TESTO 477 User manual

testo 477
LED hand stroboscope
Instruction manual

24

1 Contents
25
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1 Contents
1Contents .................................................................................................25
2Safety and the environment..................................................................26
2.1. About this document......................................................................26
2.2. Ensure safety.................................................................................27
2.3. Protecting the environment............................................................28
3Specifications ........................................................................................29
3.1. Use ............................................................................................29
3.2. Scope of delivery ...........................................................................29
3.3. Technical data ...............................................................................30
4Product description...............................................................................32
4.1. Overview........................................................................................32
4.2. Status displays ..............................................................................33
5First steps ..............................................................................................33
5.1. Commissioning ..............................................................................33
5.1.1. Inserting batteries/rechargeable batteries ......................................................33
5.1.2. Switching the instrument on...........................................................................34
5.1.3. Connecting the trigger cable ..........................................................................34
6Using the product..................................................................................35
6.1. Performing settings........................................................................35
6.1.1. Setting options...............................................................................................36
6.1.2. Factory reset..................................................................................................37
6.1.3. Key lock.........................................................................................................37
6.1.4. Internal/external trigger signal........................................................................37
7Application information ........................................................................38
7.1. General application information .....................................................38
7.1.1. Slowing down motion.....................................................................................38
7.1.2. Apparent direction of movement ....................................................................38
7.1.3. Harmonics .....................................................................................................39
7.1.4. Determing an object’s true RPM ....................................................................39
7.2. Instructions for use for the special functions of the instrument ......42
8Maintaining the product........................................................................43
8.1. Changing batteries/rechargeable batteries....................................43
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2 Safety and the environment
26
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2 Safety and the environment
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2.1. About this document
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Use
> Please read this documentation through carefully and
familiarize yourself with the product before putting it to use. Pay
particular attention to the safety instructions and warning advice
in order to prevent injuries and damage to the products.
> Keep this document to hand so that you can refer to it when
necessary.
> Hand this documentation on to any subsequent users of the
product.
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Symbols and writing standards
Representation Explanation
Warning advice, risk level according to the
signal word:
Warning! Serious physical injury may occur.
Caution! Slight physical injury or damage to
the equipment may occur.
> Implement the specified precautionary
measures.
Note: Basic or further information.
1. ...
2. ...
Action: more steps, the sequence must be
followed.
> ... Action: a step or an optional step.
- ... Result of an action.
Menu Elements of the instrument, the instrument
display or the program interface.
[OK] Control keys of the instrument or buttons of
the program interface.
... | ... Functions/paths within a menu.
“...” Example entries

2 Safety and the environment
27
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2.2. Ensure safety
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> Only operate the product properly, for its intended purpose and
within the parameters specified in the technical data. Do not
use any force.
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WARNING
Danger of injury!
> Use of stroboscopes may trigger epileptic seizures in people
susceptible to these.
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WARNING
Danger of injury!
> Do not touch observed machines/objects.
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WARNING
Danger of injury!
> Do not look into the LED beam and never point the beam at
people or animals.
> Never point the LED beam at mirrors or other reflective
surfaces. The beam, deflected uncontrollably, could hit people
or animals.
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CAUTION
Loss of the warranty claim!
> Do not open instrument. There are no parts in the instrument
that can be maintained by the user.
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CAUTION
Damage to equipment!
> If the instrument is not used for a longer period, remove all
batteries/rechargeable batteries from the instrument.

2 Safety and the environment
28
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2.3. Protecting the environment
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> Dispose of faulty rechargeable batteries/spent batteries in
accordance with the valid legal specifications.
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> At the end of its useful life, send the product to the separate
collection for electric and electronic devices (observe local
regulations) or return the product to Testo for disposal.
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3 Specifications
29
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3 Specifications
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3.1. Use
The testo 477 can be used in many areas of industry, research &
development, in laboratories and universities.
Normally, the testo 477 is used when the aim is to show fast-
moving objects in slow motion. In this case, you can analyze their
movement securely and smoothly, check for proper procedures and
determine undesirable sources of vibrations etc.
You can also use the testo 477 to seemingly "freeze" the
movement of an object. Without making contact with the object, you
can precisely determine its rotational speed or the frequency of
shifts in direction.
Compared to other portable stroboscopes, the testo 477 LED
stroboscope can be operated with just one hand.
Customary uses/applications:
• High-speed assembly lines, feed systems, filling systems etc.
• Presses and looms
• Motors, fans, pumps and turbines
• Calibration and test instruments
• Monitoring laboratory and research facilities
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3.2. Scope of delivery
The testo 477 is delivered with the following accessories:
• testo 477 LED stroboscope
• Cable with connector for external trigger signals
• Case
• Instruction manual
• Calibration report
• 6 batteries (AA)
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3 Specifications
30
3.3. Technical data
General parameters
Protection class IP 65
Frequency range 30 - 300,000 FPM (flashes per minute)
Display LCD, multiline
Accuracy 0.02 % (+/- 1 digit)
Resolution +/- 0.1 (30 to 999 FPM)
+/- 1 (1000 to 300,000 FPM)
Flash parameters
Flash duration adjustable
Flash strength 1500 lux @ 6000 FPM/20 cm
Flash colour approx. 6500 K
Voltage supply
Voltage supply 3 x AA batteries or 3 x NiMH rechargeable
batteries (AA)
Operating time
(depending on
settings)
NiMH rechargeable battery: approx. 11 h @
6000 FPM
Batteries: approx. 5 h @ 6000 FPM
Housing
Material Aluminium
Dimensions 191 x 82 x 60 mm
Weight approx. 400 g (with batteries)
Ambient conditions
Temperature 0 to 45 °C
Humidity Protection class IP 65
Trigger input
Principle Optocoupler
Low level < 1 V
Level 3 to 32 V (square-wave voltage), NPN+PNP
Minimum pulse
length
50 μs
Reverse voltage
protection
Yes

