Samson EB 8075 EN Service manual

Translation of original instructions
EB 8075 EN
Edition June 2020
Type3591 Valve · ANSI version
In combination with an actuator,
e.g. a Type3271 Pneumatic Actuator
Type3591-1 Control Valve Type3591 with hydraulic piston actuator

Note on these mounting and operating instructions
These mounting and operating instructions assist you in mounting and operating the device
safely. The instructions are binding for handling SAMSON devices. The images shown in
these instructions are for illustration purposes only. The actual product may vary.
ÎFor the safe and proper use of these instructions, read them carefully and keep them for
later reference.
ÎIf you have any questions about these instructions, contact SAMSON‘s After-sales Service
([e-mail]).
Documents relating to the device, such as the mounting and operating
instructions, are available on our website at www.samsongroup.com >
Service & Support > Downloads > Documentation.
Definition of signal words
Hazardous situations which, if not avoided,
will result in death or serious injury
Hazardous situations which, if not avoided,
could result in death or serious injury
Property damage message or malfunction
Additional information
Recommended action
DANGER
!
WARNING
!
NOTICE
!
Note
Tip
EB 8075 EN

Contents
EB 8075 EN
1 Safety instructions and measures ................................................................1-1
1.1 Notes on possible severe personal injury ......................................................1-4
1.2 Notes on possible personal injury ................................................................1-5
1.3 Notes on possible property damage.............................................................1-7
1.4 Warnings on the device...............................................................................1-8
2 Markings on the device ..............................................................................2-1
2.1 Valve nameplate .........................................................................................2-1
2.2 Actuator nameplate.....................................................................................2-2
2.3 Material number.........................................................................................2-2
2.4 Label when an adjustable packing is installed ...............................................2-2
3 Design and principle of operation ...............................................................3-1
3.1 Fail-safe action ...........................................................................................3-5
3.2 Versions .....................................................................................................3-5
3.3 Additional ttings........................................................................................3-5
3.4 Accessories ................................................................................................3-6
3.5 Technical data ............................................................................................3-6
4 Shipment and on-site transport ...................................................................4-1
4.1 Accepting the delivered goods .....................................................................4-1
4.2 Removing the packaging from the valve........................................................4-1
4.3 Transporting and lifting the valve..................................................................4-1
4.3.1 Transporting the valve .................................................................................4-3
4.3.2 Lifting the valve...........................................................................................4-4
4.4 Storing the valve.........................................................................................4-5
5 Installation.................................................................................................5-1
5.1 Installation conditions..................................................................................5-1
5.2 Preparation for installation...........................................................................5-3
5.3 Mounting the device....................................................................................5-4
5.3.1 Mounting the external anti-rotation xture.....................................................5-4
5.3.2 Mounting the actuator onto the valve..........................................................5-11
5.3.3 Installing the valve into the pipeline ............................................................5-12
5.4 Testing the installed valve...........................................................................5-13
5.4.1 Leak test...................................................................................................5-14
5.4.2 Travel motion............................................................................................5-15
5.4.3 Fail-safe position.......................................................................................5-15
5.4.4 Pressure test..............................................................................................5-15

Contents
EB 8075 EN
6 Start-up .....................................................................................................6-1
7 Operation..................................................................................................7-1
7.1 Normal operation .......................................................................................7-2
7.2 Manual operation .......................................................................................7-2
8 Malfunctions ..............................................................................................8-1
8.1 Troubleshooting ..........................................................................................8-1
8.2 Emergency action .......................................................................................8-3
9 Servicing....................................................................................................9-1
9.1 Periodic testing ...........................................................................................9-1
9.2 Ordering spare parts and operating supplies ................................................9-1
10 Decommissioning .....................................................................................10-1
11 Removal ..................................................................................................11-1
11.1 Removing the valve from the pipeline..........................................................11-2
11.2 Removing the actuator from the valve .........................................................11-2
12 Repairs ....................................................................................................12-1
12.1 Returning devices to SAMSON ..................................................................12-1
13 Disposal...................................................................................................13-1
14 Certicates...............................................................................................14-1
15 Annex......................................................................................................15-1
15.1 Spare parts for Type3591, NPS10 to 16 (Class150) .................................15-1
15.2 Spare parts for Type3591, NPS16 (Class300) to 28 and
NPS32 (Class150) ..................................................................................15-4
15.3 After-sales service.....................................................................................15-6

