Olympus Bhtp User manual

OLYMPUS

~8TRumoH

POLAR12

lNG

I#ANua

OWMPIIS

MICROSCOPE

I

cm

rn

I

m-

1

This instruction

manual

has

been written

for

.the

use

of

the

Olympus

r(

Polarizing

MicroscopeModel

BHTF.

This

manual

should.

be

read.~afefully

so

that

the

wet

can

gain

familiaritywiththe

rni~mmpe

In

order

to

emure

1

optimum

performance,

i

I

IMPORTANT

Observe

the

followingpointscarefully:

OPERATION

I.

Always handle the microscope

with

the

care

it

deserves,

and

avoid

abrupt

motions.

2.

Avoid

exposure

of

the

microscope

to

direct

sunlight,

high

tempera-

turn*

and

humidity,

dust

and

vibration.

*If

the

microswpe

is

used

in

ambient

temperature

higher

than

4O0C

(104T),

the heat

may

cause

difficultiesin

the

instrument.

3.

Use

the

tansion

adjustment

ring

only

lor

altering

the

tensinn

of

the

coarse

adjustment.

Do

not

twistthe

twocoarse

adlustment

knobs

in

the

opposite

directions

simultanmusly,

which

might

cause

damage.

4.

Ascertain

that

the

line

voltage

88Iector

switch

on

the

base

plate

is

set

to

conform

with

thelocal

mains

voltage.

MAINTENANCE

1,

Lenses

must

always

be

keptclean. Fine

dust

on

lens

surfaces

should

be

blown

or

wiped

off

by

means

of

an

air

blower

or

a

dean

brush.

Carefully

wipe

off

oil

or

fingerprints

deposited

on

the

lens

surfaces

with

gauze

moistenedwith

a

smallamount of

xylene,

alcohol

or

ether.

1

2.

Do

not

use

organic

solutions

to wipe

the

surfaces

of

various components.

I

Plastic

parts,

especialiy,

shouid

be

cleaned

with

a

neutral

detergent.

<

3.

Hew

disassemble

the

microscope

for repair.

Only

authorized

Olyrn-

pus

service

petinel

should

make

repairs.

4.

The

microscope should

be

stored

in

its container immediately

after

-

use.

If

this

isnot

possible,

it

should

be

coveredwith

a

vinyldust

cover.

It

is

best to

keep

objectives

and

eyepieces

in

a

desiccator, containing

desicmmts.

I.

STANDARD

EQUIPMENT

2

II.

NOMENCIATURF

3

Ill.

ASSEMBLY

4

1V.

IDENTIFICATION

AND

FUNCTION

OF

VARIOUS

COMPONENTS

6

V.

OPERATION

10

A.

Switching

on

the

Light

!hum

10

8.

Adjusting

the

Observation

Tube

10

Ch

Use

of

the

Orientation

Plate

11

D.

Centering

the

bndenser

11

E.

Mering

the

Stage

12

E

Centering

the

Objectiws

13

G.

Useof

Iris Diaphragms

14

H.

Focus

Adjustment

14

I.

Use

of

Immersion

Objecti

1

5

J.

Orthcecoplc

Observation

15

K.

Conoscopic

Observation

16

~."~hotornicrography

I6

VI.

OPTICAL

DATA

17

V11. TROUBLESHOOTING

18

I.

STANDARD

EQUIPMENT

Catalog

Component

#

BM-001

Microscope

stand

(with

Allen

wrench,

KB4

filter,

tmmersion

oil,

vinyl

dust

cover

and line

cord,

BHT-F

1

I

one

each)

3-tC405

Polarizing

Binocular

tube

observation

(with

orientation

tubes

plate)

BH2-Bi30

1

PE10

Quadruple

revolving

nosepiece

BH-?RE

1

PL(WO1

Intermediatepolarizing

attachment

BHBPA

,

(with

hole

cap)

4LR751

Centerable

circu

tar

stage

(with

stage

plate,

centering

BHZ-SRG

1

knobs,

and

stage

dips,

paired)

5-W

20

watt

hatogen

lamp

holder

BHT-LS29H

1

8-8405

Pmcentered

haJogen

bulbs

6V

20W

f3V

20W

2 2

GP609

Abbe

polarizing

condenser

BH2-PaC

1

-m

PO-D

A&.

4x

1-LB233

PO-DA&.

IOX

(Scat

of

3)

1

-

1-16261

Strain

PO-D

Ach.