3 Specifications
31
Trigger output
Principle Short-circuit and overvoltage-proof transistor
output
Level NPN, max. 32 V
Pulse length adjustable
Maximum power 50 mA
Reverse voltage
protection
Yes
Warranty
Warranty period 2 years
Warranty conditions see website www.testo.com/warranty
#
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4 Product description
32
4 Product description
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4.1. Overview
1 LCD display shows flash sequence (flashes per minute = FPM).
For different parameters that can be shown in the display, see
Setting options (page 36).
2 On/off
3 Mode button. This button is used to switch between various
setting options and operating modes, see Setting options (page
36).
4-7 Control the flash sequence. The speed at which the flash
sequence changes is controlled by the length of time for which
the button is pressed.
• 4 : Increases the currently selected value. Accelerates if the
button remains pressed.
• 5 : Doubles the currently selected value. Accelerates if the
button remains pressed.

5 First steps
33
• 6 : Halves the currently selected value. Accelerates if the
button remains pressed.
• 7 : Decreases the currently selected value. Accelerates if the
button remains pressed.
8 The trigger signal input socket is used if an external trigger (e.g.
rotational speed sensor) is used to control the flash sequence.
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4.2. Status displays
The following status displays may appear in the lowest line in the
display:
• LOBAT: lights up if the rechargeable battery must be
charged again or the battery must be exchanged.
• INT: lights up when the flashing frequency is generated by
the instrument. The units are displayed with FPM as
standard.
• EXT: lights up upon switching to an external trigger signal.
The units are displayed as standard with 1/min (revolutions
per minute).
• RANGE: lights up when the external trigger signal causes a
flashing frequency that is too high.
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5 First steps
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5.1. Commissioning
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5.1.1. Inserting batteries/rechargeable batteries
Only operate and store instrument with battery
compartment cover.
If the instrument is not used for a longer period, remove all
batteries/rechargeable batteries from the instrument.
Incompletely charged batteries/rechargeable batteries
reduce the operating time.
1. Loosen screws on the bottom of the instrument.
2 Remove battery compartment cover.
3. Insert batteries (AA)/NiMH rechargeable batteries (AA) (observe
the polarity!)
4. Close the battery compartment cover.
5. Tighten screws.

5 First steps
34
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5.1.2. Switching the instrument on
✓ Batteries/rechargeable batteries are installed.
1. Aim testo 477 at the moving object.
2 Press ( ) for approx. 3 s.
- A display test is performed.
- testo 477 flashes with the value set at the factory.
3. Press the [], [4],[ ]or [–]buttons to set the flash sequence
until the object appears to be motionless (when nearing the
movement frequency, the object appears to move slower).
- The value is shown in the LCD display.
Unit: "flashes per minute (FPM)" = rpm.
> To obtain the unit "flashes per second" = 1/s = Hz: see
Setting options (page 36).
Motionless images do not only appear when the movement
frequency is reached, but also when a multiple or fraction of
the movement frequency is reached.
For more information on the visual slowing down of the
movement of an object as well as the use of your testo 477
as a rev counter can be found under Instructions for use for
the special functions of the instrument (page 42).
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5.1.3. Connecting the trigger cable
CAUTION
Damage to equipment!
> Do not trigger the instrument with signals greater than 300,000
FPM.
For trigger signal connection, only use the original material
from the manufacturer.
The trigger input is designed to be potential-free. The potential-free
input is suitable for PNP and NPN signals.
1. Remove protection cap from the trigger socket.
2. Insert connector of trigger cable into the trigger socket.
3. Screw on connector of trigger cable.
4. Connect trigger cable according to the terminal diagram.

