Optika Italy B-510 Series User manual

Ver. 2.1 2019
INSTRUCTION MANUAL
B-510 Series
Model
B-510DK

Page 2
Table of Contents
1. Warning 3
2. Symbols and conventions 3
3. Safety Information 3
4. Intended use 3
5. Overview 4
6. Unpacking 6
7. Assembling 6
7.1 Assembling procedure 7
8. Summaryofbrighteldobservationprocedures 9
9. Summaryofdarkeldobservationprocedures 10
10. Use of the microscope 11
10.1 Light intensity adjustment 11
10.2 Coarse focus tension adjustment 11
10.3 Coarse upper limit knob 11
10.4 Stage 11
10.5 Dioptric adjustment 12
10.6 Adjusting the interpupillary distance 12
10.7 Use of eye shields 12
10.8 Centeringthebrighteldcondenser 13
10.9 Effectsoftheelddiaphragm 13
10.10 Aperture diaphragm 13
11. Darkeldmicroscopy 14
11.1 Principles of oil immersion microscopy 14
11.2 Principlesofdarkeldillumination 16
11.3 Highmagnicationdarkeldmicroscopy 17
11.4 Centeringofdarkeldcondenser 18
12. Microphotography 21
12.1 Use of C-mount camera 21
12.2 UseofReexcamera 21
13. Maintenance 22
14. Troubleshooting 23
Equipmentdisposal 25

Page 3
1. Warning
This microscope is a scientic precision instrument designed to last for many years with a minimum of
maintenance. It is built to high optical and mechanical standards and to withstand daily use. We remind you
that this manual contains important information on safety and maintenance, and that it must therefore be made
accessible to the instrument users. We decline any responsibility deriving from incorrect instrument use uses
that does not comply with this manual.
2. Symbols and conventions
The following chart is an illustrated glossary of the symbols that are used in this manual.
CAUTION
This symbol indicates a potential risk and alerts you to proceed with caution.
ELECTRICALSHOCK
This symbol indicates a risk of electrical shock.
3. Safety Information
  AvoidingElectricalShock
Before plugging in the power supply, make sure that the supplying voltage of your region matches with the
operation voltage of the equipment and that the lamp switch is in off position. Users should observe all safety
regulations of the region. The equipment has acquired the CE safety label. However, users have full responsibility
to use this equipment safely. Please follow the guidelines below, and read this manual in its entirety to ensure
safe operation of the unit.
4. Intended use
Standard models
For research and teaching use only. Not intended for any animal or human therapeutic or diagnostic use.
IVD Models
Also for diagnostic use, aimed at obtaining information on the physiological or pathological situation of the
subject.

Page 4
5. Overview
PHOTO/TV
PORT
DIOPTER
ADJUSTMENT
RING
NOSEPIECE
COARSE
UPPER
LIMIT KNOB
OBJECTIVE
FIELD DIAPHRAGM
MAIN SWITCH /
BRIGHTNESS ADJUSTMENT KNOB
OBSERVATION
HEAD
CONDENSER HEIGHT
ADJUSTMENT KNOB

Page 5
EYEPIECES
STAGE
CONDENSER
BINOCULAR
TUBE
X/Y MOVEMENT
KNOBS
CONDENSER
CENTERING SCREWS
TENSION ADJUSTMENT RING
SLIDE HOLDER
FINE FOCUS
KNOB
COARSE FOCUS KNOB
Overview (opposite side)
LED CONDENSER
CENTERING SCREWS
DARK FIELD
CONDENSER
CONNECTOR