4OX

(spring)

Free

1-LBEQO

Objectives

W-0

Plan

4X

14653Q

W-0

Am

1OX

(atof3)

-

1

U550

PU-0

Plan

40X

(~pring)

BCC322

Eyepieces

WK

1OX

11

2LB-323

WK

-

10XM

(Cms

Hair

and

Scale)

1 1

a

OPTIONAL

ACCE5SOR~ES:

PO51

1

Berek

compensator

AH-CTP2

PO307

.

Quarter

wave

plate

AMP1

47-2

W66

kll

wve

plate

AHP-530-2

3LC553

Trinocular

tube

BH2-lR30

11.

NOMENCLATURE

The

Model

BHTP

consists

of

various

components

as

shown

in

the

photo

blw:

STAGE

d

I.

m-

MICROSCOPE

STAND

Ill.

ASSEMBLY

This

picture

illustrates

the

sequential

procedure

of

assembly.

The

numbers

indicate

the

order

of

assembly

of

various

components.

Rwmwe

dust

caps

before

mountingcomponents,

fake

care

to

keep

all

glass

surfaces

clean,

and

avoid

scratching

the

glass

surface.

HAG€

N

BULB

P

+!a

El

MICROSCOPE

STAND

WEN

tAMP

HOLOER

EYEPIECE

NOSEPIECE

-

MICROSCOPE

STAND

CONDENSER

CLAMPING

SCREW

I

CONDENSER

%2T

the

rrxld~m

-

OBSERVATION

TUBE

INERMEDIATE

POLMIZING

ClRCULM

OR€WAnQf4

TUBE

u-

UNE

CORD

Fig.

1

-

--.

\q1

Explmatlons

In

detall

1.

MOUNTtMGTHE

HALOGEN

BULB

r~

1

Gently

insert

the

two

fineprongs

of

the

halogenbulb

into

thesmall holes

of

the lamp holder. Avoid fingerprints on the bulb.

Wipe

the bulb,

if

necessary.

2.

AllACHING

THE

LAMP

HOLDER

(Fig.

1)

-

FI~

the

lower

prongs

of

the

lamp

holder

and

the heavier

side

prongs

of

the lamp holder into the openings at the lower back

of

the

base

of

the

microscope.

3.

MOUNTING

THE

STAGE

{Fig.

2)

1)

Rack

down

the

stage

dwetail

El,

2)

Fit the

stage

carefully onto the dovetail. The Olympus nameplate

should

face

the

user.

The

two

stage

centering

screws

should

be

angledtoward

each

other;

one

to

theleft

of

center,theotherto

the

right

of

center,

3)

Tghtenthe stage

fastening

screw

@I.

This

screw

will be

found

on

the

user$

left

at

a

right

angle

to

the

body

of

the

microscope.

Rg.3

4.

MOUNTING

THE

CONDENSER

Loosen

the

condenser

clamping

screw.

Slidethe

condenser

in,

aperture

scale

facing

forward.

Tighten

the

clamping

screw.

5.

MOUNTING

THE

REVOLVING

NOSEPIECE

1)

Loosen

the

nosepiece

clamping

screw

Dl

(Rg.

3)

Fig.

4

2)

Aligning

the

nosepiece

dovetail

slide

El

to

themounting

block,

push

in

the

nosepiece

slowly

all

the

way.

Do

not

tilt

or

lock

the

nosepiecewhile inserting

into

themounting

block.

6.

MOUNTING

THE

INTERMEDIATEPOLARIZING

ATTACHMENT

(Fig.

4)

1)

Loosen

the

clamping

screw

El

fully.

Pull

spring-loadedclamping

screw

m.

This

will

cause

thelocatingpin

El

towithdraw.

(Fig.

4)

Ifthe

does

not,

loosen

the

s~rew

further

until

the

pinwithdraws.

2)

Wfih

;lamping

screw

El

pulled

out,

insert

the

circular

dovetail

of

the

inlsrmediateattachment

into

the

ring

dwetait.

3)

Tghten

the

clamping

screw.

1V.

IDENTIFICATION

AND

FUNCTION

OF

VARIOUS

COMPONENTS

LIGHT

PATH

SELECTOR

KNOB

The

knob

can

be

operated

in

3

positions

to

deflect

the

light

as

desiwd.

/

OBSERVATIOM

TUBE

CUMPING

SCREW

TEST

PLATE

INSERTION

SLOT

OBJECTIVE

CENTERING

SCREW

STAGE

CLIP

Rotatable

W,

APERfllRf

IRIS

DIAPHRAGM

LEVER

Nmekal

aperture

scale

graduated.

1

POJARIZER

RMATION

RING

FILTER

MWMT

Accepts

4Smm-dim,

hi-s.

