Mindray DPM 5 User manual

DPM 5 Patient Monitor
Operator’s Manual

I
Revision History
This manual has a revision number. This revision number changes whenever the manual is
updated due to software or technical specification change. Contents of this manual are subject to
change without prior notice.
Revision number: 12.0
Release time: 2015-03
© Copyright 2008-2015Mindray DS USA, Inc. All rights reserved.
WARNING
zFederal Law (USA) restricts this device to sale by or on the order of a physician.

II
Intellectual Property Statement
Mindray DS USA, Inc. (hereinafter called Mindray DS) owns the intellectual property rights to
this product and this manual. This manual may refer to information protected by copyrights or
patents and does not convey any license under the copyright and patent rights of Mindray DS, nor
the rights of others.
Mindray DS intends to maintain the contents of this manual as confidential information.
Disclosure of the information in this manual in any manner whatsoever without the written
permission of Mindray DS is strictly forbidden. Release, amendment, reproduction, distribution,
rental, adaptation and translation of this manual in any manner whatsoever without the written
permission of Mindray DS is strictly forbidden.
is a trademark or a registered trademark of Shenzhen Mindray Bio-Medical
Electronics Co., Ltd. All third-party trademarks that appear in this manual are used solely for
editorial purposes and are the property of their respective owners.
Contents of this manual are subject to changes without prior notice.

III
Manufacturer’s Responsibility
All information contained in this manual is believed to be correct. Shenzhen Mindray Bio-Medical
Electronics Co., Ltd. (hereinafter called Mindray) shall not be liable for errors contained herein nor
for incidental or consequential damages in connection with the furnishing or use of this manual.
The manufacturer will not be liable for the effects on safety, reliability and performance of this product if:
any installation operations, expansions, changes, modifications and repairs of this product
are not conducted by Mindray authorized personnel; and
the electrical installation of the relevant room does not comply with the applicable national
and local requirements; and
the product is not used in accordance with the instructions for use.
Warranty
This warranty is exclusive and is in lieu of all other warranties, expressed or implied, including
warranties of merchantability or fitness for any particular purpose.
Exemptions
Mindray 's obligation or liability under this warranty does not include any transportation or
other charges or liability for direct, indirect or consequential damages or delay resulting from the
improper use or application of the product or the use of parts or accessories not approved by
Mindray or repairs by people other than Mindray authorized personnel.
This warranty shall not extend to
Any Mindray product which has been subjected to misuse, negligence or accident; or
Any Mindray product from which Mindray 's original serial number tag or product
identification markings have been altered or removed; or
Any product of any other manufacturer.

IV
Return Policy
In the event that it becomes necessary to return a unit to Mindray DS, follow the instructions
below.
1. Return authorization.
Contact the Customer Service Department and obtain a Customer Service Authorization number.
This number must appear on the outside of the shipping container. Returned shipments will not
be accepted if the number is not clearly visible. Please provide the model number, serial number,
and a brief description of the reason for return.
2. Freight policy
The customer is responsible for freight charges when this product is shipped to Mindray DS for
service (this includes customs charges).
3. Return address
Please send the part(s) or equipment to the address offered by the Customer Service Department.

V
Contact Information
Manufacturer: Shenzhen Mindray Bio-Medical Electronics Co., Ltd.
Address: Mindray Building, Keji 12th Road South,Hi-tech industrial park,
Nanshan, Shenzhen 518057,P.R.China
Website: www. mindray.com
E-mail Address [e-mail]
Tel: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
Distributor: Mindray DS USA, Inc.
Address: 800 MacArthur Boulevard, Mahwah, New Jersey 07430 USA
Tel: [phone]
Website: www.mindray.com

VI
Preface
Manual Purpose
This manual contains the instructions necessary to operate the product safely and in accordance
with its function and intended use. Observance of this manual is a prerequisite for proper product
performance and correct operation and ensures patient and operator safety.
This manual is based on the maximum configuration and therefore some contents may not apply
to your product. If you have any question, please contact us.
This manual is an integral part of the product. It should always be kept close to the equipment so
that it can be obtained conveniently when needed.
Intended Audience
This manual is geared for clinical professionals who are expected to have a working knowledge
of medical procedures, practices and terminology as required for monitoring of critically ill
patients.
Illustrations
All illustrations in this manual serve as examples only. They may not necessarily reflect the setup
or data displayed on your patient monitor.
Conventions
Italic text is used in this manual to quote the referenced chapters or sections.