Page 6
6. Unpacking
The microscope is housed in a moulded Styrofoam container. Remove the tape from the edge of the container
and lift the top half of the container. Take some care to avoid that the optical items (objectives and eyepieces)
fall out and get damaged. Using both hands (one around the arm and one around the base), lift the microscope
from the container and put it on a stable desk.
Do not touch with bare hands optical surfaces such as lenses, lters or glasses. Traces of grease or
other residuals may deteriorate the nal image quality and corrode the optics surface in a short time.
7. Assembling
Once opened the B-510DK box, the microscope parts are the following:
① Microscope frame
② Eyepieces
③ Objectives
④ Observation head
⑤ Immersion oil
⑥ Allen wrench
⑦ Tension adjustment tool
⑧ Dust cover
⑨ Power supply
⑩ Bright eld condenser
⑪ Dark eld condenser
⑫ Centering telescope
③
④
⑤
⑥
⑦
⑧⑨
①
②
⑩
⑪
⑫

Page 7
7.1 Assembling procedure
1. Insert the optical head above the stand and
tighten the screw. (Fig. 1)
• Hold the head with one hand during the
locking in order to avoid that the head falls.
2. Insert both eyepieces into the tubes of the optical
head. (Fig. 2)
3. Screw each objective into the thread of
the nosepiece, clockwise with increasing
magnication. (Fig. 3)
4. Insert the power supply jack in the connector
placed at the rear side of the microscope. (Fig. 4)
Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Page 8
• The microscope is delivered with two
condensers: one for brighteld and one for
darkeld. Select the suitable condenser for
the observation mode desired.
5. Lower the condenser holder using the height
condenser knob ①. (Fig. 5)
6. Insert the condenser round dovetail in the
condenser holder. (Fig. 6)
7. Tight the condenser locking screw ②. (Fig. 7)
8. (Only for darkeld condenser)
Connect the condenser jack to the connector on
the right side of the frame. (Fig. 8)
• When the condenser plug is connected, the
lightcomingfrom themicroscopeLED goes
outandtheinternalcondenserLEDturnson.
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
DF
BF
②

Page 9
8. Summaryofbrighteldobservationprocedures
Main switch /
brightness adjustment knob
(Used commands) (Chapter)
Slide holder
X/Y movement knobs
Nosepiece
Binocular tube
Diopter adjustment ring
Condenser height adjustment knob
Condenser centering screws
Aperture diaphragm
Field diaphragm
Nosepiece
Main switch /
brightness adjustment knob
Coarse and fine focus knobs
Coarse and fine focus knobs
Set the main swith to “ON” and adjust light intensity..
Place a slide on the stage.
Insert 10x objective into the light path
Focus the specimen
Begin observation
Adjust aperture and field diaphragms
Insert in the light path the desired objective and focus the
specimen
Adjust interpupillary distance
Adjust diopter
Center optical axis
Adjust brightness
(5/10)
(10)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(10)
(10)
(10)
(10)
(10)
(10)
(5/10)

Page 10
9. Summaryofdarkeldobservationprocedures
Main switch /
brightness adjustment knob
(Used commands) (Chapter)
Slide holder
X/Y movement knobs
Nosepiece
Binocular tube
Diopter adjustment ring
Condenser height adjustment knob
Condenser centering screws
Condenser height adjustment knob
Nosepiece
Main switch /
brightness adjustment knob
Coarse and fine focus knobs
Coarse and fine focus knobs
Set the main swith to “ON” and adjust light intensity.
Place a slide on the stage.
Insert 10x objective into the light path
Focus the specimen
Begin observation
Lower the condenser, place a drop of oil on the front lens
and return the condenser to the original height
Insert in the light path the 100x objective and focus the
specimen
Adjust interpupillary distance
Adjust diopter
Center optical axis
Adjust brightness
(5/10)
(10)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(10)
(10)
(10)
(10)
(10)
(5/10)
Nosepiece
Rotate the nosepiece to an intermediate position between
the 40x and 100x objectives and place a drop of oil on the
slide (5)
100x OIL/IRIS objective
Turn the iris diaphragm on the 100x objective to achieve the
darkfield effect (11)
Main switch /
brightness adjustment knob
Adjust brightness (5/10)