FIELD

IRIS

DIAPHRAGM

RING

Arm

mark

8

-

0

ind-

Cates

increase

in

dmm

diameter.

SLIDING

CONTROL

LEVER

For

cop!inuwsly

variable

IQht

itensity.

COARSE

ADJUSTMEMT

KNOB

Graduated

in

hcmments

DIOPTER

ADJUSTMENT

RING

-

m

CLAMPING

SCREW

-

PRE-FOCUSING

LEVER

>

CONDENSER

HEIGHT

ADJUSTMENT

KNOB

PC-

&!

SWING-OUT

KNOB

FOR

d

-

attained,

dam^

the

wlar~zw.

. .

POLARIZE0

SCALE

Raadiw

to

5'.

CONDENSER

CEMTERING

SCREW

(when

top

lm

swings

aut,

N.A.

is

0.25).

h-

m

-Y

lop,.,,

-

LI

'

.3

%-'

c

l&lP

HOLDER

-=

UNE

CORD

m

Summary

of

Putting

the

MScroscope

in

Operation

Model

BHTP

A.

Match

the

line voltage selector switch to local mains

voltage

(see

page

10).

B.

Switchon

the

lightsource.

C.

Place

a

specimenslide on

the

stage.

D.

Turn

the

Bertrandlens

out

and pullanalyzer

from the

light

path.

E.

Coarse

focuswith the

1

OX

objective.

F.

Make

interpupillaryanddiopter

adjustments(page

10).

G.

Rrsh

analyzer inand

set

the

analyzertooptimumextinction position

(page

1

1).

H.

Center

the

condenser (page

1

1).

I.

Center

the

stage

(page

12).

J.

Centerobjectives

other

than

1

OX

(page

1

3).

K.

Swing

in

the

desiredobjective.

1.

Set

thecondenser,analyzer

and

Bertrandlenscorrectiy

according

to

your

microscopic

purpose

(pages

15

and

16).

M.

Fine

focus.

N.

Adjust

aperture

irisdiaphragm

and

fieldirisdiaphragm

(page

14).

Adiustrnent

of

Illumination

System

Bertrand

lens

Microscopic

in

intermediate

Condenser

application Objective

top

lens

attachment

Orthoscopic

4X

to

10X

OUT

observation

20X

to

100X

OUT

IN

Conoscopic

observation

Generally

for

biological

use,

however,

remove

the

analyzer,

Bertrand

lens

and

test

platesfrom the light path.

Cut

off

this

page

at

dotfed

line

and

put

in

on

the

wall

near

the

microscope

for

use

as

a

reminder

of

microscopic

procedure.

OLYMPUS

9

V.

OPERATION

Fig.

5

Fia.

6

-

Fin.

7

Rg.

8

Fig,

9

A.

Swhchlng

on

the

Light

Source

1.

Ascertain that

the

voltage

selector

switch

Cil

is

sei

to

conform

with

the

local

mains

voltage.

(Fig.

5)

If

the

switch

is

not

correctly

set,

adjust it by

means

of

the

Allen

wrench

prwided

or

a

screwdriver.

2.

Place

the

sliding

voltage

control

lever

on

the

right

sideof

the

microscope

base

to

a

position

closest

to

you

(lowvoltage

posilion).

Switch

on

the

light

source

m.

(Fig.

5)

VOLTAGE ADJUSTMENT

AND

LIGHT

INTENSIJY

As

you

push

the

control

lever

in

the

direction

of

the

arm

in

order

to

obtain

increasing

intensity

(Fig.

6),

the

LED

readout

El

will display the

lamp

voltage.

1.

INTERPUPILLAW

DISTANCE

ADJUSTMENT

1)

Click

the

10X

objective

into

position.

2)

Looking

through

the

eyepieces

with

both

eyes,

adjust

the

interpupill-

ary

distance

of

the

binocular

tube

by

adjusting

the

knurled

dovetail

slides

El

of

the

right

and left eyepiece tubes

with

bath

hands

untll

perfectbinocular

vision

is

obtained.

(Fig.

7)

2.

DIOPTER

ADJUSTMENT

1)

Look

at

the

image

through

theright

eyepiece

with

your

right

eye

and

focus

on

the

specimen

with

the

fine

adjustment

knobs.

2)

Ned,

look

at

the

imagethrough

the

lefteyepiece

with

your

left

eye

and

rotatethediopter

adjustment

ring

El

to

focus

on

the

specimen

without

wing

the

coarse

and

fine

adjustment

knobs.

(Fig.

8)

LIGHT

PATH

SELECTION

The

trinmular

tube

(optional)

is

pdded

with

a

light

pathselector

knob

1

to

direct

the

light to

the

observation

tube

andfar

b

the

photo

tube

in

3

positions.