EB 8075 EN 1-1
Safety instructions and measures
1 Safety instructions and measures
Intended use
The SAMSON Type3591 Globe Valve in combination with an actuator (e.g. Type3271
Pneumatic Actuator) is designed to regulate the ow rate, pressure or temperature of liquids,
gases or vapors. The valve with its actuator is designed to operate under exactly dened
conditions (e.g. operating pressure, process medium, temperature). Therefore, operators must
ensure that the control valve is only used in operating conditions that meet the specications
used for sizing the valve at the ordering stage. In case operators intend to use the control
valve in other applications or conditions than specied, contact SAMSON.
SAMSON does not assume any liability for damage resulting from the failure to use the de-
vice for its intended purpose or for damage caused by external forces or any other external
factors.
ÎRefer to the technical data and nameplate for limits and elds of application as well as
possible uses.
Reasonably foreseeable misuse
The control valve is not suitable for the following applications:
−Use outside the limits dened during sizing and by the technical data
−Use outside the limits dened by the valve accessories connected to the valve
Furthermore, the following activities do not comply with the intended use:
−Use of non-original spare parts
−Performing service and repair work not described
Qualications of operating personnel
The control valve must be mounted, started up, serviced and repaired by fully trained and
qualied personnel only; the accepted industry codes and practices must be observed. Ac-
cording to these mounting and operating instructions, trained personnel refers to individuals
who are able to judge the work they are assigned to and recognize possible hazards due to
their specialized training, their knowledge and experience as well as their knowledge of the
applicable standards.
Welding operations must only be performed by personnel who has the necessary qualica-
tion to perform the applied welding procedure and handle the materials used.
Explosion-protected versions of this device must be operated only by personnel who has un-
dergone special training or instructions or who is authorized to work on explosion-protected
devices in hazardous areas.

1-2 EB 8075 EN
Safety instructions and measures
The operating personnel must be specially trained for the correct and safe handling of oxy-
gen when valves are used for oxygen service.
Personal protective equipment
We recommend checking the hazards posed by the process medium being used (e.g.
uGESTIS (CLP) hazardous substances database). Depending on the process medium and/
or the activity, the protective equipment required includes:
−Protective clothing, gloves, eye protection and respiratory protection in applications with
hot, cold and/or corrosive media
−Wear hearing protection when working near the valve
−Hard hat
−Safety harness when working at height
−Safety footwear, ESD (electrostatic discharge) footwear, if necessary
ÎCheck with the plant operator for details on further protective equipment.
Revisions and other modications
Revisions, conversions or other modications of the product are not authorized by SAMSON.
They are performed at the user's own risk and may lead to safety hazards, for example. Fur-
thermore, the product may no longer meet the requirements for its intended use.
Safety features
The fail-safe position of the control valve upon air supply or control signal failure depends on
the actuator used (see associated actuator documentation). When the valve is combined with
the SAMSON Type3271 Pneumatic Actuator, the valve moves to a certain fail-safe position
(see the 'Design and principle of operation' section) upon supply air or control signal failure.
The fail-safe action of the actuator is the same as its direction of action and is specied on
the nameplate of SAMSON actuators.
Warning against residual hazards
To avoid personal injury or property damage, plant operators and operating personnel must
prevent hazards that could be caused in the control valve by the process medium, the operat-
ing pressure, the signal pressure or by moving parts by taking appropriate precautions. Plant
operators and operating personnel must observe all hazard statements, warning and caution
notes in these mounting and operating instructions.
Hazards resulting from the special working conditions at the installation site of the valve must
be identied in a risk assessment and prevented through the corresponding safety instruc-
tions drawn up by the operator.