1
Contents
1 Safety................................................................................................................................. 1-1
1.1 Safety Information ..........................................................................................................1-1
1.1.1 Dangers .............................................................................................................. 1-2
1.1.2 Warnings ............................................................................................................ 1-2
1.1.3 Cautions ............................................................................................................. 1-3
1.1.4 Notes .................................................................................................................. 1-4
1.2 Equipment Symbols ........................................................................................................ 1-5
2 The Basics ......................................................................................................................... 2-1
2.1 Monitor Description........................................................................................................ 2-1
2.1.1 Intended Use ...................................................................................................... 2-1
2.1.2 Contraindications ............................................................................................... 2-1
2.1.3 Components ....................................................................................................... 2-1
2.1.4 Functions............................................................................................................ 2-2
2.2 External Appearance ....................................................................................................... 2-3
2.2.1 Front Panel ......................................................................................................... 2-3
2.2.2 Left Side Panel ................................................................................................... 2-4
2.2.3 Right Side Panel................................................................................................. 2-5
2.2.4 Rear Panel .......................................................................................................... 2-6
2.3 Control Panel................................................................................................................... 2-7
2.4 Display ............................................................................................................................ 2-8
2.5 Batteries ........................................................................................................................ 2-10
2.5.1 Battery Guidelines.............................................................................................2-11
2.5.2 Battery Maintenance ........................................................................................ 2-12
2.5.3 Battery Recycling............................................................................................. 2-13
2.6 Wireless Network Card ................................................................................................. 2-13
3 Installation ........................................................................................................................ 3-1
3.1 Unpacking and Checking ................................................................................................ 3-2
3.2 Environmental Requirements.......................................................................................... 3-2
3.3 Power Source Requirements ........................................................................................... 3-3
3.4 Installation Method .........................................................................................................3-3
3.4.1 Bracket Mounting............................................................................................... 3-3
3.4.2 Connecting to AC Power Supply ....................................................................... 3-3
3.4.3 Installing the Battery.......................................................................................... 3-4
3.4.4 Connecting Patient Sensors and Probes ............................................................. 3-4
3.4.5 Connecting the Network Cable .......................................................................... 3-4
3.4.6 Auxiliary Output Port......................................................................................... 3-5
3.4.7 Connecting to VGA Monitor.............................................................................. 3-5
3.4.8 Equipotential Grounding.................................................................................... 3-6
3.5 Powering on the Monitor ................................................................................................ 3-6
3.6 Powering off the Monitor................................................................................................ 3-6

2
4 System Menu .................................................................................................................... 4-1
4.1 Overview......................................................................................................................... 4-1
4.2 Patient Setup ................................................................................................................... 4-2
4.2.1 Admit Patient...................................................................................................... 4-3
4.2.2 Quick Admit Patient........................................................................................... 4-5
4.2.3 Modify Patient.................................................................................................... 4-5
4.2.4 Clear Patient Data .............................................................................................. 4-5
4.2.5 Discharge Patient ............................................................................................... 4-5
4.3 Configuration Setup ........................................................................................................ 4-6
4.4 System Setup................................................................................................................... 4-7
4.4.1 Face Select ......................................................................................................... 4-8
4.4.2 Alarm Setup........................................................................................................ 4-8
4.4.3 Time Setup ....................................................................................................... 4-10
4.4.4 Recorder Setup..................................................................................................4-11
4.4.5 Data Output ...................................................................................................... 4-12
4.4.6 Analog Output .................................................................................................. 4-13
4.4.7 Module Setup ................................................................................................... 4-14
4.4.8 Trace Setup....................................................................................................... 4-15
4.4.9 Mark Event....................................................................................................... 4-16
4.5 Selection Setup.............................................................................................................. 4-17
4.6 Monitor Version ............................................................................................................ 4-18
4.7 Maintenance.................................................................................................................. 4-19
4.7.1 Alarm Setup...................................................................................................... 4-22
4.7.2 IP Address Setup .............................................................................................. 4-23
4.7.3 Self Definition of Color ................................................................................... 4-24
4.7.4 Nurse Call Setup .............................................................................................. 4-25
4.7.5 IBP Pressure Calibration .................................................................................. 4-26
4.7.6 CO2User Maintain........................................................................................... 4-26
4.7.7 Gas Calibrate.................................................................................................... 4-26
4.7.8 Monitor Status.................................................................................................. 4-27
4.8 DEMO Function............................................................................................................ 4-28
5 Face Selection ................................................................................................................... 5-1
5.1 Standard Screen............................................................................................................... 5-1
5.2 Trend Screen ................................................................................................................... 5-2
5.3 OxyCRG Screen.............................................................................................................. 5-3
5.4 Viewbed Screen............................................................................................................... 5-4
5.5 Large Font Screen ...........................................................................................................5-6
5.6 Standby Mode ................................................................................................................. 5-7
6 Alarms ............................................................................................................................... 6-1
6.1 Overview......................................................................................................................... 6-1
6.1.1 Alarm Categories................................................................................................ 6-1
6.1.2 Alarm Levels ...................................................................................................... 6-2
6.2 Alarm Modes................................................................................................................... 6-2