(Fig.

9)

hob

position

W&ed

in

all

the

way

Putled

out

hal-

M

Pulled

oul

all

the

lay

(C

v)

(C)

Ambunt

of

HgM

100$9

into

binocular

20%

into

binocular

tub

IW

inIo

photo

tube

80%

into

photo

tub

Application

%med

filter"

(1)

Mot-mal

Photwnlcrography

observation

obser~ation

(2)

Photomicrography

focusing

through

b

e

blnoculw

tube)

An

indicator

plate

is

provided

at

the

knob

port

to

summarize

the

usage

of

the

above

table;

it

can

be

consulted

before

operating

the

knob.

V:

Viewer

(whiteletter)

C.V:

Camera

and

viewer

(yellowishgreen

letters)

C:

Camera

(red

letter)

The

colors

of

the

letters

correspond

with

the

color

bands

on

the

knob

shaft.

10

C.

Use

oi

the

OrlenWon

Plata

The

analyzer

III

builtinthe intermediate

attachment

should

be

adjusted

for

optimum extinction

by

means

of

the orientation plate

provided,

in the

-

following steps.

1.

Bring

the

IOX

objectiveinto

the

tightpath,and

make

sure

that

the

red

dots

on both intermediateattachment and microscopestand

are

aligned.

2.

Set

both polarizer and analyzer

at

position

"0"

to

attain the

"crossed

filter" position.

3.

Place

the

orientationplateon thecenter

of

the

stage.

4.

Looking

at

the orientation platethrough the eyepieces, rotate

the

stage

(as

you rotate the

stags,

the orientation

plate

darkens

and

brightens

alternately)until it

most

darkens

or attains the

extinction

position; then,

touch

up

the

position

of

the

orientationplatemanually

so

that

the

lower

edge (fiducialline)of the orientationplatenearsthe

cross

line

{X

axis).

5.

Disengage

the

analyzerm

from

the lightpath;thismakesthefield

of

view

bright.

5.

Looseningtheobservation

tube

clamping

screw

,

rotate

the

observa-

tion tubeslightlyuntilthefiducialtine

of

theorientationplate

is

inparallel

withthe

cross

line;then,reclamp

the

observationtube.(Fig.

10)

Orlentation

plate

Cms

line

7

D.

Centering

the

Condenrer

I

1.

Bring

the

objective

10X

intothe lightpath.

I

If

a

speclmen

Is

placed

on

the

circular

rotatable

stage

without

a

mechanical

stage

h

Is

recommended

that

the

peripheries

of

the

speclmen

be

held

with

the

stage

slips

pmided.

a

2.

Swing in

the

condensertop lens,and bringthespecimen intofocus.

3.

Stop

dpwnthefieldiris

diaphragm

m.

A

slightly blurred

image

of

thefield

diaphragm can naw

be

seen

in

the eyepiece. (Fig.

13)

4.

Using

the

condenser knob, adjust

the

condenser

height;

focus

the

image

of

the

field

diaphragm

onto

the

already

focused

specimen.

If

the

swimen

sllde

k

too

thick,

it

is

soiometlrnw

lmposstble

to

obtain

a

sharply-fecused

image.

5.

While widening rhe diameter

of

the field progressively

by

opening the

field

diaphragm

inthe

base,

use

the

condenser centering

screws

El

to

bringthe fielddiaphragmimage intothe

center

of

view. (Fig.

11) 11

Field

diaphragm

olW

~andutlc~

R&

diaphragm

opened

and

centered.

6. Push

analyzer

El

into

the

light

path

(Fig.

lo),

and

make

sure

that

both

polariter

and

analyzer

are

set

at

position

'0"

to

attain

the

*crossed

filter"

position.

Then Imen

the

clamping

screw

Q

of

the

polariuer.

(Fig.

12)

7.

Remove

the

specimen

from

the

light path

so

that

a

transparent

area

comes

into

the

light

path.

Keeping

the

polarizer

at

the

'0*

position,

rotate

the

potan'zer

rotation

ring

El

until

the

optimum

extinction

is

obtained,

then

clamp

the

ring.

(Fig.

12)

Make

sure

tbt

no

compensator

plate

is

engaged.

E.

Cente~ng

the

Stageseediagrams

a,

b,

c

1.

Place

a

specimen

on

the

stage

and

focus

it.

Looking

through

the

cross

hairseyepiece

and

the

10X

objective,

fix

your

eye

on

a

particular, easily

recognizable

point

of

thespecimen

(point

A).