EB 8075 EN 1-3
Safety instructions and measures
Responsibilities of the operator
Operators are responsible for proper use and compliance with the safety regulations. Opera-
tors are obliged to provide these mounting and operating instructions as well as the refer-
enced documents to the operating personnel and to instruct them in proper operation. Fur-
thermore, operators must ensure that operating personnel or third parties are not exposed to
any danger.
Operators are additionally responsible for ensuring that the limits for the product dened in
the technical data are observed. This also applies to the start-up and shutdown procedures.
Start-up and shutdown procedures fall within the scope of the operator's duties and, as such,
are not part of these mounting and operating instructions. SAMSON is unable to make any
statements about these procedures since the operative details (e.g. differential pressures and
temperatures) vary in each individual case and are only known to the operator.
Responsibilities of operating personnel
Operating personnel must read and understand these mounting and operating instructions as
well as the referenced documents and observe the specied hazard statements, warnings
and caution notes. Furthermore, operating personnel must be familiar with the applicable
health, safety and accident prevention regulations and comply with them.
Referenced standards, directives and regulations
The control valves comply with the requirements of the European Pressure Equipment Direc-
tive 2014/68/EU. Valves with a CE marking have a declaration of conformity, which in-
cludes information about the applied conformity assessment procedure. The 'Certicates' sec-
tion contains this declaration of conformity.
Non-electric valve versions whose bodies are not lined with an insulating material coating do
not have their own potential ignition source according to the hazard assessment stipulated in
Clause5.2 of ISO80079-36, even in the rare incident of an operating fault. Therefore, such
valve versions do not fall within the scope of Directive 2014/34/EU.
ÎFor connection to the equipotential bonding system, observe the requirements specied in
section6.4 of EN60079-14 (VDE0165-1).
Referenced documentation
The following documents apply in addition to these mounting and operating instructions:
−Mounting and operating instructions for the mounted actuator, e.g. uEB8310-X for
SAMSON Type3271 Actuator
−Mounting and operating instructions for mounted valve accessories (positioner, solenoid
valve etc.)

1-4 EB 8075 EN
Safety instructions and measures
1.1 Notes on possible severe personal injury
DANGER
!
Risk of bursting in pressure equipment.
Valves and pipelines are pressure equipment. Impermissible pressure or improper
opening can lead to valve components bursting.
ÎObserve the maximum permissible pressure for valve and plant.
ÎBefore starting any work on the control valve, depressurize all plant sections affect-
ed as well as the valve.
ÎDrain the process medium from all the plant sections concerned as well as the
valve.
−For oxygen service: Manual uH01
The packaging of valve constructed and sized for oxygen service has the following label
on it:
Sauerstoff!
Oxygen!
Oxygène!
−When a substance is used in the device, which is listed as being a substance of very high
concern on the candidate list of the REACH regulation:
Information on safe use of the part affected
uwww.samsongroup.com > About SAMSON > Material Compliance > REACH
If a device contains a substance which is listed as being a substance of very high concern
on the candidate list of the REACH regulation, this circumstance is indicated on the
SAMSON delivery note.

EB 8075 EN 1-5
Safety instructions and measures
1.2 Notes on possible personal injury
WARNING
!
Risk of burn injuries due to hot or cold components and pipelines.
Depending on the process medium, valve components and pipelines may get very hot
or cold and cause burn injuries.
ÎAllow components and pipelines to cool down or warm up to the ambient tempera-
ture.
ÎWear protective clothing and safety gloves.
Risk of hearing loss or deafness due to loud noise.
The noise emissions depend on the valve version, plant facilities and process medium.
ÎWear hearing protection when working near the valve.
Risk of personal injury due to exhaust air being vented.
While the valve is operating, air is vented from the actuator, for example, during
closed-loop operation or when the valve opens or closes.
ÎInstall the control valve in such a way that vent openings are not located at eye level
and the actuator does not vent at eye level in the work position.
ÎUse suitable silencers and vent plugs.
ÎWear eye protection when working in close proximity to the control valve.

1-6 EB 8075 EN
Safety instructions and measures
WARNING
!
Crush hazard arising from moving parts.
The control valve contains moving parts (actuator and piston stem), which can injure
hands or ngers if inserted into the valve.
ÎDo not insert hands or nger into the yoke while the air supply is connected to the
actuator.
ÎBefore working on the control valve, disconnect and lock the pneumatic air supply
as well as the control signal.
ÎDo not impede the movement of the actuator and piston stem by inserting objects in-
to the yoke.
ÎBefore unblocking the actuator and piston stem after they have become blocked
(e.g. due to seizing up after remaining in the same position for a long time), release
any stored energy in the actuator (e.g. spring compression). See associated actuator
documentation.
Risk of personal injury due to preloaded springs.
Valves in combination with pneumatic actuators with preloaded springs are under ten-
sion. These control valves with SAMSON pneumatic actuators can be identied by the
long bolts protruding from the bottom of the actuator.
ÎBefore starting any work on the actuator, relieve the compression from the preload-
ed springs (see associated actuator documentation).
Risk of personal injury due to residual process medium in the valve.
While working on the valve, residual medium can ow out of the valve and, depending
on its properties, cause personal injury, e.g. (chemical) burns.
ÎIf possible, drain the process medium from all the plant sections affected and the
valve.
ÎWear protective clothing, safety gloves, respiratory protection and eye protection.