Page 11
10.1 Light intensity adjustment
Operate on the light intensity adjustment knob to turn
ON / OFF the microscope and to increase / decrease
the illumination voltage ①. (Fig. 9)
10.2 Coarse focus tension adjustment
• Adjust the tension using the provided tool.
The coarse knob tension is pre-setted in the factory.
To modify the tension according to personal’s needs,
rotate the ring ② using the provided tool (Fig. 10).
Clockwise rotation increases the tension.
If the tension is too loose, the stage could go lower
by itself or the focus easily lost after ne adjustment.
In this case, rotate the knob in order to increase the
tension .
10.3 Coarse upper limit knob
The upper limit knob has two functions: prevent the
contact between slide and objective and acts as
“focus memory”.
After focussing the specimen, rotate the knob ③
and lock it (Fig. 11). In this way the focus upper limit
is set. Now one can lower the stage with coarse
focus knob, replace the specimen and raise again
the stage up to the upper limit: specimen will be in
approximate focus and will need a ne adjustment to
get the proper focus.
Fine focus movement is not affected by the coarse
focus lock.
• To unlock, move the knob in the opposite
direction to the one used for the lock.
10.4 Stage
Stage accepts standard slides 26 x 76 mm, thickness
1.2 mm with coverlside 0.17mm.
It is possible to place two slides side by side on the
stage. (Fig. 12)
• Open the spring arm of the slide holder ④
and place frontally the slides on the stage.
• Gently release the spring arm of the slide
holder.
• A sudden release of the the spring arm could
cause the falling of the slide.
10. Use of the microscope
①
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
②
③
④

Page 12
10.5 Dioptric adjustment
1. Look into the right eyepiece with your right eye
only, and focus on the specimen.
2. Look into the left eyepiece with your left eye
only. If the image is not sharp, use the dioptric
adjustment ring ① to compensate. (Fig. 13)
• Theadjustmentrangeis±5diopter.Thenumber
indicated on the adjustment ring graduation
should correspond to the operator’s dioptric
correction.
10.6 Adjusting the interpupillary distance
Observing with both eyes, hold the two eyepiece
prism assemblies. Rotate them around their common
axis until the elds of view coincide.
• The graduation on the interpupillary distance
indicator ②, pointed by the spot “.” on the
eyepiece holder, shows the distance between
the operator’s eyes. (Fig. 14)
The range of the interpupillary distance is 48-75mm.
10.7 Use of eye shields
• Use without eyeglasses
Raise eye shields and observe at the microscope
placing eyes to the shields, avoiding external light to
disturb the observation. (Fig. 15)
• Use with eyeglasses
Fold rubber eyeshields with both hands. Folded
eyeshields avoid scratching the lenses of eyeglasses.
(Fig. 16)
Fig. 13
①
Fig. 14
②
Fig. 15
Fig. 16

Page 13
10.8 Centeringthebrighteldcondenser
1. Place the specimen on the stage, insert 10x
objective into the light path and focus.
2. Insert the front lens of the swing-out condenser
①. (Fig. 17)
3. Rotate the eld diaphragm ring ② in the direction
showed by the arrow, to fully close the diaphragm.
4. Rotate the condenser height adjustment knob ③
to focus the edges of the diaphragm.
5. Rotate the two centering screws ④to bring the
bright spot in the center of the eld of view.
6. Gradually open the diaphragm. The condenser
is centered when the diaphragm image is
symmetrical to the eld of view.
7. In normal use, open the diaphragm until it
circoscribes the eld of view.
10.9 Effectsoftheelddiaphragm
Field diaphragm adjusts the illuminated area to obtain
a high contrast image.
Set the diaphragm according to the objective in
use until it circoscribes the eld of view, in order to
eliminate unnecessary light to eyepieces.
10.10 Aperture diaphragm
The Numerical Aperture (N.A.) value of the aperture
diaphragm affects the image contrast. Increasing or
reducing this value one can vary resolution, contrast
and depth of focus of the image.
With low contrast specimens set the numerical
aperture value ⑤ (printed on the condenser ring) to
about 70%-80% of the objective’s N.A. If necessary,
remove on eyepiece and, looking into empty sleeve,
adjust the condenser’s ring in order to obtain an
image like the one in g. 15.
Example:withobjectivePLAN40x/0.65setthe
scaleto0.65x0.8=0.52
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
①
②
③
④
⑤
Fig. 19
IMAGE OF
APERTURE
DIAPHRAGM
FIELD OF VIEW
30-20%
70-80%