Bring

this

point

(A)

to

the

center

of

the

cross

hairs

of

the

eyepiece.

2.

Slowly

rotate

the

stage,

observing

he

path

taken

by

point

A

as

the

stage

is

rotated

180'

(point

C)

and

then

a

complete

turn,

&W+WA.

(See

diagram

a

below).

Visualize

the

imaginary

center,

E,

of

the

circular

path

traversed

by

the

specimen

as

the

stage

is

rotated

a

complete

turn.

Rotate

the

stage

180"

again

so

that

recognizable

point

A

is

now

at

the

position

C

(See

diagram

a

below).'

Using

the

stage

eenbrlng

knobs

(Fig.

13

El),

bring

the

recognizable

point

from

position

C

to

where

the

imagined

Center

E

had

previously

been

Iwated.

(See

diagram

b

below).

4.

Rotate

the

stage

a

complete

turn

while

observing

the

recognizable

point

(A).

If

the

movements

effected

in

steps

2

and

3

were

done

perfectly,

the

recognizable point

would

now

travel

a circte

with

the

crosshairs

as

the

center

of

that

circle.

If

it

does

not,

repeat

steps

2

and

3

until

the

stage

centrationis

perfected.

When

done,

any

point

of

the

specimen

in

view

will,

when

the

stage

is

completely

rotated,travel

in

a

circle

w$bJbggoss

hairs

as

the

center

of

that

circle.

(See

diagram

c).

digw

%

diagram

b

diagram

c

Fig.

14

*If

the

easily recognizable point

A

disappears

from

the

field

of

view

entirely when the

stage

is

rotated

18W,

the

stage

is significantly

off-

center.

Proceed

as

follows:

Visualize

the

imagined

center

E

of

thecircle

that

point

A

appears

b

be

traveling

as

the

stage

Is

rotated.

Udng

the

atage

canbring

screws,

move

this imagined

center

E

toward the

intersection

off

he

crass

hairs.Rotate

the

stage

completely

again

to

see

if

pint

A

stays

in

the

field

of

view

for

theentirerotation.

If

not,

repeat

this

procedure

urlng

the

stage

centering

screws

until

point

A

(or

any

other

easily

recognizable

point) stays in the

field

of

view

for

a

complete

rotation

(diagram

a'and

b').

Then

proceed

as

in

2,3

and

4,

above.

diagram

a'

diagram

b'

F.

Centering

the

Objecthe8

The

centration

of

the

objectives

is

needed

for

all the

PO

objectives

except

the

PO

10X

objective.

The

IOX

objective

is

mounted

on

the

nosepiecein

the

opening

which

does

not

have

centering

wrench

screws

immediatelyto

the

left

and

right

of

the

10X

objective.

1.

After

completing

centration

of

the

stage

as

described

above

with

use

of

the

lOX

objective,

the

centering

wrenches

must

be

insertedinto

the

nosepiece

on

both sides

of

the

objectiveto

be

centered.

Rotatethe

nosepiece

to

bring

this

objective

directly

over

the

specimen

being

viewed.

2.

Use

a

procedure

similar

to

step

2and

3

and

4

above.

The

centration

now

is

accomplishedby

using

the

nosepiece

centering

wrenches,

El

NOT

the

stage

centelng

knobs,

to

cause

a

specimen

to

m

in

a

drcte

with

the

eyepiece

cross

hairs

being

the

center

of

thatcircle.

See

diagrams

a,

b,

c

abwe,

3.

This

centration

procedure

must

be

repeated

foreaeh

individual

objec-

five (other than

the

1

OX)

on

the

nosepiece

wlthwt

using

the

stage

cenwrlng

knobs.

4.

Test

the

centration

of

the

objective

by

observing

a

recognizablepoint

in

the

specimen,

e.g.,

near

6o'clockposition,

and

rotating

the

stage

to

complete

the

circle.

The

specimen

should

move

to

9

o'clock,

12

o'clock,

3

o'clock,

and

back

to

6

o'clock if

the

centration

is

accurate

(See

dlkgrams

d

and

e

below).

diagram

e

When

the

top

lens

of

the

polarizing condenser is

swung

out

for

orthoscopic

obewatbn,

the

aperture

iris

diaphmgm

serves

as

a

fidd

iris

diaphragm

and the

field

Iris

diaphragm

as

an

apertuw

Iris

ditlaphr&grn.

For

conoscopic

observatlon,

generally

the

apeflu#

iris

diaphragm

is

fully

opened

and

the

fiild

irk

diaphragm

can

be

effectively

used

far

mduction

of

glare

and

conoscopic

observation

of

very

small

objects.

1.