EB 8075 EN 1-7
Safety instructions and measures
WARNING
!
Risk of personal injury through incorrect operation, use or installation as a result of
information on the valve being illegible.
Over time, markings, labels and nameplates on the valve may become covered with dirt
or become illegible in some other way. As a result, hazards may go unnoticed and the
necessary instructions not followed. There is a risk of personal injury.
ÎKeep all relevant markings and inscriptions on the device in a constantly legible
state.
ÎImmediately renew damaged, missing or incorrect nameplates or labels.
1.3 Notes on possible property damage
NOTICE
!
Risk of valve damage due to contamination (e.g. solid particles) in the pipeline.
The plant operator is responsible for cleaning the pipelines in the plant.
ÎFlush the pipelines before start-up.
Risk of valve damage due to unsuitable medium properties.
The valve is designed for a process medium with dened properties.
ÎOnly use the process medium specied for sizing the valve.
Risk of leakage and valve damage due to excessively high or low tightening torques.
Observe the specied torques when tightening control valve components. Excessive
tightening torques lead to parts wearing out more quickly. Parts that are too loose may
cause leakage.
ÎObserve the specied tightening torques.
Risk of valve damage due to the use of unsuitable tools.
Certain tools are required to work on the valve.
ÎOnly use tools approved by SAMSON.

1-8 EB 8075 EN
Safety instructions and measures
NOTICE
!
Risk of valve damage due to the use of unsuitable lubricants.
The lubricants to be used depend on the valve material. Unsuitable lubricants may cor-
rode and damage surfaces.
ÎOnly use lubricants approved by SAMSON.
Risk of the process medium being contaminated through the use of unsuitable lubri-
cants and/or contaminated tools and components.
ÎIf necessary, keep the valve and the tools used free from solvents and grease.
ÎMake sure that only suitable lubricants are used.
1.4 Warnings on the device
Warning Meaning of the warning Location on the device
Warning against moving parts
There is a risk of injury to hands or ngers through the
stroking movement of the actuator and piston stem if
they are inserted into the yoke while the air supply is
connected to the actuator.

EB 8075 EN 2-1
Markings on the device
2 Markings on the device
2.1 Valve nameplate
22
21
20 19
1817
16
151413121110
8
7
6
5
4
2
1
Fig.2-1: Inscriptions on the valve nameplate
Fig.2-1 and the inscription table list all pos-
sible characteristics and options that may
appear on a valve nameplate. Only the in-
scriptions relevant to the ordered Type3591
Valve actually appear on the nameplate.
Note
Item Inscription meaning
1 Data Matrix code
2Type designation
4 Material
5 Month and year of manufacture
6 Valve size:
DIN: DN · ANSI: NPS · JIS: DN
7 Pressure rating:
DIN: PN · ANSI: CL · JIS: K
8 Order number/item
10 Flow coefcient:
DIN: KVS · ANSI: CV
11 Characteristic:
%: equal percentage · LIN: linear
mod-lin: modied linear
NO/NC: on/off service
12 Seat-plug seal:
ME: metal · HA: carbide metal ·
ST: metal base material with Stellite® facing
KE: ceramic · PT: PTFE soft seal · PK: PEEK
soft seal
13 Seat code (trim material): on request
14 Pressure balancing:
DIN: D · ANSI/JIS: B
Version:
M: mixing valve · V: ow-diverting valve
Item Inscription meaning
15 Noise reduction:
1:ow divider(ST)1 · 2:ST2 · 3:ST3
1/PSA:ST1 standard and integrated in
seat for PSA valve
AC-1/AC-2/AC-3/AC-5:AC trim, versions
1 to 5
LK: perforated plug · LK1/LK2/LK3:perfo-
rated plug with ow divider ST1 to ST3 ·
MHC1:multi-hole cage
CC1:Combi Cage · ZT1:Zero Travel
16 Country of origin
17 PSA version:
PSA
18 Cage/seat style:
CC: clamped cage, clamped seat
SF: suspended cage, anged seat
19 CE marking
20 ID of the notied body
PED: Pressure Equipment Directive
G1/G2: gases and vapors
Fluid group1= hazardous
Fluid group2= other
L1: liquids
Fluid group1= hazardous
Fluid group2= other
I/II/III: Category 1 to 3
21 Serial number
22 NE53 (NAMUR Recommendation)