3
6.2.1 Visual Alarms ..................................................................................................... 6-2
6.2.2 Audible alarms ................................................................................................... 6-3
6.2.3 Alarm Messages ................................................................................................. 6-3
6.2.4 Parameter Flashes............................................................................................... 6-4
6.2.5 Reminder Tones.................................................................................................. 6-4
6.3 Alarm Statuses................................................................................................................. 6-4
6.3.1 Alarms Disabled................................................................................................. 6-4
6.3.2 Alarms Paused.................................................................................................... 6-5
6.3.3 System Silenced ................................................................................................. 6-5
6.3.4 Alarm Sound Off ................................................................................................ 6-5
6.3.5 Status Switchover............................................................................................... 6-6
6.4 Latching Alarms.............................................................................................................. 6-6
6.5 Clearing Alarms .............................................................................................................. 6-7
6.6 Testing Alarms ................................................................................................................ 6-8
6.7 When an Alarm Occurs ................................................................................................... 6-8
7 Freezing Waveforms ........................................................................................................ 7-1
7.1 Overview......................................................................................................................... 7-1
7.2 Freezing and Unfreezing................................................................................................. 7-1
7.3 FROZEN Menu............................................................................................................... 7-2
7.4 Waveform Recall.............................................................................................................7-3
7.5 Recording Frozen Waveforms......................................................................................... 7-3
8 Recording.......................................................................................................................... 8-1
8.1 Overview......................................................................................................................... 8-1
8.2 Recording Types.............................................................................................................. 8-1
8.3 Recorder Operations ....................................................................................................... 8-3
8.4 Installing Recorder Paper................................................................................................ 8-5
9 Recall................................................................................................................................. 9-1
9.1 Overview......................................................................................................................... 9-1
9.2 Trend Graph Recall ......................................................................................................... 9-2
9.3 Trend Table Recall ..........................................................................................................9-4
9.4 NIBP Recall .................................................................................................................... 9-6
9.5 Alarm Event Recall ......................................................................................................... 9-7
9.6 Non-Volatile Data Storage .............................................................................................. 9-9
10 ECG/RESP Monitoring ............................................................................................... 10-1
10.1 Overview..................................................................................................................... 10-1
10.2 ECG Monitoring Procedure ........................................................................................ 10-1
10.2.1 Preparation ..................................................................................................... 10-1
10.2.2 Electrode Placement....................................................................................... 10-2
10.2.3 Characteristics of Quality ECG Signal........................................................... 10-7
10.3 ECG Display ............................................................................................................... 10-8
10.3.1 ECG Waveform .............................................................................................. 10-8
10.3.2 ECG Parameters............................................................................................. 10-9