APERTURE

IRIS

DIAPHRAGM

Adjust

the

opening

of

the

aperture

iris diaphragm according

to

the

various

wnditions

such

as

the

numerical

aperture

of

the

objective,

image

contrast,

depth

of

focus,

and

flatness

of

field.

Generally

it

is

often

preferable

to

stop

down

the

apertureirisdiaphragm

to

about

70%

at

80%

of

the

N.A.

of

the

objective.

After

the

eyepiece

Is

removed

from

the

observation

tube,

if

necessary,

look

through

the

0bServati~n

tube

and

check

the

opening

ofthe

aperture

diaphragm

at

the

objectivs

pupil.

2.

FIELI3IRIS

DIAPHRAGM

me

field iris

diaphragm

controls

the

diameter

of

the ray

bundle

imping-

ing

on

the

specimen

surface

and

thus

increases

image

definition.

Generally,

it is preferable

to

slightly

open

the

field

iris

diaphragm

until

it

is

just

outside

the

field

of

view.

Frn

75

1.

TENSION

OF

COARSE

ADJUSTMENT

KNOBS

AND

FINE

ADJUST-

.

'3

1Y

MENT

Although the

tension

of

the

coarse

adjustment

knobs

has

already

been

adjusted

far

optimum

performance

by

the

manufacturer,

it

is

possible

to

I

adjust

the

tension

of

the

coarse

adjustment

for

either

heavy

or light

mwement

depending

on

the

operator's

personal

preference

by

rotating

the

tension

adjustment

ring

B

(Flg.

15)

The

ring

can

be

rotated

by

inserting

a

screwdriver

into

one

of

the

holes

on

the

periphery

of

the

rlng.

1

The

clockwise

rotation

(in

the

direction

of

the

arrow)

tightens

the

coarse

adjustment

knobs.

Do

nd

loosen

the

ring

too

much,

because

the

stage

may

drop

or

the

fine

adjustment

knobs

may

slip.

Fig.

16

NOTE:

Do

not

rotate

the

right

and

left

coarse

adjustment

knobs

in

the

opposite

directionssimultaneously,

If

the

stage

drops

and

the

specimen

goeg

out

of

focus,

the

tension

adjustment

ring

is

too

loose.

Tighten

the

-

-9

ring.

t

2.

PRE-MCUSIF~G

LEVER

This

lever

El

is

pmidedto

prevent

possiblecontact

between

specimen

and

objecfi*

as

well

as

to

simplify

coarsefocusing.

(fig.

16)

The

lever

is

locked

after

coarse

focus

has

been

accomplished.

This

prevents

further

upward

travel

of

fhe

stage

by

means

of

the

coarse

adjustment

knob,

and

automatically

pmides

a

limiting

stop

if

the

stage

is

lowered

and

then

raisedsgain.

The

pre-focusing

lmr

dm

not

restrid

fine focusing.

14

Fia.

17

3.

ADJUSTMENT

OF

STAGE

BLOCK

HEIGHT

In

addition

to

theverticalmovement

of

the

stage

bymeans

of

coarse

and

fineadjustments,the

stage

blockheight

can

be

changed

far

observation

of

specimenswhich

are

thickerthan standardslides.

To

lower

the

stage

block:

F=--

1)

Lmmn

the

stageblockloching

screw

El

with

Allen

wrench

provided,

and

raise

the

stage block until the stopping

screw

El

can

be

seen:

then reclamp.

2)

Replace

thestopping

screw

intothe lowerthreaded

hole

El.

(Fig.

17)

3)

Unctamping

thestageblockagain,lower until

it

stops,

and

clamp.

I.

Use

of

Immerdon

Objectives

I.

Focusthespecimen

with

a

low

power objective.

2.

Put

a

drop

of

immersionoil

on

thespecimenslideandthefront lens

of

the

immersionobjective.

3.

Turn

the

revolving

nosepiece

to

bring

the

immersionobjective into

the

light

path,

and

focus

with

the

fins

adjustment

knobs.

NOTE:

El

Care

should

be

taken

to

prevent

oilbubblesfrom

forming

intheoilfilm.

If this

occurs,

re-apply

immersion

oll,

for

these

bubbles

greatly deterio-

rate

the

lensperformance.

H

After use

carefully

wipe

off

the

immersion oil deposited on

the

lens

surfaces

with

gauze

moistened

with

xytene.

Never

Imveoil

an

the

lens

surfaces

after

use

as

oil remnantswill seriouslyimpairthe

performance

of

the lens

system.

1.

Swing out

the

fop

lens

of

the

condenser.