2-2 EB 8075 EN
Markings on the device
The valve nameplate (80) in valve sizes
NPS10 to 12 and NPS16 (Class150) is af-
xed to the yoke (see Fig.2-2). The valve
nameplate in valve sizes NPS16 and larger
(Class300 and higher) is located on the
bonnet (see Fig.2-3).
80
80
Fig.2-2: Nameplate
on the yoke
Fig.2-3: Nameplate
on the bonnet
2.2 Actuator nameplate
See associated actuator documentation.
2.3 Material number
The seat and piston of the valves have an
item number written on them. You can con-
tact us stating this item number to nd out
which material is used. Additionally, a seat
code is used to identify the trim material.
This seat code is specied on the nameplate.
Seat code Material
01 A182F6a Cl.3/1.4006+QT
02 A4794102/1.4006+QT
03 A182F316(L)/1.4401/1.4404
04 A479346(L)/1.4401/1.4404
05 A182F304/1.4301
06 A479304/1.4301
2.4 Label when an adjustable
packing is installed
An instructional label is afxed to the valve
when an adjustable packing is installed (see
Fig.2-4).
Fig.2-4: Label when an adjustable packing is
installed

EB 8075 EN 3-1
Design and principle of operation
3 Design and principle of oper-
ation
The Type3591 Globe Valve is preferably
combined with a Type3271 Pneumatic Actu-
ator or a piston actuator.
The Type3591 Valve uses a piston (5),
which moves within a cage (124), as the
closure member. The piston is pressure-
balanced as standard. The piston stem (36)
connected to the actuator stem by a stem
connector. The piston stem is sealed by either
a PTFE or graphite packing (15), which is
either self adjusting or can be adjusted
manually.
The medium ows through the valve as indi-
cated by the arrow on the body. A change
in the signal acting on the actuator causes
the piston to move. The piston position and
cage shape determine the released
cross-section and the ow rate with it.
The Type3591 Valve is available either with
a clamped or anged seat (4). The seat is
inserted into the seat bridge in the version
with clamped seat. The seat and cage are
clamped into place by tightening the body
nuts (14). The seat of the version with
anged seat is bolted into the seat bridge.
The cage (124) is suspended in the valve
body (1) (see Fig.3-1 and Fig.3-2).
The actuator is connected using a special
assembly (60), which varies depending on
the mounted actuator. These assemblies are
tted with an external anti-rotation xture for
the piston stem.
The valves in valve sizes NPS16 (Class300
to 900) and NPS20 (Class150 to 900) to
32 (Class150) can be equipped with addi-
tional lifting eyelets (148) to facilitate lifting
and transporting.
Legend for Fig.3-1
1 Valve body
2Bonnet
4 Seat
5 Piston
17 Body gasket
44 Ring (pressure balancing)
45 Gasket (pressure balancing)
49 Screw (pressure balancing)
50 Washer (pressure balancing)
60 Yoke assembly with anti-rotation xture
124 Cage
126 Gasket between cage and bonnet
160 Screw

3-2 EB 8075 EN
Design and principle of operation
126
17
4
124
5
2
60
1
Fig.3-1: Type3591 with anged seat · NPS10 to 12 (Class150 to 900) and NPS16 (Class150)

EB 8075 EN 3-3
Design and principle of operation
15
13
14
2
17
126
124
50
49
5
36
160
129
127
4
1
102
103
148
60 180
8
162
164
44
45
51
163
Fig.3-2: Type3591 with anged seat · NPS16 to 28 (Class300 to 900)