6 Using the product
35
Terminal diagram
The instrument must be manually switched between the
external and internal trigger signal, see Internal/external
trigger signal (page 37).
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6 Using the product
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6.1. Performing settings
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✓ The instrument is switched on.
1. Press [M].
> Setting option (e.g. Hz) is shown (for settings, see following
section Setting options).
2. Set values with [], [4],[ ] or [–]and confirm entry with [M].
- Instrument changes to the next setting option.
A parameter set differently than the factory setting flashes
during operation.
3. Repeat steps 1-2 until the desired settings are performed.
4. Press [].
- Instrument returns to Measuring Mode.

6 Using the product
36
6.1.1. Setting options
N For status displays see Status displays (page 33).
All setting options in the display are shown in the image.
The numbering corresponds to the sequence in which they
succeed one another by pressing the [M] button.
A parameter set differently than the factory setting flashes
during operation.
1 Hz: Frequency of the movement per second (flashes per
second).
2 PULS μs: On-time of the flash (in microseconds).
3 PULS deg: On-time of the flash (in degrees).
4 DELAY ms: Setting of the delay time (in milliseconds) between
the internal or external trigger signal and the flash.
5 PHASE deg: Setting of the phase shift (in degrees, relative to
frequency) between the internal or external trigger signal and
the flash.
6 DIV (only with external trigger signal): Pulse divider, max. value
255.
7 OPT (only with external trigger signal): Edge selection of the
trigger signal. With this option, the polarity of the trigger signal
can be defined.
• 0 = positive edge
• 1 = negative edge

6 Using the product
37
6.1.2. Factory reset
✓ The instrument is switched on.
1. Press [M] + [–].
- Instrument is reset to the factory settings.
- Instrument returns to Measuring Mode.
6.1.3. Key lock
✓ The instrument is switched on.
1. Press []+ [–].
- Key lock is activated.
2. Press []+ [–].
- Key lock is deactivated.
6.1.4. Internal/external trigger signal
The instrument is set to an internal trigger signal at the
factory.
✓ The instrument is switched on.
✓ When switching to an external trigger signal: Trigger cable is
connected, see Connecting the trigger cable (page 34).
1. Press [M] + [ ].
- The instrument switches from internal trigger signal to external
trigger signal.
- The status display EXT appears in the display and the unit
changes to 1/min.
2. Press [M] + [].
- The instrument switches from external trigger signal to internal
trigger signal.
- The status display INT appears in the display and the unit
changes to FPM.

7 Application information
38
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7 Application information
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7.1. General application information
7.1.1. Slowing down motion
As discussed, the primary use of the testo 477 is to slow down or
“freeze” the apparent motion of moving objects. This allows you to
analyse their run-time performances safely and easily.
To make an object appear to move in slow motion, you need to
strobe it at a rate slightly above or slightly below its actual speed
(or any harmonic of its speed as discussed below). Simply use the
four buttons until you achieve the desired apparent movement.
Helpful Hints:
The speed at which the object appears to move can be determined
by subtracting the flash rate from the object’s actual rate.
Example:
If an object is rotating at 1,000 RPM and you strobe it at a rate of
1,005 flashes per minute (FPM), the object will appear to be
moving at a rate of 5 RPM.
Speed = Actual Rate - Flash Rate
= 1,000 PRM - 1,005 PRM
= 5 RPM
7.1.2. Apparent direction of movement
The direction (clockwise vs. counterclockwise or forward vs.
backward) at which the object appears to move is determined by
the flash rate, the object’s actual direction of movement and the
orientation of the stroboscopic beam to the object.
Example: Assume you wish to visibly slow down the movement of a
fan which is rotating clockwise at 1,000 RPM.
Case 1: If you stand in front of it and strobe it at a rate of 1,005
flashes per minute (FPM), the object will appear to be moving at a
rate of 5 RPM in a counterclockwise direction.
Case 2: If you stand in front of it and strobe it at a rate of 995 FPM,
it will appear to move at a rate of 5 RPM in a clockwise direction.
Case 3: If you stand behind it and strobe it at a rate of 1,005 FPM,
it will appear to move in a clockwise direction at a rate of 5 RPM.