Page 14
11. Darkeldmicroscopy
B-510DK is a darkeld system specic for blood analysis with a 1.36 - 1.25 N.A. special extra efcient darkeld
condenser and a 100X plan-achromatic objective with adjustable iris diaphragm.
The X-LED illumination ensures the high level of light intensity typically needed in high magnication darkeld
techniques.
In order to correctly use this microscope, one has to gain some familiarity with:
a. oil immersion technique
b. darkeld technique.
In the following manual we present the basics of these methods (chapters 11.1 and 11.2) and then we give a
step-by-step guide to the conguration of B-510DK (chapter 11.3).
General tips for immersion microscopy are also given.
11.1 Principles of oil immersion microscopy
The ability of a microscope objective to capture deviated light
rays from a specimen is dependent upon both the numerical
aperture and the medium through which the light travels.
An objective’s numerical aperture is directly proportional to
the refractive index of the imaging medium between the co-
verslip and the front lens, and also to the sin of one-half the
angular aperture of the objective.
Because sin cannot be greater than 90 degrees, the maxi-
mum possible numerical aperture is determined by the re-
fractive index of the immersion medium.
Most microscope objectives use air as the medium through
which light rays must pass between the coverslip protecting
the sample and front lens of the objective. Objectives of this
type are referred to as dry objectives because they are used
without liquid imaging media.
Air has a refractive index of 1.0003, very close to that of a
vacuum and considerably lower than most liquids, including
water (n = 1.33), glycerin (n = 1.470) and common microsco-
pe immersion oils (average n = 1.515).
Practically, the maximum numerical aperture of a dry objec-
tive system is limited to 0.95, and greater values can only be
achieved using optics designed for immersion media.
The principle of oil immersion is demonstrated in Fig. 20
where individual light rays are traced through the specimen
and either pass into the objective or are refracted in other
directions. Fig. 20(a) illustrates the case of a dry objective with ve rays (labeled 1 through 5) shown passing
through a sample that is covered with a coverslip. These rays are refracted at the coverslip-air interface and only
the two rays closest to the optical axis (rays 1 and 2) of the microscope have the appropriate angle to enter the
objective front lens. The third ray is refracted at an angle of about 30 degrees to the coverslip and does not enter
the objective. The last two rays (4 and 5) are internally reected back through the coverslip and, along with the
third ray, contribute to internal reections of light at glass surfaces that tend degrade image resolution. When
air is replaced by oil of the same refractive index as glass, shown in Fig. 20(b), the light rays now pass straight
through the glass-oil interface without deviation due to refraction. The numerical aperture is thus increased by
the factor of n, the refractive index of oil.
Oil Immersion and
Numerical Aperture Fig. 20