3-4 EB 8075 EN
Design and principle of operation
Legend for Fig.3-2
1 Body
2Bonnet
4 Seat
5 Piston
8 Threaded bushing (packing nut)
13 Stud bolt
14 Body nut
15 Packing
17 Body gasket
36 Piston stem
44 Ring (pressure balancing)
45 Gasket (pressure balancing)
49 Screw (pressure balancing)
50 Washer (pressure balancing)
51 Guide rings (pressure balancing)
60 Yoke assembly with anti-rotation xture
(180)
102 Snap ring
103 Retaining nut
124 Cage
126 Gasket between cage and bonnet
127 Seat bridge gasket
129 Washer
148 Lifting eyelet
160 Screw
162 Flange for packing gland
163 Nut for packing gland
164 Stud for packing gland
180 Anti-rotation xture

EB 8075 EN 3-5
Design and principle of operation
3.1 Fail-safe action
The fail-safe position of the control valve up-
on air supply or control signal failure de-
pends on the actuator used (see associated
actuator documentation).
Depending on how the compression springs
are arranged in the SAMSON Type3271
Pneumatic Actuator, the valve has two differ-
ent fail-safe positions:
Actuator stem extends (FA)
When the signal pressure is reduced or the
air supply fails, the springs move the
actuator stem downward and close the
valve. The valve opens when the signal
pressure is increased enough to overcome
the force exerted by the springs.
Actuator stem retracts (FE)
When the signal pressure is reduced or the
air supply fails, the springs move the
actuator stem upwards and open the valve.
The valve closes when the signal pressure is
increased enough to overcome the force
exerted by the springs.
The actuator's direction of action can be re-
versed, if required. Refer to the mounting
and operating instructions of the pneumatic
actuator:
u EB8310-X for Type3271
A double-acting piston actuator does not
have a dened fail-safe action as it does not
contain a spring assembly.
3.2 Versions
With insulating section/bellows seal
The modular design allows an insulating sec-
tion or bellows seal to be tted to the stan-
dard valve version.
Actuators
In these instructions, the preferable combina-
tion with a Type3271 Pneumatic Actuator or
a piston actuator is described. The pneumat-
ic actuator (with or without handwheel) can
be replaced by another pneumatic actuator
in a different size, but with the same travel.
ÎObserve the maximum permissible actu-
ator force.
If the travel range of the actuator is larger
than the travel range of the valve, the spring
assembly in the actuator must be preloaded
so that the travel ranges match. See associ-
ated actuator documentation.
The basic pneumatic actuator can be re-
placed by an actuator with additional hand-
wheel, an electric actuator or an hydraulic
piston actuator.
3.3 Additional ttings
Strainers
We recommend installing a SAMSON
Type2 Strainer upstream of the valve. It pre-
vents solid particles in the process medium
from damaging the valve.
Tip
Note

3-6 EB 8075 EN
Design and principle of operation
Bypass and shut-off valves
We recommend installing a shut-off valve
both upstream of the strainer and down-
stream of the valve and installing a bypass
line. The bypass ensures that the plant does
not need to be shut down for service and re-
pair work on the valve.
Insulation
Control valves can be insulated to reduce
heat energy transfer.
Refer to the instructions in the 'Installation'
section.
Test connection
Versions with bellows seal tted with a test
connection (G
1
/
8
) at the top ange allow the
sealing ability of the bellows to be moni-
tored.
Particularly for liquids and vapors, we
recommend installing a suitable leakage
indicator (e.g. a contact pressure gauge, an
outlet to an open vessel or an inspection
glass).
Safety guard
For operating conditions that require in-
creased safety (e.g. in cases where the valve
is freely accessible to untrained staff), a safe-
ty guard must be installed to rule out a crush
hazard arising from moving parts (actuator
and piston stem). Plant operators are respon-
sible for deciding whether a guard is to be
used. The decision is based on the risk posed
by the plant and its operating conditions.
3.4 Accessories
Information Sheet uT8350
3.5 Technical data
The nameplates on the valve and actuator
provide information on the control valve ver-
sion. See the 'Markings on the device' sec-
tion.
More information is available in Data Sheet
uT8075.
Temperature range
Depending on the version, the control valve
is designed for a temperature range from
–10 to +220°C (14 to 428°F). The use of
an insulating section or bellows seal extends
the temperature range from –46 to +500°C
(–50 to +932°F).
Noise emissions
SAMSON is unable to make general state-
ments about noise emissions. The noise emis-
sions depend on the valve version, plant fa-
cilities and process medium.
Note