4
10.4 ECG Setup Menu ...................................................................................................... 10-10
10.5 ST Analysis ............................................................................................................... 10-18
10.5.1 Overview...................................................................................................... 10-18
10.5.2 3/5-Lead ST Analysis Menu......................................................................... 10-18
10.5.3 Adjusting ST Measurement Point................................................................. 10-20
10.6 Arrhythmia Analysis ................................................................................................. 10-22
10.6.1 Overview...................................................................................................... 10-22
10.6.2 Arrhythimia Options..................................................................................... 10-23
10.6.3 Arrhythmia Analysis Menu .......................................................................... 10-24
10.6.4 Arrhythimia Relearn..................................................................................... 10-25
10.6.5 Arrhythmia Alarm Setup .............................................................................. 10-25
10.6.6 Arr Threshold ............................................................................................... 10-27
10.6.7 Arrhythmia Recall ........................................................................................ 10-28
10.7 12-Lead ..................................................................................................................... 10-30
10.7.1 12-Lead Monitoring Display........................................................................ 10-30
10.7.2 12-lead ST Analysis Menu ........................................................................... 10-31
10.8 RESP Monitoring ...................................................................................................... 10-33
10.8.1 Overview...................................................................................................... 10-33
10.8.2 Electrode Placement..................................................................................... 10-34
10.8.3 Respiration Setup ......................................................................................... 10-35
10.9 Maintenance and Cleaning........................................................................................ 10-37
11 SpO2Monitoring ...........................................................................................................11-1
11.1 Overview ......................................................................................................................11-1
11.2 Mindray DS SpO2Module ...........................................................................................11-2
11.2.1 Principles of Operation....................................................................................11-2
11.2.2 Precautions ......................................................................................................11-3
11.2.3 Monitoring Procedure .....................................................................................11-3
11.2.4 Measurement Limitations................................................................................11-6
11.2.5 SpO2Setup Menu ............................................................................................11-7
11.3 Nellcor SpO2Module ...................................................................................................11-9
11.3.1 Principles of Operation....................................................................................11-9
11.3.2 Precautions ....................................................................................................11-11
11.3.3 Monitoring Procedure ...................................................................................11-11
11.3.4 Measurement Limitations..............................................................................11-12
11.3.5 SpO2Setup Menu ..........................................................................................11-13
11.3.6 Accessories....................................................................................................11-15
11.3.7 Nellcor Information.......................................................................................11-15
12 NIBP Monitoring.......................................................................................................... 12-1
12.1 Overview..................................................................................................................... 12-1
12.2 Monitoring Procedure ................................................................................................. 12-2
12.2.1 Cuff Selection and Placement ........................................................................ 12-2
12.2.2 Operation Guides ........................................................................................... 12-3
12.3 Measurement Limitations............................................................................................ 12-4

5
12.4 NIBP Setup Menu ....................................................................................................... 12-5
12.4.1 Calibration...................................................................................................... 12-7
12.4.2 Testing for Air Leakage.................................................................................. 12-8
12.5 Maintenance and Cleaning.......................................................................................... 12-9
13 TEMP Monitoring........................................................................................................ 13-1
13.1 Overview..................................................................................................................... 13-1
13.2 Measurement Procedure.............................................................................................. 13-2
13.3 TEMP Setup Menu...................................................................................................... 13-3
13.4 Maintenance and Cleaning.......................................................................................... 13-4
14 IBP Monitoring............................................................................................................. 14-5
14.1 Overview..................................................................................................................... 14-5
14.2 Precautions .................................................................................................................. 14-6
14.3 Monitoring Procedure ................................................................................................. 14-7
14.4 IBP Menu .................................................................................................................... 14-8
14.4.1 IBP Setup Menu ............................................................................................. 14-8
14.4.2 IBP Pressure Zero Menu .............................................................................. 14-12
14.5 Maintenance and Cleaning........................................................................................ 14-14
15 CO2Monitoring............................................................................................................ 15-1
15.1 Overview..................................................................................................................... 15-1
15.2 Mindray DS CO2Module............................................................................................ 15-2
15.2.1 Principles of Operation .................................................................................. 15-2
15.2.2 Preparations for CO2Measurement................................................................ 15-3
15.2.3 CO2Setup Menu ............................................................................................ 15-4
15.2.4 CO2User Maintain Menu............................................................................... 15-9
15.2.5 Maintenance and Cleaning........................................................................... 15-10
15.3 Oridion CO2Module..................................................................................................15-11
15.3.1 Principles of Operation .................................................................................15-11
15.3.2 Preparations for CO2Measurement.............................................................. 15-12
15.3.3 CO2Setup Menu .......................................................................................... 15-13
15.3.4 CO2User Maintain Menu............................................................................. 15-16
15.3.5 Maintenance and Cleaning........................................................................... 15-17
15.3.6 Oridion Information ..................................................................................... 15-18
15.4 Removing Exhaust Gases from the System .............................................................. 15-18
16 Anesthesia Gas Monitoring ......................................................................................... 16-1
16.1 Overview..................................................................................................................... 16-1
16.2 Measurement Principles and Procedure ...................................................................... 16-3
16.3 MAC ........................................................................................................................... 16-5
16.4 AG Setup Menu........................................................................................................... 16-6
16.5 Calibrating AG .......................................................................................................... 16-10
16.6 Maintenance and Cleaning.........................................................................................16-11
16.6.1 Occlusion handling........................................................................................16-11
16.6.2 Removing Exhaust Gases from the System ..................................................16-11