In principle, polarized light

enters

the

light

path,

parallel

to

the

optical

axis,

to

enable

observation

of

the

optical

characteristics

of

the

specimen.

However,

this

method

will

darken the field

of

view and lower

the

resolving

power

of

the

objective

extremely.Therefore,

swing

out

the

top lens

of

the

condenser,usingonly

the

loiver

aperture

of

the

lowercondenser lens

(N.A.

0.25).

2.

Insert

the analyzer

into

the light path. and

attain

the

crossed

filter

position

with

analyzer and polarizer at

0

setting.

At

this

position,

the

polarizer

vibration

is

in

thexdirection,

and

theanalyzervibration

in

they

direction.

To

open

the

filter position,pull

out

the

analyzer rotation

screw.

3.

Rotate

the

stage

until

the

extinctionof the

image

isattained.

From

this

position,

it

is

easy

to

rotate

the

stage

slowly

and

to

measure

the

retardation angle.

4.

Insert

the

quarter

plateeorsensitivetintplate*

into

the

slot,

closest

to

you

at

your

right

handside in

the

intermediatepolarizing

tube.

To

disengage

the

test

plate,

you

can

just

pull

it

back

to

its

ctick

stop

position

(wt

poMion).

*A

Berek

compnsator

is

optionally

avallabk

to

measure

the

Mrefrjngence

of

a

r-lmen.

A

quarbr

wwre

plate

and

a

~ttlve

tint

plat#

are

also

oplionally

awaitable.

sensitive

ti$

plate

i

(optional)

1.

Swing

the

top

lens

of

the

condenser

(N.A.

0.91,

and illuminate

the

specimen;there is

no

need

to

use

immersion

oil

between

the

condenser

and

the

specimen

slide.

2.

Bring

the

specimen

into

focus,

rotate

the

Bertrand

lens

turret

ring

into

the

1N

position.

Qusrter

wave

plate

(optional)

3.

Focus

on

the

interference

figure

formed

at

the

back

focal

plane

of

the

objective

from

20X

to

100X

(It

is

better

to

stop down

the

field

iris di-

4

aphragm

in

case

of

very

small

objects.)

The

pinhole

cap

provided

may

be

used

in

place

of

the

eyepiece

to

directly

view the

interference

figure

mentioned

above.

In

this

case,

the Bertrand

lens

is

disengaged

by

t

-

r

turning

it

to

the

OUT

position.

1.

Photomicrographicequipment.Photomicrography

with

the

Model

BHTP

requires

photomicrographicequipment

such

as

the

photomicrographic

system

camera.

exposure

meter,

photo

eyepiece,

etc. Read

the

instruc-

tion

manualsfor

each

equipment.

2.

Photo

eyepieces

NFK3.3X

and

NFKSX

are recommended for

orthoscopic

photomicrography,

and

NFK2.5X

for

conoscopic

pho-

tomicrography.

3.

Image

magnification

is

obtained

from

the equation

below:

Objective

magnification

X

NFK

photo

eyepiecemagnification,

=

Total rnagnifica-

tionon

35mm

film.

VI.

OPTICAL DATA

Objectiw

TY

Pa

WDAch.

Magnification

4X

10X

20X

40X

IOOX

N.A,

0.1

0.25

0.4

0.85

1.3

W.D.

(mm)

18.23

7.18

3.

0.6

0.18

Focal

tength

(mm)

30.00

f

6.9

8.83

4.58

1,02

Eyepiece

Resolving

power

(A

3.36

1.34

0.84

0.52

0.26

Total

magnification

40X

lOOX

200X

400X

IOOOX

WHKlOX

Focal

depth

(F)

172.5

27.6

9.14

3.0

0.65

(Field

number

20)

Field

of

;iew

dia-

5 2

1

0.5

0.3

meter

(mm)

Objectiw

TYPE

W

D

Plan

Magnification

4X

IOX

20X

40X

lOOX

N

A

0.1

0.25

0.4

0.65

1.25

W.D.

(mm)

7.03

7.4

0.83

0.23

0.17

Focal

length

(rnm)

34.23

17.5

8.99

4.67

1.75

Eyepiece

Rmlvlng

pwer

(PI

3.36

1.34

0.84

0.52

0.27

Total

rnagnitication

40X

lOOX

2WX

400X

1000X

WHKlOX

Focal

depth

(p)

172.5

27.6

9-14

3.0

0.68

(Field

number

20)

meld

of

vienr

dia-

5 2

1

0.5

0.1

meter

(rnm)

Immenshn

objective.

Hlgkd

molvlng

power

tr

obtalned

when the

objective

Is

kmd

at

or

near

the

hrll

aperture

diaphragm

opening.