Page 15
Microscope objectives designed for use with immersion oil have a number of advantages over those that are
used dry. Immersion objectives are typically of higher correction (either uorite or apochromatic) and can have
working numerical apertures up to 1.40 when used with immersion oil having the proper dispersion and viscosity.
These objectives allow the substage condenser diaphragm to be opened to a greater degree, thus extending the
illumination of the specimen and taking advantage of the increased numerical aperture.
A factor that is commonly overlooked when using oil immersion objectives of increased numerical aperture is
limitations placed on the system by the substage condenser.
In a situation where an oil objective of NA = 1.40 is being used to image a specimen with a substage condenser
of smaller numerical aperture (1.0 for example), the lower numerical aperture of the condenser overrides that of
the objective and the total NA of the system is limited to 1.0, the numerical aperture of the condenser.
Modern substage condensers often have a high degree of correction with numerical aperture values ranging
between 1.0 and 1.40. In order to effectively utilize all the benets of oil immersion, the interface between the
substage condenser front lens and the under-
side of the microscope slide containing the
specimen should be also be immersed in oil.
An ideal system is schematically diagramed
in Fig. 21, where immersion oil has been pla-
ced at the interfaces between the objective
front lens and the specimen slide and also
between the front lens of the condenser and
the underside of the specimen slide.
This system has been termed a Homoge-
neous Immersion System and it is the ide-
al situation to achieve maximum numerical
aperture and resolution in an optical micro-
scope.
In this case, the refractive index and disper-
sion of the objective front lens, immersion
oil, substage condenser front lens, and the
mounting medium are equal or very near
equal.
In this ideal system, an oblique light ray can
pass through the condenser lens and com-
pletely through the microscope slide, immer-
sion oil, and mounting medium undeviated by refraction at oil-glass or mounting medium-glass interfaces.
When using high-power achromat oil immersion objectives, it is sometimes permissible to omit the step of oiling
the condenser top lens.
This is because the condenser aperture diaphragm must often be reduced with lesser-corrected objectives to
eliminate artifacts and provide optimum imaging.
The reduction in diaphragm size reduces the potential increase in numerical aperture (provided by oiling the
condenser lens) so the loss in image quality under these conditions is usually negligible.
Darkeld microscopy is a specialized lighting technique that uses oblique illumination to improve contrast in
samples that cannot be well observed under normal brighteld illumination conditions.
We are all quite familiar with the appearance and visibility of stars on a dark night, despite their huge distances
from the Earth. Stars can be seen because of the sharp contrast between their weak light and the black sky.
Homegeneous Immersion
system Fig. 21
Objective Front Lens
Cover Slip
Immersion Oil
Mounting
Medium
Immersion Oil
Specimen
Condenser
Front Lens

Page 16
11.2 Principlesofdarkeldillumination
Darkeld microscopy is a specialized illumination tech-
nique that capitalizes on oblique illumination to enhance
contrast in specimens that are not imaged well under nor-
mal brighteld illumination conditions.
All of us are quite familiar with the appearance and visibi-
lity of stars on a dark night, this despite their enormous di-
stances from the earth. Stars can be seen because of the
stark contrast between their faint light and the black sky.
This principle is applied in darkeld (also called
darkground) microscopy, a simple and popular method for
making unstained objects clearly visible. Such objects are
often have refractive indices very close in value to that of
their surroundings and are difcult to image in conven-
tional brighteld microscopy. For instance, many small
aquatic organisms have a refractive index ranging from
1.2 to 1.4, resulting in a negligible optical difference from
the surrounding aqueous medium. These are ideal candi-
dates for darkeld illumination.
Darkeld illumination requires blocking out of the central
light which ordinarily passes through and around (sur-
rounding) the specimen, allowing only oblique rays from
every azimuth to “strike” the specimen mounted on the
microscope slide. The top lens of a simple Abbe darkeld
condenser is spherically concave, allowing light rays
emerging from the surface in all azimuths to form an in-
verted hollow cone of light with an apex centered in the
specimen plane. If no specimen is present and the nu-
merical aperture of the condenser is greater than that of
the objective, the oblique rays cross and all such rays will
miss entering the objective because of their obliquity. The
eld of view will appear dark.
The darkeld condenser/objective pair illustrated in Fig. 22 is a high-numerical aperture arrangement that repre-
sents darkeld microscopy in its most sophisticated conguration, which will be discussed in detail below. The
objective contains an internal iris diaphragm that serves to reduce the numerical aperture of the objective to a
value below that of the inverted hollow light cone emitted by the condenser. The cardioid condenser is a reec-
ting darkeld design that relies on internal mirrors to project an aberration-free cone of light onto the specimen
plane.
When a specimen is placed on the slide, especially an unstained, non-light absorbing specimen, the oblique
rays cross the specimen and are diffracted, reected, and/or refracted by optical discontinuities (such as the cell
membrane, nucleus, and internal organelles) allowing these faint rays to enter the objective. The specimen can
then be seen bright on an otherwise black background. In terms of Fourier optics, darkeld illumination removes
the zeroth order (unscattered light) from the diffraction pattern formed at the rear focal plane of the objective.
This results in an image formed exclusively from higher order diffraction intensities scattered by the specimen.
Ideal candidates for darkeld illumination include minute living aquatic organisms, diatoms, small insects, bone,
bers, hair, unstained bacteria, yeast, and protozoa.
Non-biological specimens include mineral and chemical crystals, colloidal particles, dust-count specimens, and
thin sections of polymers and ceramics containing small inclusions, porosity differences, or refractive index
gradients.
Care should be taken when preparing specimens for darkeld microscopy because features that lie above and
below the plane of focus can also scatter light and contribute to image degradation.
Specimen thickness and microscope slide thickness are also very important and, in general, a thin specimen is
desirable to eliminate the possibility of diffraction artifacts that can interfere with image formation.
Cardioid condenser for
darkfield Fig. 22
High
Numerical
Aperture
Objective
ObliqueHollow
Light Cone
Light to
Eyepieces
Iris Diaphragm
Specimen
Slide
Concave
mirror
Cardioid
Condenser
Convex
Mirror
Opaque
Light Stop
Light From
Source

