Ml7 604