6
17 Maintenance ................................................................................................................. 17-1
17.1 Inspection and Maintenance........................................................................................ 17-1
17.2 Cleaning ...................................................................................................................... 17-2
17.3 Disinfection and Sterilization...................................................................................... 17-3
18 Accessories .................................................................................................................... 18-1
18.1 ECG Accessories......................................................................................................... 18-2
18.2 SpO2Accessories ........................................................................................................ 18-3
18.3 NIBP Accessories........................................................................................................ 18-4
18.4 TEMP Accessories ...................................................................................................... 18-5
18.5 IBP Accessories........................................................................................................... 18-5
18.6 CO2Accessories.......................................................................................................... 18-7
18.6.1 Mindray DS CO2Accessories ........................................................................ 18-7
18.6.2 Oridion CO2Accessories................................................................................ 18-7
18.7 AG Accessories ........................................................................................................... 18-7
18.8 Others .......................................................................................................................... 18-8
A Product Specifications.....................................................................................................A-1
A.1 Safety Classifications .....................................................................................................A-1
A.2 Environmental Specifications ........................................................................................A-1
A.3 Power Source Specifications..........................................................................................A-2
A.4 Hardware Specifications ................................................................................................A-3
A.5 Data Storage ...................................................................................................................A-4
A.6 Wireless Network ...........................................................................................................A-4
A.7 Signal Output Specifications..........................................................................................A-4
A.8 ECG Specifications ........................................................................................................A-5
A.9 RESP Specifications.....................................................................................................A-10
A.10 SpO2Specifications....................................................................................................A-11
A.11 NIBP Specifications ...................................................................................................A-13
A.12 TEMP Specifications..................................................................................................A-14
A.13 IBP Specifications ......................................................................................................A-14
A.14 CO2Specifications .....................................................................................................A-15
A.15 AG Specifications.......................................................................................................A-17
B EMC..................................................................................................................................B-1
C Alarm Messages and Prompt Information....................................................................C-1
C.1 Physiological Alarm Messages.......................................................................................C-1
C.2 Technical Alarm Messages .............................................................................................C-2
C.3 Prompt Messages..........................................................................................................C-14
D Symbols and Abbreviations ............................................................................................D-1
D.1 Symbols..........................................................................................................................D-1
D.2 Abbreviations .................................................................................................................D-3

1-1
1 Safety
1.1 Safety Information
The safety statements presented in this chapter refer to the basic safety information that the
operator of the patient monitor shall pay attention to and abide by. There are additional safety
statements in other chapters or sections, which may be the same as or similar to the followings, or
specific to the operations.
DANGER
zIndicates an imminent hazard situation that, if not avoided, will result in death
or serious injury.
WARNING
zIndicates a potential hazard situation or unsafe practice that, if not avoided,
could result in death or serious injury.
CAUTION
zIndicates a potential hazard or unsafe practice that, if not avoided, could result
in minor personal injury or product/property damage.
NOTE
zProvides application tips or other useful information to ensure that you get the
most from your product.