Page 17
11.3 Highmagnicationdarkeldmicroscopy
For more precise work and blacker backgrounds, you may choose a condenser designed especially for darkeld,
i.e. to transmit only oblique rays. There are several varieties: “dry” darkeld condensers with air between the top
of the condenser and the underside of the slide–and immersion darkeld condensers which require the use of
a drop of immersion oil (some are designed to use water instead) establishing contact between the top of the
condenser and the underside of the specimen slide. The immersion darkeld condenser has internal mirrored
surfaces and passes rays of great obliquity and free of chromatic aberration, producing the best results and
blackest background.
Perhaps the most widely used darkeld condenser is the paraboloid, consisting of a solid piece of glass ground
very accurately into the shape of a paraboloid.
As discussed above, the dry darkeld condenser is useful for objectives with numerical apertures below 0.75,
while the paraboloid and cardioid immersion condensers (Fig. 22) can be used with objectives of very high nu-
merical aperture (up to 1.4). Objectives with a numerical aperture above 1.2 will require some reduction of their
working aperture since their maximum numerical aperture may exceed the numerical aperture of the condenser,
thus allowing direct light to enter the objective.
For this reason, many high numerical aperture objectives designed for use with darkeld as well as brighteld
illumination are made with a built-in adjustable iris diaphragm that acts as an aperture stop.
This reduction in numerical aperture also limits the resolving power of the objective as well as the intensity of
light in the image. Specialized objectives designed exclusively for darkeld work are produced with a maximum
numerical aperture close to the lower limit of the numerical aperture of the darkeld condenser. They do not have
internal iris diaphragms, however the lens mount diameters are adjusted so at least one internal lens has the
optimum diameter to perform as an aperture stop.
The cardioid condenser is very sensitive to alignment and must be carefully positioned to take advantage of the
very sharp cone of illumination, making it the most difcult darkeld condenser to use. In addition, the condenser
produces a signicant amount of glare, even from the most minute dust particles, and the short focal length may
result in poor illumination on objects that exceed a few microns in size or thickness. When choosing microscope
slides for quantitative high-magnication darkeld microscopy, make certain to select slides made from a glass
mixture that is free of uorescent impurities.
Careful attention should be paid to the details of oiling a high numerical aperture condenser to the bottom of the
specimen slide. It is very difcult to avoid introduction of tiny air bubbles into the area between the condenser top
lens and the bottom of the microscope slide, and this technique should be practiced to perfection. Air bubbles will
cause image are and distortion, leading to a loss of contrast and overall image degradation.
Problems are also encountered when using microscope slides that are either too thick or too thin. Many darkeld
condensers contain the range of usable slide thickness inscribed directly on the condenser mount. If the slide is
too thick, it is often difcult to focus the condenser without resorting to a higher viscosity immersion oil. On the
other hand, slides that are too thin have a tendency to break the oil bond between the condenser and the slide.
It is a good idea to purchase precision microscope slides of the correct thickness to avoid any of the problems
mentioned above.
High numerical aperture condensers, whether intended for use dry or with oil, must be accurately centered in the
optical path of the microscope to realize optimum performance.
To achieve this, many darkeld condensers are built with a small circle engraved onto the upper surface to aid in
centering the condenser. Centering is performed with a low power (10x-20x) objective by imaging the engraved
circle and using the condenser centering screws to ensure the circle (and condenser) are correctly centered in
the optical path.
Specimen
Slide
Cardioid
Condenser
Convex
Mirror