7 Application information
39
Case 4: If you stand behind it and strobe it at a rate of 995 FPM, it
will appear to move in a counterclockwise direction at a rate of 5
RPM.
7.1.3. Harmonics
If you continuously increase the flash rate while strobing an object,
it may appear to freeze, slow down, speed up, go forward, freeze
again, go backwards, form multiple images, etc. These images
appear at mathematically determined multiples or harmonics of the
object’s actual speed.
Example: Assume you wish to slow the motion of the fan used in
the last example, but you want it to be brighter.
Technique: Starting from 1,000 FPM, slowly increase the flash rate.
At 1,500 FPM the image will appear to freeze again. Continue to
increase the rate.
The image will appear to freeze again at 3,000 FPM. At this rate,
the fan appears to be very bright.You can now use the four buttons
to vary the rate above and below 3,000 to make the fan appear to
move both clockwise and counterclockwise.
Helpful Hints:
• Harmonic images appear at both whole number multiples as
well as fractional intervals of the object’s actual rate. For
example, a fan rotating at 1,000 RPM will appear to be frozen at
the whole number multiples of 2,000 (2x), 3,000 (3x), 4,000 (4x)
etc., as well as at the fractional rates of 500 (1/2x), 750 (3/4x)
and 1,500 (1 1/2x), etc.
• Some of the harmonic images are “singular” in appearance
while others are “multiple”. This becomes important if you want
to determine the objects actual rate as discussed in chapter
Determing an object’s true RPM.
7.1.4. Determing an object’s true RPM
The testo 477 can be used as a digital tachometer to determine the
true RPM and/ or the reciprocation rate of an object. This is done
by visually “freezing” the object’s movement and then reading the
LCD display. As with all stroboscopes, it is important to verify that
this frozen image is not a harmonic of the object’s actual rate.
Helpful Hints:
• Knowing the approximate rate of the object in advance gives
you a useful starting point.
• If the object has a uniform shape, like a multi-blade fan or motor
shaft, you must give it an identifying mark (using paint or

7 Application information
40
reflective tape or equivalent) in order to differentiate its
orientation.
• A singular image always appears at exactly one half of the
object’s true RPM!
Example 1 (mark needed):
This example shows why identifying marks are important. Suppose
you want to determine the true RPM of this fan. The only thing you
know is that its speed is less than 3,500 RPM. If you slowly
decrease the flash rate starting from 3,500 FPM, the following
“frozen” images appear:
Image No.: 1 2 3 4
Flash Rate: 3,300 2,200 1,650 1,320
Image No.: 1 2 3 4
Flash Rate: 1,100 825 733.3 550
What is the actual rate of the fan? Images 1, 3, 5, 6 and 8 are all
“frozen,” so the rate could be taken as 3,300, 1,650, 1,100, 825 and
550.
Which is correct?
In order to determine the fan’s actual speed, a mark is added to
one of the blades and the test is run again.

7 Application information
41
Image
No.:
1 2 3 4
Flash
Rate:
3,300 2,200 1,650 1,320
Image
No.:
5 6 7 8
Flash
Rate:
1,100 825 733.3 550
Using the orientation mark, it is now clear that the images
appearing at 3,300, 1,650 and 825 RPM are multipleimage
harmonics. In each of these cases, three identification marks
appear. On the other hand, a singular image appears at 1,100 and
again at 550.
Here, only one mark appears. Recall that “a singular image always
appears at exactly one half of the object’s true RPM”. 550 is one
half of 1,100. Therefore, the rate of the fan must be 1,100 RPM.
Example 2 (no mark needed):
This example illustrates how the actual speed of an object can be
determined without the use of an orientation mark - provided that
the object has a suitable shape.
Assume that the speed of this cam is known only to be less than
7,000 RPM. Because it has a unique shape, it does not need an
identifying mark. As the flash rate is lowered from 7,000, the
following harmonic images appear:

7 Application information
42
Image No.: 1 2 3 4
Flash Rate: 6,000 4,000 3,000 1,500
The harmonic images at 6,000 and 4,000 RPM are not singular, but
double and quadruple. A singular image does appear at 3,000 and
again at 1,500 RPM.
1,500 is one half of 3,000. Therefore, the rate is 3,000 RPM.
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7.2. Instructions for use for the special functions
of the instrument
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PULS μs/PULS deg
On-time of the flash. With this function, the on-time of the flash can
be set. You hereby influence the brightness and focus of the object
being observed. This setting can either be performed absolutely
(microseconds) or relatively (degree).
DELAY ms
Setting of the delay time between the trigger signal and the flash (in
milliseconds). A fixed delay time between the trigger signal and
flash can be set using this value.
Example: The external trigger signal is generated at a position that
is in front of the desired observation point (= flash position of the
stroboscope). In this case, the connected stroboscope would
regularly flash too early. With DELAY ms the value can be set by
which the flash should be delayed.
PHASE deg
Setting of the phase shift (in degrees, relative to frequency)
between the trigger signal and flash. With this value, a fixed angle
between the trigger signal and flash can be set.
Example: The external trigger signal is generated at a position that
is in front of the desired observation point (= flash position of the
stroboscope). In this case, the connected stroboscope would
regularly flash too early. With PHASE deg the delay can be set so
that the stroboscope flashes at a position shifted by the set angle.
This setting is independent of the current rotational speed. With