W.D.

(WORKING

DISTANCE):

1

Re

cfrstance

between

the

specimen

or

mr

glass

and

the nearestpoint

of

the

objective.

N.A.(NUMERICAL

APERTURE):

The

numerical

aperture

represents

a

performance

number

which

could

be

compared

to

the

relative

aperture

(f-number)

of

a

camera

lens.

M.A.

values

can

be

used

for

directly

comparing

the resolving

powers

of

all

types

of

objectives.

The

larger

N.A.,

the

better

the

resolving

power.

RESOLVING

POWER:

The

ability

of

a

lens

to

registersmalldetails.

The

resolving

power

of

a

lens

is

measured

by

its

ability

to

separatetwopoints

lying

close

together

in

the

field

of

view.

FOCAL

DEPTH:

The

distance

between

the

upper

and

lower

limits

of

sharpness

in

the

image

formed

by

an

opticalsystem

in

the

image

space.

..

FIELD

NUMBER:

A

number

that

represents

the

diameter

in

rnm

of

the

image

of

the

field

diaphragm

that

is

formed

by

the

tens

in

front

of

it.

FIELD

OF

VIEW

DIAMETER:

The

actual

size

of

the

field

of

view

in

mm.

n

FIELD

DEPTH

The

distance

between

the

upper

and

lower

limits

of

sharpness

of

focus

in

the

object

space

as

fine adjustment

knob

is turned.

17

VII.

TROUBLESHOOTING

If

you

are

unable

to

obtain

full

performanoe

from

your

microscope,

please

consult

the

table

below

as

a

guide

for

troubleshooting.

1.

Optical

Sysm

TROUBLES CAUSES

REMEDIES

(a)

W%h

illminator

Bertrand

lens

is

engaged.

Disengage.

Analyzer

and

polarizer

at^

in

Disengage

analyf

er.

field

of

view

position

rO:Om).

cannot

be

seen.

(b)

Field

of

view

is

Li~ht

path

seWr

Imr

is

Push

in

lever

up

to

w

V.

cutoffor

stoppedmidway.

(for

ilturninated

tinocular

tube)

irregularly

Nmepim

is

ml

clicked

Sli

hfly

mtate

nosegem

until

~Pw-

it

c&cb

into

po.tion.

Nosepiece

is

not

correctly

Insert

sliding

dwetai

mount

attached

ta

stand.

into

stand

all

the

wy,

until

it

stops,

then

lock.

Condenser

is

not

comdly

Reinsert

wndensar

all the

mounted

on

rinn

mount.

WY.

Test plate

is

stopped

hh

plate

all

the

way

until

it

midway.

clicks.

In

case

of

ortho~eopic

Swing

it

out

of

light

path.

ohemtion,

condensar

top

lens

stays

in

liht

path

or

stom

midway.

--

Field

iris

diaphragm

is

Open

field

diaphragmfully

stopped

dawn

excessidy. untilit

lust

disappears

from

field

d

view.

Lamp

is

not

correctly

Re-insert

lamp

comtly.

attached.

(c)

Dust

or

diR

is

Dust

or

drt

on

glass

surface

Clean

off

dust

or

dirt

by

using

visible

in

field

at

lightexjt

on

base.

a

blower.

-

af

view.

Dust

wl

corrdenser

top

lens.

Dust

on

eyepiece.

(d)

Excessive

Condenser

isIwmd

image excessively.

Raim

condenser.

contrast

Aperture

iris

diaphragm

is

Open

aprtuw

diaphmgm

to

stopped

down

sxcessivety.

70-80%

of

objecth

tens

iilled

(e)

Resdutlon

problems:

Imageisrwt

sharp

n

Insufficient

m+t.

o

tmqe

detalls

lack

ddlnitlon

with

light.

Nosepiece

is

not

correctly

Insertslidingdovetall

mourgt

all

attached.

the

way,

until

it

stops,

then

lock

ObjiJctiw is

nat

cwmctly Slightly

rotate

nosepiece

until

positioned

in

light

path.

it

clicksinto

mition.

Dirt

MI

objectiw

front

lens.

Clean

obHve.

Immersion

objectiveis

used Apply immersionoil.

witlSout

imersipn

oil,

Bubbles

In

Immersion

oil. Refme

bubbles.

Olympus

designated

oil

is

Use

designated

oil.

not

used.

Dlrty

specimen.

Clean.

.

Dirt

on

wndenser

lens.

*imen

is

not

properly

Adjust

Illumination.

Use

Kohler

llumlnated.

type

illuminatim.

Olympus BHTP User manual

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