Page 18
11.4 Centeringofdarkeldcondenser
1. Select a darkeld specimen and place it onto the
microscope stage between the objective and the
condenser, insert 10x objective in the light path
and focus the specimen.
• The condenser will project a spot of light onto
the sample that can be used for centering the
optical path.
2. Use the condenser centering screws ① to move
the ring of light into the center of the eld of view.
(Fig. 23)
• It could be useful to vary the height of the
condenser in order to view the spot.
• It is often advantageous to use a low power
10xobjectivewhencenteringhighnumerical
aperturedarkeldcondensers.
• When viewing a specimen with the 10x
objective while slowly raising and lowering
the condenser, a point will be reached where
a bright spot will appear in the eld of view
as illustrated in Fig. 24 (a). As the condenser
is slightly raised or lowered, a dark spot
similar to the one shown in Fig. 24 (b), if the
condenser is properly centered. In cases
where the condenser is not properly aligned
and centered, a typical eld of view might
look like that shown in Fig. 24(c) and (d). The
ideal and correct positioning of the condenser
is illustrated in Fig. 24(a), and the condenser
should be adjusted until the eld of view
appears in this manner, with the condenser
centering screws.
3. Remove the slide and put a drop of oil (provided)
on the condenser front lens. (Fig. 25)
• Make sure there are no air bubbles.Air bubbles
intheoildamagethequalityoftheimage.
4. Reposition the slide and raise the condenser until
the oil on the lens of the condenser is in contact
with the slide.
5. Move the area to be observed at the center of the
optical path using a low magnication objective
(10x or 40x).
6. Focus the specimen.
Fig. 24
Fig. 25
Fig. 23
① ①

Page 19
7. Insert in the light path 100X oil/Iris objective. This
pre-sets all system components in preparation for
adding oil. Move the immersion objective to an
adjacent position of the nosepiece and apply the
oil to the sample. (Fig. 26)
8. Actually, the situation must be in which the slide is
completely immersed in oil both in the lower part
(condenser-glass interface) ①, and in the upper
part (glass-lens interface) ②. (Fig. 27)
9. Remove one eyepiece and insert the centering
telescope in the empty eyepiece sleeve. (Fig. 28)
10. Rotating the upper part of the centering telescope
focus the image of the light ring visible in the
periphery of the eld of view. (Fig. 29a)
• If the condenser is not perfectly centered or if
thecondenserisnotattheexactheight(too
high or too low), the projected image will be
similartotheoneinFig.29b.
Fig. 26
Fig. 27
①
②
Fig. 28
Fig. 29
b
a

Page 20
11. Fine adjust the condenser centering using the
condenser height adjustment knob, on the
condenser ① and LED ② centering screws. (Fig.
30)
12. After properly setting the condenser, remove
the centering telescope and insert again the
eyepiece. Now begin the observation.
13. 100x objective has in internal iris diaphragm that
allows the adjustment of the numerical aperture.
Rotate the diaphragm to close the iris. (Fig. 31)
14. The effect one will obtain switching from a fully
opened iris (brighteld observation) to a fully
closed iris (darkeld observation) is showed in
Fig. 32 and 33.
Fig. 30
①
②
①
②
Fig. 31
Fig. 32
Fig. 33