1-2
1.1.1 Dangers
There are no dangers that refer to the product in general. Specific “Danger” statements may be
given in the respective sections of this operation manual.
1.1.2 Warnings
WARNING
zThe device is intended for use by qualified clinical physicians or well-trained
nurses in the specified places.
zTo ensure patient safety, verify the device and accessories can function safely
and normally before use.
zEXPLOSION HAZARD: Do not use this device in the presence of flammable
anesthetics, explosive substances, vapors or liquids.
zYou must customize the alarm settings according to the individual patient
situation, and make sure the alarm sound is activated when an alarm occurs.
zELECTRIC SHOCK: Do not open the monitor housing. All servicing and future
upgrades to this device must be carried out by personnel trained and authorized
by our company only.
zDEFIBRILLATION: Do not come into contact with the patient during
defibrillation. Otherwise serious injury or death could result.
zWhen used in conjunction with electro-surgery equipment, you must give top
priority to the patient safety. To prevent unwanted skin burns caused by leakage
current, applying the electrode ,transducer and the cable as far as possible from
the high frequency surgical equipment, a distance of least 15cm/6in. is
recommended.
zDISPOSE: Dispose of the package material, observing the applicable waste
control regulations and keeping it out of children’s reach.
zThe device must be connected to a properly installed power outlet with
protective earth contacts only. If the installation does not provide for a
protective earth conductor, disconnect the monitor from the power line and
operate it on battery power, if possible.
zThe aging of the test equipment and the change of environment may have effects
on the measuring results of the monitor.

1-3
1.1.3 Cautions
CAUTION
zTo ensure patient safety, use only parts and accessories specified in this manual.
zRemove the battery from the patient monitor if it will not be used or not be
connected to the power line for a long period.
zDisposable devices are intended for single use only. They should not be reused as
performance could degrade or contamination could occur.
zAt the end of its service life, the product described in this manual, as well as its
accessories, must be disposed of in compliance with the guidelines regulating the
disposal of such products. If you have any questions concerning disposal of the
products, please contact with us.
zMagnetic and electrical fields are capable of interfering with the proper
performance of the device. For this reason make sure that all external devices
operated in the vicinity of the monitor comply with the relevant EMC
requirements. Mobile phone, X-ray equipment or MRI devices are a possible
source of interference as they may emit higher levels of electromagnetic
radiation.
zBefore connecting the patient monitor to the power line, check that the voltage
and frequency ratings of the power line are the same as those indicated on the
label or in this manual.
zInstall or carry the patient monitor properly to avoid damages caused by drop,
impact, strong vibration or other mechanical force.

1-4
1.1.4 Notes
NOTE
zKeep this manual close to the patient monitor so that it can be obtained
conveniently when necessary.
zThis patient monitor complies with the requirements of CISPR11 (EN55011)
class A.
zThe software was developed per IEC601-1-4. The possibility of hazards arising
from errors in software program is minimized.
zPut the patient monitor in a location where you can easily see the screen and
access the operating controls.
zThe instructions of this manual are based on the maximum configuration. Some
of them may not apply to your patient monitor.

1-5
1.2 Equipment Symbols
NOTE
zSome symbols may not appear on your equipment.
Attention: Consult accompanying documents (this manual).
Power ON/OFF
Power ON/OFF
Alternating current (AC)
Battery indicator
Type CF applied part. The unit displaying this symbol contains an
F-type isolated (floating) patient part providing a high degree of
protection against shock, and is suitable for use during defibrillation.
TYPE BF applied part. Defibrillator-proof protection against
electrical shock.
Equipotentiality
Auxiliary output
Network connector
VGA connector
AG module connector
Gas inlet

1-6
ESD sensitivity
Manufacture date
Serial number
The following definition of the WEEE label applies to EU member
states only.
This symbol indicates that this product should not be treated as
household waste. By ensuring that this product is disposed of
correctly, you will help prevent bringing potential negative
consequences to the environment and human health. For more
detailed information with regard to returning and recycling this
product, please consult the distributor from whom you purchased it.
* For system products, this label may be attached to the main unit
only.
The machine has only one of the certification labels below.
Please refer to the label attached to the machine to determine the applicable certification label.
The presence of this label indicates the machine was certified by
ETL with the statement:
CONFORMS TO UL STD 60601-1, IEC 60601-2-27，IEC
60601-2-30，IEC 60601-2-34，IEC 60601-2-49，IEC60601-1-1,
CERTIFIED TO CSA STD C22.2 NO 601.1, NO 60601-2-27, NO
60601-2-30, NO 60601-2-34, NO 60601-2-49, CSA STD C22.2 NO
601-1-1
Classified by Underwriters Laboratories Inc. with respect to electric
shock, fire and mechanical hazards, only in accordance with UL
60601-1, CAN/CSA C22.2 NO.601-1, IEC 60601-1-1, IEC
60601-2-27, IEC 60601-2-30, IEC 60601-2-34, IEC 60601-2-49.